1
Name: Class Period:
Turbulent Times: The 1960s…
psychedelic man…
APUSH Review Guide for AMSCO chapter 28.
Directions: Take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the guide before you begin
reading. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information as you read.
Pictured at right: President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, 1961, public domain image
From the College Board Content Outline for Period 8
Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a
position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
Key Concept 8.2: New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and
cultural responses.
Key Concept 8.3: Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
Promise and Turmoil, The 1960s, pp 600-617
1. John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier, pp 600-604
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
After World War II,
the United States
grappled with
prosperity and
unfamiliar
international
responsibilities,
while struggling to
live up to its
ideals.
Promise and Turmoil, The 1960s…
John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier…
JFK: 35th President: served from 1961 until his death in 1963. Charismatic, wealthy,
youthful senator from Massachusetts, VP LBJ balanced ticket to Southern states.
Pioneered the New Frontier, Space Program, Providing for poor, Warren
Commission, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and was assassinated in
Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald.
New Frontier: The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He
promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in
education, health care, and civil rights. Most of this legislation was passed under
President Johnson
What was the key issue in this
election? (besides JFK’s good looks? ☺
)
The issue of the Cold War
dominated the election, as
tensions were high b/w US and
the Soviet Union. Kennedy won
a 303 to 219 Electoral College
victory and is generally
considered to have won the
national popular vote by
112,827, a margin of 0.17
percent.
The Election of 1960…
Brought about the era of political television and televised debates. Between Kennedy
and Nixon. Kennedy appeared more vigorous and comfortable than Nixon, and
attacked Eisenhower for recession and allowing the Soviets to win the arms race.
Kennedy won by a narrow margin.
Nixon…
Served as vice president under Eisenhower from 195301960. He was nominated as
the Republican candidate for president in 1960, but lost the close election. In 1968,
he was elected president, and again in 1972. However, he was forced to resign the
presidency in 1974
Kennedy…
John: In 1960, this 43 year old senator from Massachusetts appeared more vigorous
and comfortable on the first televised debates than Richard Nixon. He won the
presidency in a very close election that many Republicans, including Nixon, said had
been stolen by illegal voting in some Democrat controlled polls
What role did technology play in this
election?
Nixon and Kennedy faced each
other on television. This was
the first time TV played such a
prominent role in a Presidential
campaign.
JFK was the first Catholic president as
well as the youngest at 43 years of age.
Nixon was only 47. What is significant
about their “youth?”
Many thought they didn’t have
enough experience to be
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Jacqueline: As first lady in the early 1960s, she brought style, glamor, and
appreciation of the arts to the White House
Robert: He was attorney general during his brother John's administration. In 1964, he
was elected as a senator in New York. In 1968, he decided to enter the presidential
race after Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in New Hampshire. On June 5, 1968,
he won a major victory in the California Democratic primary but was shot and killed
just after his victory speech.
president, would be the
youngest elected president
Campaign…
President Kennedy proposed new domestic programs such as aid to education,
federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights. These programs did
not become law until many of them passed in the Lyndon Johnson administration.
Results…
One of the most famous elections
JFK
43 year old senator from Massachusetts
WW2 veteran, awarded medals for his bravery
Came from a very wealthy family
Nixon
Served in US Navy during WW2
Served in the House and the Senate in late 1940's-early 1950's
Served as VP under Eisenhower
Results
JFK won in a very close election
One of the closest elections in US history
JFK entered the White House without a mandate
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
After World War II,
the United States
grappled with
prosperity and
unfamiliar
international
responsibilities,
while struggling to
live up to its
ideals.
Domestic Policy…
During JFK’s presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines)
to Vietnam and he helped develop the Peace Corps. His
foreign policy was Flexible Response and his domestic
program was the New Frontier
JFK and his wife Jackie were idolized by the media and their
fairy tale life was nicknamed Camelot. What does this reveal
about American culture in the modern age?
American culture changed drastically. Improvement
was greatly seen from a small as well as an
international scale through the use of modern
technology at the time like televisions. JFK took
advantage of it to spread updates and hold press
conferences.
As the United
States focused on
containing
communism, it
faced increasingly
complex foreign
policy issues,
including
decolonization,
shifting
international
alignments and
regional conflicts,
and global
economic and
environmental
changes.
Cold War
competition
extended to Latin
America, where
New Frontier Programs…
These programs included the space program to the moon
and the peace corp. The peace corps was proposed by
Kennedy which was an army of idealistic and mostly youthful
volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped
countries. While the NASA program was designed as a race
against Russia to land the first American on the moon.
Foreign Affairs…
Peace Corps: a federal agency created by Kennedy in 1961
to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign
countries, it provides labor power to help developing
countries improve their infrastructure, health care,
educational systems, and other aspects of their societies.
Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization
represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote US
values and influence through productive exchanges across
the world
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)…
Kennedy gave his approval to a CIA
scheme planned under the Eisenhower administration to use
Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba.
The CIA-trained force of Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in
Cuba but failed to set off a general uprising as planned.
Trapped on the beach, the anti-Castro Cubans had little
choice but to surrender after Kennedy rejected the idea of
using US forces to save them. Castro used the failed
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States federal law amending the
Fair Labor Standards Act (part of New Deal), aimed at abolishing
wage disparity based on sex. It was signed into law on June 10, 1963
by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program. In passing
the bill, Congress denounces sex discrimination for the following
reasons:
-It depresses wages and living standards for employees necessary for their
health and efficiency;
-it prevents the maximum utilization of the available labor resources
-it tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening, affecting, and
obstructing commerce;
-it burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; and
-it constitutes an unfair method of competition.
What was the purpose of FDR’s Fair Labor Standards Act?
How many New Frontier Programs were successfully
implemented?
To establish minimum wage, overtime pay,
recordkeeping, and youth employment standards
affecting employees in the private sector and in
Federal, State, and local governments.
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the U.S. supported
non-Communist
regimes with
varying levels of
commitment to
democracy.
invasion to get even more aid from the Soviet Union and to
strengthen his grip on power.
Berlin Wall (third Berlin crisis)…
Kennedy agreed to meet Khrushchev who threatened him to
pull out troops from West Germany. Kennedy refused. In
August, the East Germans built a wall around West Berlin to
stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. As the
wall was being built, Soviet and US tanks faced off in Berlin.
Kennedy called up the reserves, but he made no move to
stop the completion of the wall. In 1963, the president
traveled to West Berlin to assure its residents of continuing
US support
“Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can
do for your country.” JFK, inaugural address, 1961
How did JFK’s action as President back up this mission?
Provide ONE specific example of policy implemented.
New frontier: Peace Corps and Space Exploration
included massive expenditure on social
reforms and welfare
Compare and contrast the building of the Berlin Wall to the
first and second Berlin crisis.
The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic
Republic during the Cold War to prevent its population
from escaping Soviet-controlled East Berlin to West
Berlin, which was controlled by the major Western
Allies. It divided the city of Berlin into 2 physically and
ideologically contrasting zones
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
After World War
II, the United
States grappled
with prosperity
and unfamiliar
international
responsibilities,
while struggling
to live up to its
ideals.
Cold War
competition
extended to Latin
America, where
the U.S.
supported
non-Communist
regimes with
varying levels of
commitment to
democracy.
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Cuban Missile Crisis…
Closest approach to nuclear war at any time between
the US and the USSR. When the US discovered Soviet
nuclear missiles on Cuba, President JFK demanded
their removal and announced a naval blockade of the
island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the US
demands a week later.
Flexible Response…
Buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a
nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear
weapons
Assassination in Dallas…
Kennedys were going to Dallas to help Democrats,
there was a nice reception for him and he and Jackie
rode through town in an open car, Kennedy is
November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey
Oswald, the pursuit of whom glued millions of
Americans to their televisions.
"He didn't even have the
satisfaction of being killed for
civil rights . . . . It's — it had to
be some silly little Communist."
— Jackie Kennedy, on hearing
that a leftist had been arrested for
her husband's murder.
What did
“closing the
missile gap”
mean?
The attempts of
the U.S to get
advanced missile
technology as
the Soviet Union.
Additional Insight: and Analysis:
Analysis
Explain why the Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the tensest
moments of the Cold War.
It almost led to nuclear war
The Cuban missile crisis stands as a singular event during
the Cold War and strengthened Kennedy's image
domestically and internationally. It also may have helped
mitigate negative world opinion regarding the failed Bay of
Pigs invasion. Two other important results of the crisis came
in unique forms.
What was the positive impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
It brought an end to communist control of Cuba. It halted the
arms race b/w US and Soviet Union
What negative impact did the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile
Crisis have on U.S. – Cuban relations?
The invasion was a U.S. foreign policy failure. The
invasion's defeat solidified Castro's role as a national hero
and widened the political division between the two
formerly-allied countries. It also pushed Cuba closer to the
Soviet Union, setting the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis
in 1962.
Compare Flexible Response to Dulles’ Brinkmanship.
(Eisenhower’s Secretary of State)
Flexible Response: Kennedy’s administration’s alternative to
the Ike-Dulles Soviet policy of brinkmanship and “massive
retaliation”, the US would respond to the Soviet or Chinese
provocations not with empty threats of all out war but in
proportion to the seriousness of the provocations, openly, or
covertly
Dulles’ Brinkmanship: ability to get to the verge w/o getting
into war, to further US foreign policy goals in the words of its
chief exponent, 1950s Secretary of state John Foster Dulles,
in the Cold War, nuclear standoff thee practice of
brinkmanship didn’t allow much room for miscalculation
Why is JFK ranked among the top 10 most successful presidents?
Do you agree with this ranking?
Yes because his foreign and immigration policy and handling
the Cold War was effective, he supported the Civil Rights
Movement, he had good efforts against Civil Liberties
violations, and his space program was transformative.
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Environmental concerns were increasing in the 1960s as well as concerns over Cold War strategy (intensifying conflict). Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK and
Khrushchev signed the LIMITED Test Ban Treaty in 1963… Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty. Signed by 71 nations, including those possessing nuclear weapons, the treaty prohibited all nuclear test explosions including those conducted underground
(the limited treaty permitted underground testing). Though it was signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 51 to 48.
This treaty was signed post Cold War. Why do you think the U.S. rejected it? The US wanted to have power in case something went wrong and we needed to stop
it. Additionally, we aren’t positive that nations were going to automatically follow the treaty. It was just words.
BTW… this comprehensive treaty still has not been engaged or enforced… it’s just paper.
Additional Insight and Analysis:
Kennedy said, "Israel will endure and flourish. It is the child of hope and the home of the brave. It can neither be broken by adversity nor demoralized by success. It
carries the shield of democracy and it honors the sword of freedom". He initiated the creation of security ties with Israel, and he is credited as the founder of the
US-Israeli military alliance (which would be continued under subsequent presidents). Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Eisenhower and Truman
administrations had enforced on Israel. …Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment.
When was Israel created? May 14, 1948
Why was Israel created? It carried the shield of democracy and honored the fight for freedom
What long term impact did the U.S. role in the creation of Israel have on the United States? The fact that Kennedy ended the arms embargo and showing the
protection of Israel meaning that much really left a mark in history and that’s why it’s impacted yet today because it’s so powerful. On November 29, 1947 the United
Nations adopted Resolution 181 (also known as the Partition Resolution) that would divide Great Britain's former Palestinian mandate into Jewish and Arab states in
May 1948 when the British mandate was scheduled to end.
President Barack Obama is currently working on negotiations with Iran (over Iran’s development of nuclear energy and/or nuclear weapons). Israel does not agree with
Obama’s approach, and in a recent poll more than 70% of Israelis do not trust Obama or favor his approach to the Iranian threat. [Iran has referred to the United States
as the “Great Satan” and repeatedly called for Israel to be “wiped off the face of the earth.”]
Why is it so important for modern leaders like President Obama to balance U.S. relations with both Israel and other Middle Eastern nations? So there’s
cooperation between them far more than just traditional security issues
In 1963, the Kennedy administration supposedly (contested by some of his administration) backed the coup against the government of Iraq headed by Abd al-Karim
Qasim, who five years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarch.
Why was securing pro-Western leaders in the Middle East a priority? Is covert policy appropriate for national defense? Because of Domino Theory: we didn’t
want them to fall into communism
2. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, pp 604-606
KEEP IN MIND THERE IS GREAT EMPHASIS ON LBJ IN YOUR FRAMEWORK!!!
Main Ideas
Liberalism reached
its zenith with
Lyndon Johnson’s
Great Society
efforts to use
federal power to
end racial
discrimination,
eliminate poverty,
and address other
social issues while
attacking
communism
abroad.
Despite the
perception of
overall affluence in
postwar America,
advocates raised
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society…
Passed version of JFK’s civil rights bill and for income tax cut which
Led to an increase of work opportunities
Consumerism was emphasized
Explain how Kennedy’s proposal (and
LBJ’s action) for an income tax cut
sparked economic growth helped
workers.
The War on Poverty…
Brought awareness to people living in poverty in America
LBJ's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and
elderly
Is this type of action considered “liberal”
or “conservative?”
Liberal: it aided many individuals
despite not having a set belief
system
Michael Harrington’s The Other America …
Brought focus on the state of many Americans living in poverty
OEO…
Office of Economic opportunity: billion dollar budget to aid with the matter
Sponsored a wide variety of self-help programs for the poor, such as Head Start
for preschoolers, the Job Corps for vocational education, literacy programs, and
legal services.
To what extent was the War on Poverty
successful?
Allowed for the establishment of
several anti-poverty programs
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awareness of the
prevalence and
persistence of
poverty as a
national problem,
sparking efforts to
address this issue.
Head Start (part of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965-Great Society)…
Self help opportunities to those who may have trouble financially. Head start was
for those preschool/elementary education
Literacy programs were established.
Job Corps…
Made for vocational education
No cost education and vocational training program administered by the US.
Department of Labor that helps young people ages 16-24 improve the quality of
their lives by empowering them to get great jobs and become independent
Community Action Programs…
Allowed those who were poor to run anti poverty programs
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
Liberalism reached its
zenith with Lyndon
Johnson’s Great
Society efforts to use
federal power to end
racial discrimination,
eliminate poverty, and
address other social
issues while attacking
communism abroad.
As many liberal
principles came to
dominate postwar
politics and court
decisions, liberalism
came under attack
from the left as well as
from resurgent
conservative
movements.
Liberal ideals were
realized in Supreme
Court decisions that
expanded democracy
and individual
freedoms, Great
Society social
programs and policies,
and the power of the
federal government,
yet these
unintentionally helped
energize a new
conservative
movement that
mobilized to defend
traditional visions of
morality and the proper
role of state authority.
Internal migrants as
well as migrants from
around the world
sought access to the
economic boom and
other benefits of the
United States,
especially after the
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
The election of 1964…
Goldwater alienated people and was believed to be conservative, he was
seen as an extremist who advocated for the use of nuclear weapons to win
the war in Vietnam
LBJ won by the largest margin ever and now Democrats controlled the
White House: both houses and Congress
LBJ used TV ads to paint Goldwater as an extremist who’d blow up and kill
kids because of his actions
Daisy and Ice cream ads
Great Society Reforms…
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the
Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures,
including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
Food Stamp Act…
Purpose: to strengthen the agricultural economy and provide improved
levels of nutrition among low-income households; however, the practical
purpose was to bring the pilot FSP under Congressional control and to
enact the regulations into law.Sep 11, 2018
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities…
To develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for
the humanities and the arts in the US, and for institutions which preserve
the cultural heritage of the US
Medicare…
Great society programs
Provided health insurance for all people 65+
Medicaid…
Provided funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled
Elementary and Secondary Education Act…
Provided federal funds to poor school districts, special ed programs, funds
to expand Head Start, and an early education program
Higher Education Act…
To strengthen the educational resources of our colleges and universities
and to provide financial assistance for students in postsecondary and higher
education
Immigration Act…
1965: abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins
Child Nutrition Act…
Expanded the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act of 1946 and
authorized all of the federal school meal and child nutrition programs. The
Act provides funding to ensure low-income children have access to healthy
foods.
Analysis
Barry Goldwater ran against LBJ in 1964.
What was the key ideological issue
dividing the Republicans and the
Democrats in this election?
Through integration of all conflicts
regarding policies that were
established.
Was this division consistent with the
“modern Republican?”
Not as consistent as it
emphasized conflict and divisions
rather than neutrality.
Explain how LBJ’s War on Poverty and
Great Society impacted the role of the
U.S. government.
Brought awareness to the U.S
government of the amount of
Americans who were undergoing
poverty.
Compare Harrington, Nader, and Carson
to Riis, Tarbell, and Sinclair.
All explored different American
conditions in this certain time
period. For example, Sinclair
explored workers conditions and
bringing awareness to the
potential unsanitary conditions.
To what extent were LBJ’s policies an
extension of Populism and
Progressivism?
Explain!
Extension of populism and
progressivism: focused on the
movement for equal rights and the
ending of discriminatory acts such
as seen through the Great
Society.
To what extent was LBJ similar to FDR?
Provide specific evidence from FDR’s
New Deal and LBJ’s Great Society to back
up your answer.
Many believed that the LBJ
policies were an expansion of the
original new deal such as through
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passage of new
immigration laws in
1965.
Responding to the
abuse of natural
resources and the
alarming
environmental
problems, activists and
legislators began to
call for conservation
measures and a fight
against pollution.
the great society as both aimed to
help Americans with lower
financial stability and status due to
the Great Depression time period.
Department of Transportation…
formed to ensure "a fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient
transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances
the quality of life of the American people."
Department of Housing and Urban Development…
(Robert C. Weaver was the Secretary of the Department of
Housing and Urban Development, the first Black appointed
to a cabinet secretary position.)
-
To assist in the provision of housing for low- and moderate-income families,
to [H. R. 7984] promote orderly urban development, to improve living
environment in urban areas, and to extend and amend laws relating to
housing, urban renewal, and community facilities.
Ralph Nader’s Unsafe at Any Speed…
It changed the auto industry to a great extent
Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring…
Congress responded to her expose of pesticides by enacting clean air and
water laws
Lady Bird Johnson…
LBJ’s wife
Contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America
Campaign, resulted in Highway Beautification Act that removed billboards
from federal roads
Evaluating the Great Society…
It’s main motive was to end poverty and racist acts. Many policies regarding
medical care and education, and urban areas were institutionalized for this
movement.
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
Seeking to fulfill
Reconstruction-era promises,
civil rights activists and
political leaders achieved
some legal and political
successes in ending
segregation, although
progress toward equality was
slow and halting.
Following World War II, civil
rights activists utilized a
variety of strategies — legal
challenges, direct action, and
nonviolent protest tactics —
to combat racial
discrimination.
Decision-makers in each of
the three branches of the
federal government used
measures including
desegregation of the armed
services, Brown v. Board of
Education, and the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 to promote
greater racial justice.
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
Civil rights Acts of 1964 and 1965…
Made segregation illegal in all public facilities, including hotels and
restaurants, gave the fed gov additional powers to enforce school
desegregation.
Set up equal employment opportunity commision
Define each of the Civil War Amendments:
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission…
Set up by Civil Rights Act of 1964, worked to end discrimination in
employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin
24th Amendment…
Ratified in 1964, abolished the practice of collection a poll tax, one of
the measures that had kept poor people from polling
Voting Rights Act of 1965…
Selma killings + brutality against voting rights marches led by MLK
led LBJ pass this act which ended literacy tests and provided federal
registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting
First time AA’s in the deep south could vote since Reconstruction era
which was almost 100 years before
Also… LBJ’s Executive Order 11246, which required federal contractors to
“take affirmative action” to ensure that people are hired and treated during
employment without regard to their race, color, religion, sex.
13th… abolishment of slavery.
14th… All are given access to life, liberty,
and property.
15th… All are given access to vote.
Why were these Amendments “broken
promises?”
Discrimination and racism werre
still present in legal institutions
and throughout society. Many
aimed to make African Americans
not vote and did not give them
equal access to property.
Compare President Lyndon Johnson’s
and President Grant’s civil rights efforts.
Who was more influential? Why?
LBJ because during his
presidency that the Civil rights Act
was established for African
Americans.
3. Civil Rights and Conflict, pp 606-610
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
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Following World War II,
civil rights activists
utilized a variety of
strategies — legal
challenges, direct action,
and nonviolent protest
tactics — to combat racial
discrimination.
Decision-makers in each
of the three branches of
the federal government
used measures including
desegregation of the
armed services, Brown v.
Board of Education, and
the Civil Rights Act of
1964 to promote greater
racial justice.
Civil Rights and Conflict…
During the Kennedy vs Johnson presidencies, brought attention to the
civil rights movement. When James Meredith, enrolled in the university of
Mississippi, Kennedy sent troops to protect his right to go to class. It was
meant to show Kennedy’s support to the matter. He did this to help
another African american student as well.
The Leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr….
Focused on non violent protests to end racial segregation. He led the
march in Birmingham, Alabama and was jailed unjustly. This brought
attention to Americans as this act of putting him in jail was unjust. He
wrote a letter from his jail and president kennedy was highly influenced
by this letter to further support the civil rights movement.
Letter From a Birmingham Jail…
About segregation and brought Christian faith into the letter as he
explained the unjust systemic racism in place in society. His letter was
proven to be very moving to President Kennedy.
Explain the linkage among Henry David
Thoreau, Mahatma Gandhi, and Dr. King.
All of them aimed for equal
opportunity and freedom to be
established in society.
Compare JFK’s response to Mississippi
resistance and LBJ’s response to
Alabama resistance to that of
Eisenhower’s resistance to Arkansas
resistance. Explain the significance of
this comparison.
Both aimed to target the
resistance through personal
initiative taken by them through
legal policies and actions.
Continuing white
resistance slowed efforts
at desegregation,
sparking a series of
social and political crises
across the nation, while
tensions among civil
rights activists over
tactical and philosophical
issues increased after
1965.
…continued from the previous page…
Main Ideas
Following World War
II, civil rights
activists utilized a
variety of strategies
— legal challenges,
direct action, and
nonviolent protest
tactics — to combat
racial discrimination.
Decision-makers in
each of the three
branches of the
federal government
used measures
including
desegregation of the
armed services,
Brown v. Board of
Education, and the
Civil Rights Act of
1964 to promote
greater racial justice.
Continuing white
resistance slowed
efforts at
desegregation,
sparking a series of
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
March on Washington (1963)…
Peaceful march that occurred in 1963 and
consisted of people who were black and white.
There were over 200,000 people who participated,
as they all supported the civil rights bill. This is also
when he gave the “I have a Dream” speech where
he discussed for the end of racial segregation.
March on Montgomery (1965)…
Analysis
The analysis of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by many historians
focuses on the ‘ironically brave’ (Texans can’t be civil rights activists,
right? -__-) and persuasively bold (skilled politician) leadership of
President Lyndon Johnson. Some credit JFK for first, although
timidly, supporting civil rights (lip service according to MLK). If you
saw SELMA… you were exposed to a different viewpoint… a
viewpoint that the efforts of Dr. King and everyday citizens
becoming activists were the “real” leadership that led to the
change.
[Did you see SELMA ?]
-
A march for voting rights occurred and was known
as bloody sunday as protesters were faced with
tear gas and beatings. Media coverage brought
awareness to this and president johnson sent
troops to protect the king and other protesters.
Congress then passed the voting rights act of 1965
in response.
Black Muslims and Malcolm X…
Elijah Muhammad started a movement for Black
muslims and held many followers. He changed his
name to Malcolm X and advocated for self defense.
He criticized MLK.
Nation of Islam…
Under Malcolm X, those based on the identity
based on Africa and Islam mainly consisted as his
followers.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X…
Who was more pivotal in this important legislation? Explain your
reasoning.
JFK held some fundamentalist movements to end racial
segregation as he publicly supportted the civil rights
movements, through taking legal action to support African
Americans students who attended college as well as
appealing to the movement of MLK.
Compare and contrast the 1963 March on Washington to A. Philip
Randolph’s 1941 March on Washington.
The march that occurred in 1941 had faced more detrimental
and violent actions from those who were against the
movement of civil rights.
What is the difference between de facto segregation/discrimination
and de jure segregation/discrimination?
De jure segregation/discrimination: when it is legalized under
the law and de facto is when it is perceived as illegal under
the law.
8
social and political
crises across the
nation, while
tensions among civil
rights activists over
tactical and
philosophical issues
increased after 1965.
-
It is a testimony that highlights how he went from
someone who faced criminal circumstances to a
leader of a major group of people.
Which won was easier to combat?
De facto segregation/discrimination as it is already made
illegal
It is easier to get help through the federal government
through it
Was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom a positive or negative
character? Why did Malcolm X call MLK “Uncle Tom?”
A negative character. He called MLK “Uncle Tom” as he
believed that he was someone who sought approval from
White americans.
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Following World War
II, civil rights
activists utilized a
variety of strategies
— legal challenges,
direct action, and
nonviolent protest
tactics — to combat
racial discrimination.
Seeking to fulfill
Reconstruction-era
promises, civil rights
activists and
political leaders
achieved some legal
and political
successes in ending
segregation,
although progress
toward equality was
slow and halting.
Continuing white
resistance slowed
efforts at
desegregation,
sparking a series of
social and political
crises across the
nation, while
tensions among civil
rights activists over
tactical and
philosophical issues
increased after 1965.
Race Riots and Black Power…
Under Malcolm X’s beliefs, many black americans were
influenced to advocate for racial separatism and black
power. People such as Bobby Seale had a revolutionary
socialist movement for self rule for black americans.
Impact on Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)…
The student nonviolent coordinating committee was
influenced to advocate for racial separatism for black
americans.
Impact on Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)…
The CORE held the same impact and yearned for separate
self rule for black americans.
Watts Riot…
After the arrest of a black motorist occured, the Watts riot
occurred for 6 days. It killed 34 people and destroyed over
700 buildings.
Kerner Commission…
A federal investigation that determined that racial segregation
was the key stimulus to the violent protests and was causing
the US to be an unequal and unfair society.
Murder in Memphis…
MLK received his nobel peace prize
There was some occurrence that happened with LBJ as for
the Vietnam war when money was taken out of social
programs
MLK was assassinated by a white man and left immense
protests which led to at least 46 people dead.
The Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr….
-
-
Important to the civil rights movement for black americans
Held non violent protests and brought awareness to the
federal government and the president
Led to several policies to be made to support this. He did the
“I have a Dream” speech and brought great awareness to the
present unjust racial segregation embedded into american
society
Assassinated by a white man
The day before his death he said, “And then I got to Memphis. And
some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out.
What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I
don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead.
But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the
Analysis
CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) was created in the 1940s but
led significant efforts for change in the 1960s. Membership was
open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal'
and are willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality
throughout the world.” Freedom Rides began in the deep South
during the 1960s (strategy was already implemented in the upper
South in the 1940s). Women and men tested segregated bus
terminals in an effort to integrate public places. The riders were
met with severe violence. In Anniston, Alabama, where one of the
buses was fire-bombed and passengers were beaten by a white
mob (1961). White mobs also attacked Freedom Riders in
Birmingham and Montgomery. The violence garnered national
attention, sparking a summer of similar rides by CORE, SNCC
and other Civil Rights organizations and thousands of ordinary
citizens. This was known as Freedom Summer.
What were the long term consequences of Freedom
Rides?
Intense violence to occur to those who were
affiliated.
The Watts Riot was the worst until the 1992 LA riot.
Thoughts?
The 1992 LA riot caused more deaths and injuries
to occur with more immense property damage
Who would have supported Malcolm X, Booker T.
Washington or Marcus Garvey?
Garvey: appeals to more nationalist movements
that appeals to Malcolm X’s radicalism.
How might Carrie Nation evaluate the work of Huey
Newton?
Perceived in a neutral sense for the self defense for
African Americans through the black panther party.
Explain the impact of the following on the Watts riot:
Great Migration…
Resulted in the federal government to view the
great migration through different lens as they
question the presence of racial segregation
Racial Profiling…
It caused some to racially profile in an increase as
they perceived the riots and it also brought people
to question if they were racial profiling and if it was
fair.
Malcolm X…
9
mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long
life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just
want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain.
And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get
there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will
get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about
anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the
coming of the Lord.”
-
More people began to support the radicalism of
Malcolm X and the need for self defense.
Segregation…
Racial segregation was highlighted in american
society which led to the congress to establish
policies to lower the state of segregation present.
Lee Harvey Oswald, John Wilkes Booth, James Earl Ray…
what’s the deal with the three name assassins? Don’t
answer that…
Explain the symbolism of King’s vision of the “Promised
Land.”
Everyone is treated equally.
4. The Warren Court and Individual Rights, pp 609-610
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Following World War
II, civil rights activists
utilized a variety of
strategies — legal
challenges, direct
action, and nonviolent
protest tactics — to
combat racial
discrimination.
The Warren Court and Individual Rights…
Earl Warren as Chief Justice had an impact on the nation comparable to
that of John Marshall. Warren Court made a series of decisions that had a
profound effect on the criminal justice system, the political system of the
states, and the definition of individual rights.
Decision-makers in
each of the three
branches of the
federal government
used measures
including
desegregation of the
armed services,
Brown v. Board of
Education, and the
Civil Rights Act of
1964 to promote
greater racial justice
and greater individual
rights.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)…
Warren's decision in this desegregation case was by far the most
important case of the 20th century involving race relations
Justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public
schoolswas unconstitutional
Criminal Justice…
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)…
Ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the
accused
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)…
Required that state courts provide counsel (services of an attorney) for
indigent (poor) defendants
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)…
Required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to
remain silent
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)…
Extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being
present during questioning by the police
Reapportionment…
Process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10
years on the basis of the results of the census
Baker v. Carr (1962)…
Before 1962, it was common for at least one house of a state legislature
(usually the state senate) to be based upon the drawing of district lines
that strongly favored rural areas to the disadvantage of large cities
The Warren Court's decision in the landmark case of Baker v. Carr (1962)
declared such practices to be unconstitutional.
Freedom of Expression and Privacy…
Yates v. United States (1957)…
Said that First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech,
even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the
safety of the country
Engel v. Vitale (1962)…
Analysis
Thurgood Marshall argued the case for Linda
Brown as a NAACP attorney; he was later
appointed by LBJ to the Supreme Court… the
first African American Supreme Court Justice.
What does Thurgood Marshall have in common
with Mary McLeod Bethune?
They both worked on NAACP and
advocated for desegregation in
education as well as child welfare
Which court ruling did Brown overturn?
Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
Advanced the controversial
“separate but equal” doctrine
for assessing the
constitutionality of racial
segregation laws
How many years in between these two rulings?
58
Explain how reapportionment decreased racial
discrimination.
Redistribution of seats in the U.S.
House of Representatives based on
changes in population.
As states change population at different
rates, the number of those 435 seats
each one holds can go up or down
There was representation
Support, refute, or modify the following
statement: Earl Warren led a revolution in
American justice. Defend your answer with
evidence.
I support that Warren led a revolution in
American justice because earlier courts
emphasized property rights whereas
during Warren’s time, the emphasis
moved to ending segregation
10
-
Ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public
schools violated the First Amendment's provision for separation of church
and state
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)…
Ruled that, in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not
prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults
Additional Insight and Analysis:
W.E.B. DuBois, civil rights leader and cofounder of the NAACP (Progressive Era) was a pro-socialist, communist sympathizer who saw socialism as the best hope for
African Americans. He visited the Soviet Union where color/race made no distinction between groups. With the Second Red Scare and Cold War, the NAACP had to
distance itself from its founder. He resigned. He was then targeted by McCarthyism (he praised Stalin and called the Soviets “the enemy of my enemy is my friend”
referring to a white-controlled government as his enemy). He was found not-guilty (although they withheld his passport for 8 years). He later travelled to Ghana, during
which time the United States refused to renew his passport; he then became a citizen of Ghana. He died in Africa after renouncing his American citizenship.
What is the most significant contribution DuBois made to the civil rights battle? Publicized racial injustices and initiated lawsuits to secure equal treatment for Black
Americans in education, employment, housing, and public accommodations
5. Social Revolutions and Cultural Movements, pp 610-612
Main Ideas
Liberalism, based on
anticommunism abroad
and a firm belief in the
efficacy of governmental
and especially federal
power to achieve social
goals at home, reached
its apex in the mid-1960s
and generated a variety
of political and cultural
responses.
Stirred by a growing
awareness of
inequalities in American
society and by the
African American civil
rights movement,
activists also addressed
issues of identity and
social justice, such as
gender/sexuality and
ethnicity.
Activists began to
question society’s
assumptions about
gender and to call for
social and economic
equality for women and
for gays and lesbians.
New demographic and
social issues led to
significant political and
moral debates that
sharply divided the
nation.
Although the image of
the traditional nuclear
family dominated
popular perceptions in
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
Social Revolutions and Cultural Movements…
Student Movement and the New Left…
Activists and intellectuals who supported Hayden's ideas
What does SDS illustrate
about youth in the 1960s?
Inspired by
young black
activists.
Envisioned a
nonviolent youth
movement
transforming the
US into a
"participatory
democracy" in
which people
would directly
control the
decisions that
affected their
lives
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)…
A group of radical students led by Tom Hayden issued a declaration of purposes known as the
Port Huron Statement. It called for university decisions to be made through participatory
democracy, so that students would have a voice in decisions affecting their lives
Free Speech Movement…
Student protest cause in Berkeley campus, by mid 1960s students protesting uni rules & want
greater voice in gov of uni
-
The Weathermen…
Most fringe group of SDS, violence & vandal --extremists acts discredit early idealism of New
Left
Counterculture…
Hand in hand w/ rebellious dress, music, drug use, communal living (for some)
Folk & rock music
Experimentation w/ drugs ruined lives --> excesses and uncertainties led to demise
In Retrospect…
At the time, JFK's presidency inspired many idealistic young Americans to take his inaugural
message and to "ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your
country."
However, more recently, his belligerent Cold War rhetoric has drawn criticism from some
historians. Nevertheless, the JFK legend has endured.
Sexual Revolution…
Kinsey indicate sex/gayness more common
Medicine (STD) & birth control-->casual nonmonogamous sex
Overt sexual themes in media
Not everyone participated
80s reaction against loosened moral codes (illegitimate birth, rape/abuse, AIDS)
Alfred Kinsey’s Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the
Human Female (1953)…
In the late 1940s he did pioneering surveys of sexual practice.
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
(1953), also known as the Kinsey Reports, as well as the Kinsey scale. Kinsey's research on
human sexuality, foundational to the field of sexology, provoked controversy in the 1940s and
Explain the connection of
the 50’s Beatniks, like
Jack Kerouac, to the 60’s
counterculture.
As the 1950s
gave way to the
1960s, the Beats
and beatniks
gradually gave
way to a new
kind of
counterculture:
the hippies, who
actually
preferred to call
themselves
“freaks” or “love
children.” The
hippies were
much younger
than the beatniks
(they could even
11
the postwar era, the
family structure of
Americans was
undergoing profound
changes as the number
of working women
increased and many
social attitudes
changed.
Young people who
participated in the
counterculture of the
1960s rejected many of
the social, economic,
and political values of
their parents’
generation, initiated a
sexual revolution, and
introduced greater
informality into U.S.
culture.
1950s. His work has influenced social and cultural values in the United States, as well as
internationally.
Birth Control Pill…
Introduction of the birth control pill in 1960 also contributed to changing attitudes about
engaging in casual sex with a number of partners. Moreover, overtly sexual themes in
advertisements, magazines, and movies made sex appear to be just one more consumer
product.
Sex as a consumer product…
Overtly sexual ads, magazines, and movies made sex appear as a consumer product.
Premarital sex, contraception, abortion, and homosexuality became practiced more openly.
The Women’s Movement…
Increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and
sexual revolution all contributed to a renewal in the 1960s
Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique…
Book that gave the women's rights movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class
women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother,
and homemaker.
National Organization for Women (NOW)…
Founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan, adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights movements
to secure equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities.
Equal Pay Act (1963)… (see page 2 of this guide)
This act prohibits unequal pay for equal or substantially equal work performed by men and
women.
have been the
Beats' children)
Remember Alice Paul
from the Progressive
Era? What was her role in
the ERA?
She drafted the
equal rights
amendment with
Crystal Eastman
first in 1923
Why was the ERA
defeated?
Fewer women
wanted to enter
the workforce by
the 1970s. Only
seven states
ratified the
amendment in
the allotted time.
Many people
feared potential
unintended
effects of the
amendment
because it was
vaguely worded.
Civil Rights Act (1964)…(see page 6 of this guide)
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of
this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring,
promoting, and firing.
Campaign for the ERA…
Legislation passed by Congress in 1972 which stated that "equality of rights under the law
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." It just
missed acceptance by the required 38 states, in part because of a growing reaction against
feminism by conservatives who feared the movement threatened the traditional roles of
women.
Achievements…
ERA supports over 500 TB of electronic records, including records from the George W. Bush
White House, many Federal agencies, and Congress. It has achieved efficiencies in
government bureaucracy.
Additional Insight and Analysis:
The Mattachine Society was founded in Los Angeles in 1951. It was a pioneering advocate for gay rights. Inspired by progress in civil rights, other groups
including gay rights were inspired to stand up for their rights more. This included coming “out of the closet” and celebrating identity rather than pretending to
be something else.
How is “coming out of the closet” similar to or different from Black Pride? Similar because you’re embracing who you are and showing the world
How is feminism similar to or different from these two concepts? Feminism is the advocacy of women’s rights
What do these movements reveal about the era of conformity post WWII (1945-1960)? It allowed the advancement of these movements
In 1969, homosexuals fought back against police harassment, the Stonewall Rebellion, launching a new gay and lesbian liberation movement. The 1970s
witnessed a new, rejuvenated gay rights movement. Compare and Contrast the Watts Riot and the Stonewall Riot.
SImilarities: riots caused by discrimination, lasted more than one day, had city national troops to restore order for them to stop the rioting, dtarted because
police raid homesexual bar Stonewall Inn, people in bar got angry and started throwing objects at the police, for many days more and more people showed up
and protested for their rights, protesters rioted outside the Stonewall Inn until the police sent a riot-control squad to clear the crowd
12
-
Differences: Watts Riot: Took place in Los Angeles, Time was August 11-17, 1965
Stonewall Riot: Took place in New York, Time was June 27-28, 1969
Which one illustrates the greater culture conflict in modern times? What type of culture conflict is it? (think of your conflict categories from the 1920s)
Stonewall because police raided a homosexual bar.
Andy Warhol depicted everyday objects in his paintings, like soup cans, in the 1960s. This was the beginning of modern POP art
/culture. Warhol, by making ordinary things famous, gave them new importance. What does his popularity and impact on American art
reveal about American society post WWII?
He deeply impacted the course of art history, as well as American culture, both for Americans themselves and the international
community at large. He brought the concept of consumerism to the foreground and further popularized the use of art as a reflection of society, but
also as social commentary.
6. The Vietnam War to 1969, pp 612-615
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
As the United States focused on
containing communism, it faced
increasingly complex foreign
policy issues, including
decolonization, shifting
international alignments and
regional conflicts, and global
economic and environmental
changes.
The Vietnam War to 1969…
In a major offensive, assault teams and artillery attack American
bases all over South Vietnam, killing 1,140 Americans. At the
same time, South Vietnamese towns and cities are also hit. The
heaviest fighting is around Saigon, but fights rage all over South
Vietnam
Explain how the Vietnam War illustrates a
post WWII conflict caused by decolonization.
(see page 583 as well as page 612)
After World War II, European
countries lacked the wealth and
political support necessary to
suppress far-away revolts. They could
not oppose the new superpowers the
U.S. and the Soviet Union's stands
against colonialism. Strong
independence movements in colonies.
Postwar decolonization and the
emergence of powerful
nationalist movements in Asia,
Africa, and the Middle East led
both sides in the Cold War to
seek allies among new nations,
many of which remained non
aligned.
…continued from previous page…
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
Cold War policies
led to continued
public debates over
the power of the
federal
government,
acceptable means
for pursuing
international and
domestic goals,
and the proper
balance between
liberty and order.
Buildup Under Kennedy…
JFK adopted domino theory, significantly increased the number of military advisers who
trained the South Vietnamese army and guarded weapons and facilities. Their role was
not combat but to provide training and supplies
What role did President Dwight
Eisenhower play in the Vietnam War
in the 1950s?
After France surrendered to
the Viet Minh, Eisenhower's
administration aided
anti-communist leader Ngo
Dinh Diem in consolidating
power in Saigon.
Throughout his second
term as president,
Eisenhower remained
committed to Diem's
often-tyrannical regime.
The United States
sought to “contain”
Escalating the War…
(Kennedy also pledges to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade-Space Race)
Tonkin Gulf Resolutions…
1964 - Johnson made use of a naval incident in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam's coast to
secure congressional authorization for US forces going into combat. Allegedly, North
Vietnamese gunboats fired on US warships in the Gulf of Tonkin. The president
persuaded the Congress that this aggressive act was sufficient reason for a military
response by the US. Congress voted its approval, which basically gave the president a
black check to take "all necessary means" to protect US interests in Vietnam
13
Soviet-dominated
Johnson continued a step by step in Vietnam, using US combat troops for the first time to
communism through
fight the Vietcong in 1965 (184,000) and by 1967 had 485,000 troops in Vietnam
a variety of
measures, including Controversy…
military
Many Americans opposed the war on moral grounds, appalled by the devastation and
engagements in
violence of the war. Others claimed the conflict was a war against
Korea and Vietnam.
Vietnameseindependence, or an intervention in a foreign civil war; others opposed it
because they felt it lacked clear objectives and appeared to be unwinnable.
Americans debated
policies and
Hawks versus Doves…
methods designed
Hawks: Those who wanted war, believed that North Vietnamese aggression forced US
to root out
into war, and felt that US should do whatever it takes to win the war
Communists within
Doves: Didn't want war, Vietnam problem was a civil war, US had no right to be involved,
the United States
Money spent in Vietnam better spent in domestic affairs
even as both
parties tended to
Tet Offensive…
support the
A series of major attacks by communist forces in the Vietnam War. Early in 1968,
broader Cold War
Vietnamese communist troops seized and briefly held some major cities at the time of the
strategy of
lunar new year, or Tet.
containing
communism.
Although the
Korean conflict
produced some
minor domestic
opposition, the
Vietnam War saw
the rise of sizable,
passionate, and
sometimes violent
antiwar protests
that became more
numerous as the
war escalated.
Americans debated
the merits of a
large nuclear
arsenal, the
“military-industrial
complex,” and the
appropriate power
of the executive
branch in
conducting foreign
and military policy.
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions are
EXTREMELY significant both to the
war effort and political conflict
domestically. Explain the foreign
and domestic impact of these
resolutions.
The resolution served as
the principal constitutional
authorization for the
subsequent vast escalation
of the United States'
military involvement in the
Vietnam War. On August 4,
1964, President Lyndon
Johnson announced that
two days earlier, U.S. ships
in the Gulf of Tonkin had
been attacked by the North
Vietnamese
Compare and contrast war hawks
and doves during the Vietnam War
to those in the War of 1812.
Popularly, “hawks” are
those who advocate an
aggressive foreign policy
based on strong military
power. ... “Doves” try to
resolve international
conflicts without the threat
of force.
1812: War Hawks were
members of Congress who
put pressure on President
James Madison to declare
war against Britain in 1812.
The War Hawks tended to
be younger congressmen
from Southern and Western
states.
To what extent was the TET
Offensive a turning point?
Although a military loss, the
Tet Offensive was a
stunning propaganda
victory for the communists.
In fact, it is often credited
with turning the war in their
favor. The South
Vietnamese began to lose
influence as Viet Cong
guerrillas infiltrated rural
areas formerly held by the
South Vietnamese
government.
Additional Insight and Analysis:
Pueblo Incident, capture of the USS Pueblo, occurred in 1968. "Remember, you are not going out there to start a war," Rear Admiral Frank Johnson
reminded Commander Pete Bucher just prior to the maiden voyage of the U.S.S. Pueblo. And yet a war-one that might have gone nuclear--was what nearly
happened when the Pueblo was attacked and captured by North Korean gunships in January 1968. Diplomacy prevailed in the end, but not without great cost
to the lives of the imprisoned crew and to a nation already mired in an unwinnable war in Vietnam.
When was the Korean War? Jun 25, 1950 – Jul 27, 1953
14
What was the result of this war? After three years of a bloody and frustrating war, the United States, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea
agree to an armistice, bringing the fighting of the Korean War to an end. The armistice ended America's first experiment with the Cold War Concept of “limited war.”
What does the capture of the USS Pueblo reveal about the Cold War tension in Europe in the late 1960s? The capture of the USS Pueblo revealed that the
tensions concerning the cold war were rising.
How did this incident impact the anti-war protests (protesting Vietnam War) in the United States? The incident impacted the anti-war protests by basically
overriding every claim they made to help in their fight against joining the war. This event forced the United States to get more involved in the war.
This event, along with the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Tet Offensive, the assassination of Robert Kennedy (JFK’s brother and Secretary of
State 1961-1963, and Democratic presidential candidate), and Chicago riot all happening in 1968… make 1968 a terrible year in U.S. history. I smell a party
shift!
7. Coming Apart at Home, 1968, pp 615-617
Main Ideas
Definitions/Explanations/Notes
Analysis
New demographic
and social issues
led to significant
political and moral
debates that
sharply divided the
nation.
Coming Apart at Home, 1968…
Few years in U.S. history were as troubled or violent as 1968. The Tet offensive and
the withdrawal of Johnson from the presidential race were followed by the senseless
murder of MLK Jr. and destructive riots in cities across the country.
As the year unfolded, Americans wondered if their nation was coming apart from
internal conflicts over the war issue, the race issue, and the generation gap between
the baby boomers and their parents.
Rapid change often creates conflict.
Support or refute the assertion that the
1960s experienced “too much” social
change in a short period of time which
resulted in a high level of social
conflict.
Many people had different
opinions
Conservatives,
fearing juvenile
delinquency, urban
unrest, and
challenges to the
traditional family,
increasingly
promoted their own
values and
ideology.
Second Kennedy Assassination…
On June 5, 1968, after he had won the California Democratic primary Robert F.
Kennedy (RFK) was shot and killed by an Arab nationalist who opposed Robert
Kennedy’s support for Israel
Continuing white
resistance slowed
efforts at
desegregation,
sparking a series of
social and political
crises across the
nation, while
tensions among
civil rights activists
over tactical and
philosophical
issues increased
after 1965.
The Election of 1968…
No debates were used in the election of 1968
LBJ: After de escalating the Vietnam war from refusing to send 200,000 more troops
to war, this president announced to the public that he would not be campaigning for a
second term. He also did this after telling the American Public he would negotiate
peace with the Northern Vietnamese
Eugene McCarthy: Senator of Minnesota who challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the
democratic nomination. He was also notably the first leader and most prominent
leader of the anti war movement.
Robert Kennedy: JFK's younger brother who decided to run for the 1968 presidential
election. He was in a great position for winning the primary after he won the vote of
California, but was murdered shortly after his speech. He was better than Eugene
McCarthy in gaining the vote of the blue collar worker and minority vote.
Democratic Convention at Chicago…
Name and location for the Democratic Nomination convention in 1968. At the
convention, it was clear that Humphrey supported Johnson's domestic and foreign
policies. However, this did not bode well with the anti war democrats. The anti war
democrats rioted throughout the streets at the Democratic nomination convention
and Richard Daley (Mayor of Chicago) sent police forces to calm the riots. The nation
viewed the Democratic party in turmoil and the riot as a "police riot".
White Backlash and George Wallace…
This term describes the amount of upset whites at federal desegregation, antiwar
protests, and race riots which were all tapped by George Wallace.
Conservative Governor of Alabama, was the first politician of late 20th century
America to openly resent the leaders of Washington ("Pointy Headed Liberals"). He
formed his own American Independent Party and hoped to gain enough electoral
votes to pass it to the House of Representatives.
Return of Richard Nixon…
During 1968, this Republican frontrunner easily took the nominee, even though
politicians considered his loss as the Governor of California to be the end of his
political career. He was considered a "Hawk" in the Vietnam War and used mantras
Compare Strom Thurmond and the
1948 Dixiecrats to George Wallace and
the 1968 American Independent Party.
Storm: Dixiecrat candidate for
the Presidency in the election
of 1948. He had led a walkout
of the Democratic Convention
over the civil rights plank
supported by Truman.
Wallace: Entered the 1968
election and called for the
continuation of segregation of
blacks
What does the tumultuous end of the
1960s foreshadow about the 1970s?
It foreshadows that there’s going to be a
continuation in 1970 and that it’s also
going to be tumultuous as groups such as
women, AA, NA, gays, other marginalized
individuals will be fighting for equality still
15
such as "Law and Order" and "Peace with Honor". Took the nomination because he
appeared to be less negative and was the favorite of the Republican party. His
running mate was Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland who used rhetorics similar to
George Wallace.
Results…
Nixon defeated Humphrey in a close popular vote but an electoral vote of 301-191 in
favor of Nixon. Humphrey starts slow but catches up because he preaches to the
New Deal coalition. Nixon and Wallace both start strong. The significance of the 57%
of the popular vote going to Nixon and Wallace shows that people are starting to
grow tired of New Deal liberalism including, race riots, drugs, protest, violence,
counterculture, federal intervention in social institutions, and permissiveness.
8.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: What are the lessons of Vietnam? Page 617
The Vietnam War ended with an armistice in 1973 and then the fall of South Vietnam in 1975.
After reading historical perspectives on page 617, list three important lessons of the Vietnam War.
1.
It made people realize that it was more so an act for independence from
western colonization rather than an act of aggression.
2.
The generals believed that the media influenced the American viewpoint
regarding the war.
3.
They believed that if national interests were at risk then they should have not
proceeded with the war.
DYK… The American Revolution is often compared to the Vietnam War. The local population fought against larger, more powerful overseas-based
forces. While the 18th century British and 20th century Americans controlled most cities, rural areas tended to be controlled by the colonial
American forces and the Viet Cong/North Vietnamese forces. Peace accords in both wars were signed in Paris. Guerrilla tactics were significant in
both wars. That’s cool history!
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Quote Images captured from izquotes.com
Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School
Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination,
Wikipedia.org, ushistory.org, and the 2012 & 2015 Revised College Board Advanced Placement United States History Framework.