EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE 1113-1117 San Marcelino St., Paco, Manila 1007, Philippines ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COLLABORATIVE MODULE IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Ms. Teresa U. Pagarigan, LPT teresa.pagarigan@eac.edu.ph EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE 1113-1117 San Marcelino St., Paco, Manila 1007, Philippines Tel. Nos. (02) 521-2710 www.eac.edu.ph ` TOPIC ORGAN SYSTEMS SUB-TOPICS • Overview of anatomy and Physiology & Basic Microscopy Learning Objectives: • • Identify the basic history of microscopy and the parts of microscope. Define the different key terms and concepts on the overview of animal cytology and histology through oral recitation. Relate the importance of the basic units such as cells and tissue in systemic performance of various organs through proof and reasoning method. • INTRODUCTION • Animal Cytology and Histology I. Cytology refers to a branch of pathology, the medical specialty that deals with making diagnoses of diseases and conditions through the examination of tissue samples from the body II. Histology the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen through a microscope. It examines the correlation between structure and function 1 TYPES OF TISSUES 1. Epithelial Tissues – “covering tissues”; lining and walls of the organ a. Simple epithelium - single layer a.1 Simple Columnar Epithelium - composed of elongated, unilayered-cells Functions: specialized in absorption; also functional in secretion. Reasoning: Cytoplasmic volume is large enough for energy of complex activities Organs involved: Linings of intestines, bronchioles, fallopian tubes, stomach a.2 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - composed of cubeshaped unilayered cell Functions: specialized in secretion; also functional in absorption. Reasoning: larger cytoplasm Organs involved: glands and kidneys a.3 Simple Squamous Epithelium -composed of flattened, unilayered cell Functions: Thin barriers, permeable for gas and nutrient exchange. Reasoning: flatness and thinness are manageable for penetration of gas and micro molecules Organs involved: Alveoli of lungs blood vessels and lungs 2 b. Stratified epithelium – “more” layers c. Pseudostratified epithelium - “Falsely” stratified, ciliated 2. Connective Tissues – for connection Major Role of Connective Tissues • • • • • • • • Protection Cushion Maintenance of Body Form Filling Body Space Storage of Fats Transport of nutrients and waste Body defense Repair of Body Parts Connective Tissue Proper a. Loose Connective Tissues Description: Also known as areolar connective tissues; watery matrix Location: Beneath the skin, blood vessels, muscles and nerves, internal organs, lungs and urinary system Cells: WBC (macrophages), collagen, elastic and reticular fibers Functions: bind, support, connect, protect and nourish organs, store body fluids. b. Dense Connective Tissues Description: Closely packed bundle of collagens; more rigid Location: tendons, ligaments, dermis c. Reticular Connective Tissues Cells: reticulocytes bundled as reticular fibers Functions: Support and framework Organs: Spleen, lymph nodes and liver, lymphoid organs and bone marrow d. Elastic Connective Tissues Description: composed of flattened fibroblast, elastic fibers and interspersed collagen Organs: arteries, tubes and ligaments in vertebral column e. Adipose Tissues 3 Cell: Adipocytes Functions: fat storage, energy reservoir and thermoregulation, protection and cushioning Location: empty spaces in the body Supportive Connective Tissues a. Cartilage Cells: Chondrocytes Functions: covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components b. Bones Cells: Osteocytes Functions: structural and body framework, assist movement and locomotion Fluid Connective Tissues a. Blood matrix – special fluid connective tissue Cells: Erythrocytes, Leucocyte, Platelets with Plasma Functions: Transport, chemo regulation and pH balance 3. Muscular Tissues – contractile tissues responsible for movement; muscle cells also known as myocytes (myosin and actin) a. Skeletal Muscles - a specialized contractile tissue found in animals which functions to move an organism's body b. Cardiac Muscular Tissues - Cardiac muscle tissue is an extremely specialized form of muscle tissue that has evolved to pump blood throughout the body. 4 c. Smooth Muscles also called involuntary muscle, muscle that shows no cross stripes under microscopic magnification. It consists of narrow spindle-shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus 4. Nervous Tissues – Impulse conductor; composed of neurons Neurons – specialized cells that conduct impulses to and from the brain throughout the body system. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • Science that deals with the structure and functions of a body part. I. Directional Terms Directional terms describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 1. Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). 2. Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). 3. Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). 4. Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body). 5. Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). 5 6. Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot). 7. Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). 8. Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). II. Anatomical Body Planes Planes – 2-dimensional surface length and width. 1. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. 2. Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. 3. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. 4. Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves. III. Body Cavities The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped respiratory muscle. Thoracic cavity The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura). 6 Abdominal and pelvic cavity The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis. Dorsal cavity The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord. Other Body Cavities a. Oral cavity – space in the mouth b. Nasal cavity – nose c. Orbital cavity – eyes d. Middle ear cavity – small bones e. Synovial cavity – joint capsules Abdominal Regions and Quadrants a. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants 7 b. Systems of the Body 1. Respiratory System – Allows gas exchange between cells and the environment. Includes trachea and lungs. 2. Digestive System/Excretory System – Ingests food and breaks it down into usable nutrients. Excretes solid waste products. Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. 3. Cardiovascular/Circulatory System – Moves materials between body systems, including oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Includes the heart, arteries, and veins. 4. Renal System/Urinary System – Cleans dissolved waste products from the blood and excretes them. Includes kidneys and bladder. 5. Endocrine System – Secrets chemical signals that allow body systems to act cooperatively as needed. Includes hormoneproducing tissues of the pineal gland and pituitary gland in the brain; the thyroid gland; the adrenal glands; the pancreas; and the ovaries and testes. 8 6. Nervous System – Allows perception, emotion, thought, and rapid response to the environment. Includes brain and nerves. 7. Musculoskeletal system – Allows the body to move on command. 8. Integumentary System/Exocrine System – Covers the body and regulates its exchange with the outside world. Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat, and other glands which secrete substances onto the skin. 9. Lymphatic System/Immune System – Fights infection. Includes lymphatic vessels which permeate the body. 10. Reproductive System – Allows the production of offspring. Includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (breasts), penis, and testes. REFERENCES 9 1. Exploring Life Through Science Series: General Biology 2 2. https://www.softschools.com/timelines/cell_theory_timeline/96/ 10
