EXSC 311 Chapter 1 -Kinesiology -Study of motion or human movement -Anatomic Physiology -Study of musculoskeletal/tendinous system -Biomechanics -Application of mechanical physics to human motion -Structural Kinesiology -Both skeletal and muscular structures are involved -Bones are different sizes and shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement -Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, and structure from one part of the body to another -More than 600 muscles are in the body -Reasons for Studying Kinesiology -SEE Principle -Safety -Effectiveness -Efficiency Reference and Body Positions -Anatomical Position -Standing, supine -Fundamental Position -Same as anatomical but arms are at the sides and palms facing the body -Long Sitting Position -Sitting with legs extended forward, toes pointed, trunk erect, and hands on hips -Short Sitting Position -Sitting upright with knees flexed and hanging over the edge of the surface -Prone -Supine Anatomical Directional Terminology -Anterior -Anteroinferior -In front and below -Anterosuperior 2 -In front and above -Anterolateral -In front and to the side -Anteromedial -In front and toward the midline -Anteroposterior -Relating to both front and rear -Posterior -Same as anterior terms but in back -Contralateral -The opposite side -Ipsilateral -Same side -Bilateral -Both right and left sides -Inferior -Medial/lateral versions -Superior -Medial/lateral versions -Caudal 3 -Cephalic -Rostral -Toward or near to the head, specifically the front -Caudocephalad -From the tail to head -Cephalocaudal -Head to tail -Deep -Superficial -Distal -Proximal -Proximodistal -From the center of the body out towards the distal -Lateral -Medial/Median -Dorsal -Could be top of foot -Ventral -Palmar -Palm of hand 4 -Volar -Palm of hand or sole of foot -Plantar -Sole of foot -Fibular -Lateral leg -Tibial -Medial leg -Radial -Lateral forearm -Ulnar -Medial forearm -Scapular Plane -30 to 45 degree from frontal plane -Kyphosis -Lordosis -Scoliosis Alignment Variation Terminology -Recurvatum -Knee hyperextension 5 -Valgus -Outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint -Varus -Inward angulation of the distal segment Planes of Motion -Motion through a plane revolves around an axis -90 degree relationship between a plane and axis -Sagittal -Frontal -Transverse -Diagonal Plane -Mostly multiaxial joints -High -Low -Upper limbs at shoulders -Underhand skills -Discus -Second Low -Lower limbs at hip -Kickers 6 Axes Of Rotation -For movement to occur, it must turn or rotate around an axis -Frontal -Same as frontal plane -X Axis -Sagittal Axis -Same as sagittal plane -Z Axis -Vertical Axis -Perpendicular to transverse plane of motion -Y Axis -Diagonal Axis -Runs at right angle to diagonal plane -Know the Bones Adult Skeleton -206 Bones -Axial Skeleton -80 Bones -Appendicular Skeleton -126 Bones 7 Skeletal Functions -Protection of organs -Support -Movement as points of attachment and acting as levers -Mineral storage -Hemopoiesis -Process of blood formation in the red bone marrow Types of Bones -Long -Cylindrical shafts with protruding ends -Contains medullary canal -EX: Phalanges, metatarsals/carpals, tibia, fibula, femur, ulna, humerus -Short -Short and cubical shaped that normally articulate with more than one bone -EX: Carpals, tarsals -Flat -Usually have a curved surface and very in thickness -EX: Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula -Irregular 8 -EX: Spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla -Sesamoid -Provide protection and mechanical advantage -EX: Patella Bony Features -Articular Cartilage -Covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning Bone Properties -Wolff’s Law -Bone size and shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them Bone Markings -Processes -Include elevations and projections -EX: Condyle, facet, head -Cavities -Including openings and grooves -EX: Facet, foramen, fossa, sinus Classification of Joints -Articulation or Arthroses 9 -Connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces or bones -Table 1.5 -Synarthrodial -Immovable -Sutures, gomphosis -Amphiarthrodial -Slightly movable -Syndesmosis -Two bones joined together by a strong ligament of membrane that allows minimal movement -EX: Coracoclavicular joint, tibiofibular joint -Symphysis -Fibrocartilage that has slight movement -EX: Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis -Synchondrosis -Separated by hyaline cartilage that allows for slight movement -EX: Costochondral joints -Diarthrodial 10 -Freely moveable -Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity -Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity -Absorbs shock/protects -Some have specialized fibrocartilage disks -Provide additional shock absorption -Meniscus -Glenoid labrum -Acetabular/Glenoid Labrum -Have motion in one or more planes -Degrees of freedom -Motion in 1-3 planes = 1-3 degrees of freedom Types -Arthrodial -2 flat bony surfaces, little motion -EX: Vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal/tarsal joints -Ginglymus -Hinge, uniaxial articulation 11 -Allow motion in one plane -EX: Elbow, knee, talocrural -Trochoid -Uniaxial -EX: Radioulnar joints -Condyloid -Biaxial ball and socket -EX: Carpal/radius joint -Enarthrodial -Multiaxial ball and socket -Rounded head into concave surface -EX: Shoulder, hip -Sellar -Unique triaxial joint -2 unique concave and convex surfaces -EX: 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb Stability/Mobility of Diarthrodial Joints -The more mobile a joint, the less stable -Davis’ Law 12 -Tissues when placed under appropriate tension will adapt over time by lengthening and conversely when maintained in a loose or shortened state over a period of time will gradually shorten -5 Major factors affect stability/mobility -Bones -Usually similar in bilateral comparisons within an individual -Joint surfaces vary between people -Cartilage -Structure of both hyaline and specialized cartilage structures assist in joint congruency and stability -Usually similar in bilateral comparisons within an individual but can vary -Ligaments/connective tissue -Provide static stability -People with higher elastin to collagen ratio are hyperlax -Muscles -Provide dynamic stability when actively contracting -Strength/endurance are factors in stabilization -Muscle flexibility affects the total ROM of the joint -Proprioception and motor control -Proprioception 13 -Subconscious mechanism by which the body regulates posture and movements by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors embedded in joints, tendons, muscles, and inner ear -Motor control -Process by which body actions are organized and executed -To determine the appropriate amount of muscular forces and joint activations needed, sensory info from the environment and body must be integrated and then coordinated in a cooperative manner between central nervous system and musculoskeletal system -Other points -Structural integrity may be affected by injury -Structures adapt over time to biomechanical demands -When any factors are compromised, additional demands are placed on remaining structures to provide stability, which can result in abnormal mobility -This abnormal mobility can lead to pathological conditions such as tendinitis, bursitis, arthritis, etc. Open vs Close Packed Joint Position -Close 14 -Joints are more stable, typically maximal extension -Ligaments and capsular structures are farthest apart and taut -Joint is mechanically compressed and is at its least distractible point -Open -Ligaments and capsular structures are in their slackest position -Minimal stability, allows maximal distraction -Typically midway through the extremes of a joint’s ROM Range of Motion -Area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved -Measured with goniometer Movement in Joints -Terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to each other -Angles between bones change -Movement occurs between articular surfaces of a joint -Some movement terms describe motion at several joints -Some terms are specific to a joint or group of joints -Also use hyper and hypo prefixes -Inversion/Eversion 15 -Pronation/supination can be applied to the feet -Combination of flexion, in/e/version, ab/d/duction -Horizontal Ab/d/duction -Scaption -Movement of the humerus away from the body in the scapular plane -Lateral Flexion -Reduction -Return of spine to anatomical position -Palmar Flexion -Anterior side of hand moving towards anterior side of forearm -Flexion -Dorsal Flexion -Extension Movement of hand -Radial/Ulnar Deviation -Opposition -Touching thumb to other fingers -Reposition -Back to normal thumb position Physiological Movements vs Accessory Motions 16 -Physiological movements: flexion, extension abduction, adduction, and rotation -Occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint -Osteokinematic motion -For osteokinematic motions to occur there must be movement between the joint articular surfaces -Arthrokinematics: motion between articular surfaces -Roll(Rock) -A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface -Glide(Slide)(Translation) -A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface -Spin -A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface -Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction Concave-Convex Rule 17 -When any convex joint surface moves on a concave surface, roll and glide must occur in opposite direction and that when a concave surface moves on a convex surface, roll and glide occur in same direction -EX: Tibiofemoral joint(vex on cave) -Tibia is cave, femur is vex Quiz Topics -Bones -Structure -Joints -Planes/axes -Movements -Accessory motion 18
