Endocrine System (14 Questions)
1.Compare the effects of the Nervous System to Endocrine System.
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The Nervous System exercises control between two specific locations in
the body by way of neurons.
The Endocrine system, in comparison, exercises control between two
specific locations in the body through secretion of hormones.
2. List steroidal and non-steroidal hormones
-Steroidal: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, corticosteroids, cortisol,
mineralocorticoids, and aldosterone.
-Non-steroidal: norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and
thyroid Hormone, melatonin, antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon,
erythropoietin
3. Action of steroidal vs. non-steroidal (protein hormones)
-Steroidal: lipid soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol
-Non-steroidal: water soluble, derived from an amino acid that is modified.
4. Hormone Function—antagonist, synergist, and permissive. Examples?
*Antagonist: one hormone reduces the effectiveness of a second hormone.
Example- insulin and glucagon OR CT & PTH
*Synergist: several hormones combine to produce the effects greater than
the sum of their individual effects.
Example- growth hormone & thyroxine & insulin
*Permissiveness: one hormone must be present for the full effect
Example- hypothalamus 🡪pituitary🡪 other endocrine glands
5. Know how the hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary.
* The hormones released from the hypothalamus into the
hypthalamo-hypophyseal portal system, which controls specific cells of the
anterior pituitary to release their hormones into the general, circulation.
6. Names of hormones released by Anterior Pituitary & Functions.
* Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid gland to release
thyroid hormone.
*Prolactin (PRL): acts on mammary gland to stimulate milk production.
*Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH): acts
on gonads (testes and ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm
and oocyte) and release hormones.
*Growth Hormone (GH): stimulates the release of IGFs from liver, which
synergistically acts on all body tissues to stimulate growth.
*Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): acts on the adrenal cortex to
cause release of corticosteroids (e.g. Cortisol)
7. Names of hormones released by Posterior Pituitary and Functions.
*Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Oxytocin (OT): which are hormones
previously synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior
pituitary.
8. Thyroid gland- Relationship between TRH, TSH, Thyroxine, T3 & T4.
The hypothalamus responds to particular stimuli by releasing TRH
(throtropin- releasing hormone), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to
release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates thyroid gland to
release thyroid hormone (TH). TH increases the body’s metabolic rate and
alters the availability of nutrient molecules within the blood to provide
additional energy for the higher metabolic rate. TH has two formstriodothyronine (T3) and triodothyronine (T4) which are released into the
circulation.
9. Parathyroid gland vs. Thyroid gland- Ca+2 Homeostasis
* Parathyroid glands are 4 tiny glands located behind the thyroid gland. They
produce a substance (parathyroid hormone) that helps control the amount of
calcium in the blood.
* Thyroid glands are a butterfly shape gland that lies in front of the windpipe
(trachea) The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to make two thyroid
hormones (thyroxine, calcitonin) that regulate the way the body uses energy.
10. Pancreas- insulin vs. glucagon
*Insulin: decreases blood glucose levels
*Glucagon- increases blood glucose levels
11. Adrenal gland- cortex and medulla- hormones and their functions
* Cortex- produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), and
gonadocorticoids. These hormones are vital to life; they regulate blood
pressure, and responds to stress.
*Medulla- produces epinephrine and non- epinephrine. These hormones help
you cope with stress physically and emotionally.
12. Disorders- Thyroid Gland, Growth Hormone, Adrenal cortex, any other
disorders listed from Power Points.
*Pituitary dwarfism: inadequate growth hormone production
*Pituitary gigantism: over secretion of growth hormone.
*Acromegaly: excessive TH production
*Hyperthyroidism: excessive TH production
*Grave’s Disease: autoimmune disorder involving antibodies that mimic TSH
hormone. Person will have peculiar change in eyes.
*Hypothyroidism: decrease production of TH.
*Goiter: enlarged thyroid, insufficient amount of dietary iodine.
*Hypophysectomy: removal of pituitary gland.