BIO-ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Presented by: Noushin Raeisi Kheirabadi
Index
 Introduction
 History of biomaterials
 Effective parameters of biomaterials
 Classification of biomaterials
 Applications of biomaterials
 Biomaterials fabrication techniqu
 Journals
 Companies
 Review
 References
What is bioengineering?
Any Area of Biology Mixed with Any Area of
Engineering In Any Proportion
What is bioengineering?
What is bionanotechnology?
 Combination of nanotechnology and biology.
e.g. DNA nanotechnology and computing.
What is biomaterials?
 A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or
combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin,
which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or
as a part of a system which treats, augments, or
replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body".
Development of biomaterials according to the dimension and size. [6]
What is Biocompatibility?
 The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate
host response in a specific application.
What is Host Response?
 The response of the host organism (local and systemic)
to the implanted material or device.
Illustration of how some materials, biological, medical, and
engineering properties must be integrated to achieve
successful biomaterials for tissue regeneration. [10]
A Little History on Biomaterials
 Romans, Chinese used gold in dentistry over 2000 years ago.
 Aseptic surgery 1860 (Lister)
 Bone plates 1900, joints 1930
 Polyethylene and stainless steel being used for hip implants,
1960
 The first biological engineering program was created at
Mississippi State University in 1967.
 More recent programs have been launched at MIT
University
Material Selection Parameters
 Biocompatibility
 Bio stability
 Bioinert
 Bioactive or surface reactive
 Biodegradable
 Sterilizability
 Adequate mechanical and physical properties
 Manufacturability
 low weight
 reasonable cost
Classification of biomaterials
 Metallic Biomaterials
 Ceramic Biomaterials
 Polymeric Biomaterials
 Composite Biomaterials
 Biodegradable Biomaterials
Polymers
Metals
Synthetic
BIOMATERIALS
composites
ceramics
Metallic Biomaterials
The metallic systems most frequently used in the body are:
 (a) Iron-base alloys of the 316L stainless steel
 (b) Titanium and titanium-base alloys, such as
1)Ti-6% Al-4%V, and commercially pure ‡ 98.9%
2)Ti-Ni (55% Ni and 45% Ti )
Metallic Biomaterials
 (c) Cobalt base alloys of four types
1)Cr (27-30%), Mo(5- 7%), Ni (2-5%)
2)Cr (19-21%), Ni (9-11%), W (14-16%)
3)Cr (18-22%), Fe (4- 6 %), Ni (15-25%), W (3-4%)
4)Cr (19-20%), Mo(9-10%), Ni (33-37%)
3 metals commonly used as biomaterials. [7]
(a) The Harrington rod ,a stainless steel surgical device.
(b) The stem of a total hip replacement, usually made from either stainless
steel, cobalt- or titanium-based alloys. [7]
Ceramic Biomaterials
 Non absorbable (relatively inert)
like as Alumina, zirconia, silicone nitrides.
 bioactive (semi-inert)
like as Certain glass ceramics and dense hydroxyapatites.
 resorbable (non-inert)
like as calcium phosphates and calcium aluminates
Hydroxyapatite
Polymeric Biomaterials
 Polyvinylchloride
 Polyamide
 Polypropylene
the shape of a nose is "seeded" with
cells called chondrocytes (polymer)
replace the polymer with cartilage
over time to make a suitable implant
Composite Biomaterials
 Carbon-carbon
 Al2O3 onto carbon
 reinforced methyl methacrylate bone cement
Biodegradable Biomaterials
 Polyvinyl alcohol
 nitrocellulose
 poly-3- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
 Polylactic acid
Applications of Biomaterials
 Joint replacements
 Bone plates
 Bone cement
 Artificial ligaments and tendons
 Dental implants for tooth fixation
 Blood vessel prostheses
 Heart valves
 Skin repair devices (artificial tissue)
Applications of Biomaterials
 Cochlear replacements
 Contact lenses
 Drug delivery mechanisms
 Vascular grafts
 Stents
 Nerve conduits
Examples of medical and dental materials
and their applications
Material
Principal applications
Metals and alloys
316L stainless steel
Fracture fixation, stents, surgical
instruments
Co-Ti, Ti-Al-V, Ti-Al-Nb, Ti- 13Ni-13Zr, TiMo-Zr-Fe
Bone and joint replacement, fracture
fixation, dental implants, pacemaker
encapsulation
Co-Cr-Mo, Cr-Ni-Cr-Mo
Bone and joint replacement, dental
implants, dental restorations, heart
valves
Examples of medical and dental materials
and their applications
Material
Principal applications
Ni-Ti
Bone plates, stents, orthodontic wires
Gold alloys
Dental restorations
Silver products
Antibacterial agents
Platinum and Pt-Ir
Electrodes
Hg-Ag-Sn amalgam
Dental restorations
Examples of medical and dental materials
and their applications
Material
Principal applications
Ceramics and glasses
Alumina
Joint replacement, dental implants
Zirconia
Joint replacement
Calcium phosphates
Bone repair and augmentation,
surface coatings on metals
Bioactive glasses
Bone replacement
Carbons
Heart valves, percutaneous devices,
dental implants
Examples of medical and dental materials
and their applications
Material
Principal applications
Polymers
Polyethylene
Joint replacement
Polypropylene
Sutures
Polyesters
Vascular prostheses, drug- delivery
systems
Silicones
Soft-tissue replacement
Examples of medical and dental materials
and their applications
Material
Principal applications
Composites
BIS-GMA-quartz/silica filler
Dental restorations
PMMA-glass fillers
Dental restorations (dental cements)
Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Solvent casting
 Particulate-leaching techniques
 Gas foaming
 Phase separation
 Electrospinning
 Porogen leaching
Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Fiber mesh
 Fiber bonding
 Self assembly
 Rapid prototyping (RP)
 Melt molding
 Membrane lamination
 Freeze drying
Journals of biomaterials
 Biomaterials World News
 Materials Today
 Nature
 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
 Cells and Materials
 Journal of Biomaterials Science
Journals of biomaterials
 Artificial Organs
 ASAIO Transactions
 Tissue Engineering
 Annals of Biomedical Engineering
 Medical Device Link
Biomaterials Companies
 MATECH Biomedical Technologies, development of
biomaterials by chemical polymerization methods.
 Medtronic, Inc. is a medical technology company
specializing in implantable and invasive therapies.
 Molecular Geodesics Inc., biomimetic materials for
biomedical, industrial, and military applications
Biomaterials Companies
 Biform Research & Consulting, Inc., fibrinolytic systems,
protein-material interactions
 Baxter International develops technologies related to
the blood and circulatory system.
 Biocompatibles Ltd. develops commercial applications
for technology in the field of biocompatibility.
 Carmeda makes a biologically active surface that
interacts with and supports the bodys own control
mechanisms
Biomaterials Companies
 Collagen Aesthetics Inc. bovine and human placental
sourced collagens, recombinant collagens, and PEGpolymers
 Endura-Tec Systems Corp. bio-mechanical endurance
testing ofstents, grafts, and cardiovascular materials
 Howmedica develops and manufactures products in
orthopaedics
Biomaterials Companies
 SurModics, offers PhotoLink(R) surface modification
technology that can be used to immobilize
biomolecules
 W.L. Gore Medical Products Division, PTFE microstructures
configured to exclude or accept tissue ingrowth.
 Zimmer, design, manufacture and distribution of
orthopaedic implants and related equipment and
supplies
Review
 Definition of bioengineering and biomaterials
 History of biomaterials
 Effective parameters of biomaterials
 Classification of biomaterials
 Applications of biomaterials
 Biomaterials fabrication techniques
 Some important journals and companies
References
 D. Ratner and Allan S. Hoffman and Frederick J. Schoen,
“Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in
Medicine Buddy”,
 Aldo R. Boccaccini and Julie E. Gough, “Tissue engineering
using ceramics and polymers”,
 Handbook of Materials for Medical Devices
 Patitapabana Parida and Ajit Behera and Subash Chandra
Mishra, “Classification of Biomaterials used in Medicine “,
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences
(IJAAS), 2012
References
 Timothy J. Keane and Stephen F. Badylak, “Biomaterials for
tissue engineering applications”, www.Elsevier.com, 2014
 Joao. F and Mano, “Designing biomaterials for tissue
engineering based on the deconstruction of the native
cellular environment”, www.Elsevier.com, 2014
 Qizhi Chen and George A. Thouas, “Metallic implant
biomaterials”, www.Elsevier.com, 2014
References
 Paul K. Chu, “Surface engineering and modification of
biomaterials”, www.Elsevier.com, 2012
 David F. Williams, “on the nature of biomaterials”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2009
 B. L. Seal and T. C. Otero and A. Panitch, “Polymeric
biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration”,
www.Elsevier.com, 2001