A SEMINAR REPORT ON PREPAID ENERGY METER Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING By W. SUJANA (19025A0238) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KAKINADA JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINDA KAKINADA, 533003 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA 2018-2022 Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada University College of Engineering Kakinada Kakinada,533003, A.P Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Technical Seminar entitled ‘PREPAID ENERGY METER’ is a Bonifide work done by WUPADRASTA SUJANA (19025A0238) Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from University College of Engineering Kakinada during Academic year 2018-2022. Seminar Supervisor head of the department Dr. K. Sri Kumar Asst. Professor & Head Department of EEE DECLARATION I, WUPADRASTA SUJANA the Student of UCEK-JNTUK, Kakinada hereby declare that this Technical Seminar report entitled “PRE-PAID ENERGY METER” being Submitted to the Department of EEE, for the award of BACHALOR OF TECHNOLOGY In Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a record of Bonifide work done by me and it has not been Submitted to any other institute or University for the award of any other degree or prize. Signature of the student WUPADRASTA SUJANA (19025A0238) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With immense pleasure I, WUPADRASTA SUJANA presenting the topic “PRE-PAID ENERGY METER” Seminar reports as part of curriculum of “Electrical and Electronics Engineering”. I wish to thank all people for extending their unending Support. I express my profound thanks to our Principal Dr.M.H.M.Krishna Prasad Sir, and our beloved Head of Department Dr.K.SriKumar sir and all those who have indirectly guided and helped me in preparation of this Seminar. Name of the student WUPADRASTA SUJANA (19025A0238) INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................... INTRODUCTION ................................................................... STUDY OF PRE-PAID ENERGY METER........................... COMPONENTS USED...................................................... BLOCK DIAGRAM......................................................... WORKING PRINCIPLE....................................................... ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES...................... APPLICATIONS.................................................................. CONCLUSION................................................................... REFERENCES.................................................................... INTRODUCTION The embedded technology is now in its prime and the wealth of knowledge available is mind-blowing. Embedded technology places a major role in integrating the various functions associated with it. This needs to tie up the various sources of the department in closed loop system. The proposal greatly reduces the manpower, saves time and operates efficiently without human interference. This topic put forth the first step in achieving the desired target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems are developed to having built intelligence. Ours being a developing country the power consumption is increasing on large scale to meet the growing demands. Power generation is widely based on the non-renewable sources and these sources being depleting some means have to be found for power saving. It a scheme of electricity billing system called “PREPAID ENERGY METER” which facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and reduces problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces deployment of manpower for taking meter readings. Over the last few years, Prepaid Energy Meter has been proposed as an innovative solution aimed at facilitating affordability and reducing the cost of utilities. This mechanism, essentially, requires the users to pay for the electricity before its consumption. In this way, consumers hold credit and then use the electricity until the credit is exhausted. If the available credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity is cut off by a relay. But their use is still controversial. On the one hand, those that support the diffusion of prepaid meters claim that they benefit both consumers and utilities because they help users to consume more efficiently and to improve the management of their budget, while allowing firms to reduce financial costs, as well as the costs of operation and bad debts. On the other hand, those that are against prepaid meters argue that their adoption is expensive for firms and risky for low-income consumers, as the insecurity and volatility of their income may force them to make little use of the service, or ultimately, bring about involuntary self-disconnection. STUDY OF PREPAID ENERGY METER PROPOSED WORK: At first an energy meter is to be made. The output of the energy meter works as the input to the next circuit for prepaid services. The prepaid circuit consist of a Microcontroller and a memory reading circuit. The memory reading circuit is for putting in the credit. The microcontroller will act as the brain of the circuit. It will constantly check the credit and accordingly provide the power. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY: • At first, we will get a PCB layout for the whole circuit and the layout will be etched on to the PCB. We will be using the Proteus software to create the layout. • Once the PCB is etched, we will mount the components checking regularly for the errors. • Once all components are mounted correctly, we will test the circuit. COMPONENTS OF PRE-PAID ENERGY METER : 1. Microcontroller 2. Energy Meter 3. Relays 4. LCD display 5.Relay Driver 6.Opto coupler 7.GSM MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52 The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. Features: 1) 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory 2) Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 3) 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range 4) 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 5) 32 Programmable I/O Lines 6) Full Duplex UART Serial Channel 7) Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Vital role of Micro controller-AT89S52: 1) It will act a master to communicate with memory. 2) Whenever command is sent to reset the memory, controller resets the memory. 3) Controller takes the pulses from the energy meter and increments the Unit which depends upon the calculations and stores in memory. 4) Microcontroller also switches off the energy meter whenever the command is sent from the server. This happens when the owner has not paid the bill. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): LCD’s can add a lot to your application in terms of providing a useful interface for the user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional" look. The most common type of LCD controller is the Hitachi 44780, which provides a relatively simple interface between a processor and an LCD. Inexperienced designers do often not attempt using this interface and programmers because it is difficult to find good documentation on the interface, initializing the interface can be a problem and the displays themselves are expensive. LCD has single line display, Two-line display, four-line display. Every line has 16 characters. Vital role of LCD: Used to display the status of device. Relay Driver IC ULN2003: The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that features highvoltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current Rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs May be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include Relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a 2.7k series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5VCMOS devices. Features: 500mA rated collector current (Single output) High-voltage outputs: 50V Inputs compatible with various types of logic. Relay driver application. Role of Relay Driver: To control the triggering of the Relays. RELAY Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it. Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the load. In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet. When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown. This is called energizing of relay. When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called De energizing of relay. here are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is supply i.e., exactly to opposite to the above shown relay. Solid state relays will have sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the output using opto-coupling. ENERGY METER Electricity is a clean, convenient way to deliver energy. The electricity meter is how electricity providers measure billable services. Every house, small factory, business establishment, shops, offices etc. need at least one energy meter to register power consumption. The supplier of electrical raises the bill on the basis reading shown by this meter. The producers of electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and boards have to sale this energy to the consumer. Consumer needs to pay the amount against the bill raised by the supplier. The data generate by the energy meter is the base to raise the bill by power supplier. The most common type of meter measures kilowatt hours. When used in electricity retailing, the utilities record the values measured by these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity. Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc). The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronics. Modern solid-state electronic energy meters (also known as kilowatt-hour meters, etc.) employ recently developed electronic components to measure electrical energy. Basic electronic meters are not just more cost-effective than mechanical meters, but offer further benefits: measurement accuracy of the electronic meter is about an order of magnitude better than that of a mechanical meter, while power consumption is lower by about two orders of magnitude. The electronic energy meter is also better protected against tampering than its mechanical predecessor, and units for prepaid operation (e.g., card readers) and remote meter reading (e.g., wireless, telephone line, or internet) can easily be included. GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. GSM is the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe. GSM has over one billion users worldwide and is available in 190 countries. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. OPTO COUPLER An opto-isolator (or optical isolator, optical coupling device, optocoupler,) is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer an electronic signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolated—since the electrical signal is converted to a light beam, transferred, then converted back to an electrical signal, there is no need for electrical connection between the source and destination circuits. The opto-isolator is simply a package that contains both an infrared light emitting diode (LED) and a photo detector such as a photosensitive silicon diode, transistor Darlington pair, or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). The wave-length responses of the two devices are tailored to be as identical as possible to permit the highest measure of coupling possible. Other circuitry for example an output amplifier—may be integrated into the package. An optoisolator is usually thought of as a single integrated package, but opto-isolation can also be achieved by using separate devices. WORKING PRINCIPLE Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an EEPROM IC) with a password stored inside it using a MC program. The memory card is available at various ranges (i.e., Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200 etc). In this we have given the name for memory card as smart card. When the consumer inserts a smart card into the card reader which is connected in prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator kit. The card reader will read the stored information and delete the information from the EEPROM IC (smart card) using the MC program. So that the smart card cannot be reused by others. According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced. When the amount is over, the relays will automatically shut down the whole system. Microcontroller AT89S52 acts as the primary controller. The primary controller collects information from energy meter as well as from the smart card which is IC AT24C02 (EEPROM chip). Smart card gives information about the limitation of units. The energy meter reading is compared with the smart card information by the primary controller. Depending on the result the Primary Controller will activate the buzzer if the credit is low and the Controller will trigger the Relay if the credit goes very low. Once the Relay is triggered, the electricity Supply will be cut. The supply will start again only when the meter is recharged with enough credit. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PREPAID ENERGY METER ENERGY MCETER LCD OPTO COUPLER MICRO CONTOLLER RELAY UNIT BUZZER SMART CARD WRITE/READ POWER SUPPLY Advantages of Prepaid Energy Meters: GSM MODULE Pay before use. Recover money owed (debt). Lower Overheads. No bill production No bill distribution. No need to chase payments. No further actions such as disconnections. MOBILE Disadvantages of Prepaid Energy Meters: The main disadvantage of the system is, because of huge electronic hardware involved in the system, the overall system consumes more electric energy. Since it is a prototype module, because of huge hardware the system occupies more space. The consumer or the electrical department has to spend more amounts for installing this kind of smart energy meters. Economically it is not advised. Applications: In Homes. In Festivals where electricity is required just for a few days. Rental accommodation. Industries and Factories. In Mall. CONCLUSION Prepayment systems have been proposed as an innovative solution to the problem of affordability in utilities services. In spite of being a popular system in European and African countries, the use of such mechanisms remains controversial. Among the main arguments in favour of its dissemination are the advantages concerning lower costs of arrears, running costs and finance charges for the service provider and the better allocation of resources it implies for users. he arguments against prepaid meters are based on the higher cost of the technology and the possibility of self-disconnection of low-income users. The monopolistic power distribution market in Asia is gradually transforming into a competitive marketplace. Differentiation in service is going to be the key competitive factor to improve market share in the deregulated power markets. Prepaid meters with their advantages over conventional ones are likely to help power distributors to differentiate and offer value-added services to consumers. Encouraging consumers to opt for prepaid meters on a voluntary basis and offering tariff or non-tariff incentives to those consumers who prepay their power charges, would help the utilities to implement this system. REFERENCES [1] Ashna, K. & George, S.N., “GSM based automatic energy meter reading system with instant billing”, Proceedings - IEEE International Multi Conference on Automation, Computing, Control, Communication and Compressed Sensing, iMac4s, 2013, pp.65–71. [2] De Capua, C.etal., “A smart energy meter for power grids”, Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2014, pp.878–883. [3] Dhananjayan, R. & Shanthi, E., “Smart Energy Meter with Instant Billing and Payment”, 2014, pp.1397– 1403. [4] Ghaderi, M and Boutsaba, “Call Admission Control in Mobile Cellular Networks: A Comprehensive Survey”, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 6, No.1, 2006, pp 69-93.
