GOVERNMENT AND BUREAUCRACY Government and Bureaucracy • PA is more than just the structure that composes the government • It includes more than the instrumentalities and takes into consideration the processes which occur in every corner of the office in government. • The instrumentality that takes on the operation or implementation of the policies and programs of the government is popularly known as the “bureaucracy”, considered as the fourth branch of government. • It is bureaucracy that provides for the continuity of the government when there are transition problems. • It is the “bureaucracy” that gives life to any administration in the government through meanings that they provide to important public policies. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY ETYMOLOGY French: bureau = office Greek: kratos = power or strength BUREAUCRACY DEFINED “ is the exercise of power by the officials of the government in accordance with the instructions of those who wield sovereign power in the state.” - Richard John S. Baker THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY BUREAUCRACY DEFINED “ a specific form of social organization, administrative in nature, which deals with the activities of a large number of people like the family, social club, or church.” “is the sum total of all administrative agencies of the government.” Raul P. De Guzman, Alex Brillantes, and Arturo G. Pacho THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY BUREAUCRACY DEFINED “is the sum total of all administrative agencies of the government.” - Raul P. De Guzman, Alex Brillantes, and Arturo G. Pacho ✓ These government agencies span from the executive branch of the government including that of the administrative offices that form part both of the legislative and the judicial branches of government. ✓ These government agencies facilitate the effective delivery of the services and other concerns of the said branch of government. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY “...as an organization which is considered an extension of the state.” - Max Weber ✓ The state fulfills the needs and wants of the public by way of the services that are delivered to them. ✓ Since the state possesses the necessary power and authority, it gives the “bureaucracy” a sense of legitimacy specifically in the process of performing its basic tasks. ✓ It has all the experts (technocrats) that provide the technical “know how” in running the government. ✓ It has the information that is essential to accomplish the objectives of the entire government instrumentality. ✓ It has all the access to all sensitive information which the government alone could use and enjoy. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION Based upon a It is a must for bureaucracy to reflect well defined the necessary hierarchy in the hierarchy institution as a way of putting an order in the hierarchy of things. When the concept was developed, Weber paid much attention with the order of authority that is reflected in a well conceived organizational structure. Division of work Bureaucracy exhibits one of the and functional essential characteristics of classical specialization organization that is the division of work and functional organization. Such characteristics facilitate the accomplishment of the objectives of a particular bureaucracy CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION Functions within a It works within the boundaries of framework of fixed fixed rules and avoids what is rules prohibited by existing policies. the more it operates within a framework of fixed rules the more bureaucratic organization becomes value driven and neutral Specifies the Knowing the duties and duties and responsibilities of the officials, result responsibilities of into a smooth operation of the officials government. It avoids more or less the duplication of works and saves mortime and money on the part of the employees and the government. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION Employs proper and scientific selection of individuals It is a must that those who desire to work in the government should be screened carefully in order to avoid any liability in the process. This kind of policy is clear in the civil service rules. Uses impersonal approach in organization an The primordial concern in this case is the application of the policies and the rules which should be implemented regardless of the person who will be affected. The bureaucratic organization must not be made to suffer from the ties that bind the employees working in the public organization. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD ͠ Barangay - handle all the needs of the public from economic trade to protection of the entire community. ͠ Political structure- headed by a datu or rajah who exercised all the powers of the government ✓ assisted by a council of elders often consulted in matters that required the decision of the datu. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY COLONIAL PERIOD • the old style administration was replaced by the new colonial master • highly centralized government that controlled everything • a civil service was created but focused its attention on the executive, legislative, judicial, and religious functions • civil service was composed of the following departments: Army, Navy, Justice, Finance, Directorate General of Civil Administration EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD • enactment of the Malolos Constitution which served as the foundation of the existing government • defined the powers of the revolutionary officials • created seven departments: Foreign Affairs, Interior, Finance, War, Army and Navy, Public Institution, Public Communication and Works, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY AMERICAN PERIOD • put up a civil service which valued the principle “public office is a public trust” and that the civil servants were made accountable to the public • created six (6) governmental departments: Finance, Justice, Public Instruction, Interior, Agriculture and Natural Resources, and Commerce and Communications EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY COMMONWEALTH PERIOD • the Commonwealth of the Philippines was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country • this was a transitory government that will pave the way for the Philippine independence • The 1935 Constitution was drafted. All institutions of the government were under the civil service and that entry in some ranks must be done through merit and fitness. • Created additional departments: National Defense, Labor and Health, and Public Welfare EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY JAPANESE PERIOD • Civil Servants were all Filipinos • Came up with six (6) departments: Foreign Affairs, Finance, Justice, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Works and Communications, and Education EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY INDEPENDENCE • The government expanded and swelled, yet the administration became complicated and resulted to practices which were not expected • Government and public complained: unqualified personnel, graft and corruption, incompetence, and low prestige • Different administrations introduced reforms restructuring of bureaucracy - but all faded in the process as other problems became more apparent. • Pres. Marcos through Congress approved into law the “Reorganization Law” in 1968 • Pres. Marcos reorganized the executive department through P.D. No. 1. • After Martial Law, the Philippine government continued and sparingly introduced several other reforms in the government. About the Philippine Government • The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through this system of check and balance. Art. 2, Phil. Constitution • One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary. Legislative Department • The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. • The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives) and several agencies that provide support services to Congress. • The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines. The Legislative branch • The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected from legislative districts in the provinces, cities, and municipalities, and representatives elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations. • The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector. The Executive branch • The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy. • The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the President, Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, boards, commissions, and committees. The Executive branch • The President leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of the national government, and Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The President serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected. • The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve, the Vice President becomes President. He or she also serves a six-year term. • Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President and the heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Commission of Appointments. The Judicial branch • The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. • The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law. • Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows: – The President can veto laws passed by Congress. – Congress confirms or rejects the President's appointments and can remove the President from office in exceptional circumstances. – The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are appointed by the President. • The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional. Task • Do a research on your respective LGUs. • Take a look on their respective PPAs (programs, projects and activities). • Describe the administration of each PPAs.
