A Statistical Study On Socio-Economic Status Of
Agriculture People In Ramayanpatti Village,
Tirunelveli District
Project submitted to Manonmaniam Sundararanar University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of
Master of Science in Statistics
by
A.MARISELVI
( Reg. No. : 20184012529118 )
Department of Statistics
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Tirunelveli-627012
APRIL 2019
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “A Statistical Study On Socio-Economic
Status Of Agriculture People In Ramayanpatti Village, Tirunelveli district.” submitted
to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Master of Science in Statistics by Ms. A.Mariselvi is a bonafide
record of
work done by her during the period 2013-2014 under my guidance and
supervision.
Head of the Department
Supervisor
DECLARATION
I, hereby declare that the project entitled “A Statistical Study On Socio-Economic
Status Of Agriculture People In Ramayanpatti Village, Tirunelveli district.” submitted
to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Master of Science in Statistics is my original work and that it has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or similar title of any
University or Institution.
Place: Tirunelveli-12
Date:
(A.Mariselvi)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all i thank the almight for his grace towards me during this project work. I
thank my parents for their vaild support while doing this project work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my guide Dr.R.Sasikumar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Statistics for his keen interest, valuable guidance and constant encouragement
and inspiration throughout the course of investigation and during write up of the project.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.P.Arumugam, Professor and Head,
Dr. K. Senthamarai Kannan, Professor, Dr.A.Loganathan, Professor, Dr. A. Rajarathinam,
Professor, Dr.V.Deneshkumar, Assistant Professor, Dr.K.Manoj, Assistant Professor,
Department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, for their
valuable suggestion and encouragement.
Thank all the research scholars department of Statistics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Tirunelveli.
Finally, I heartedly thank my family members, friends, classmates, who helprd me to
make this project successful.
(A.Mariselvi)
CONTENTS
Chapter
Particulars
I
Introduction
II
Objectives scope & Methodology
Page.no
1
6
III
Statistical analysis of data
9
IV
Conclusion
32
Bibliography & Questionnaire
34
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture plays an important role in the economic growth of our country. Almost all
the activities resolve round agriculture. It provides employment to around 60 per cent of the
total workforce in the country. Extremity in climate and variety of soil condition has made
possible the cultivation of every item. Introduction of new high yielding varieties after the
spread of Green Revolution in the late sixties resulted in record of food grains production.
For stimulating agriculture production and attaining self-sufficiency the government provides
various incentives together with price supporting schemes. Among the agriculture production
incentives, subsidies are considered to be the most powerful instruments for accelerating the
growth of agricultural production and to stimulate the use of modern inputs.
Agriculture has been the backbone of the indian economy and it will continue to
remain so far a long time. It has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3
per cent of world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world’s water resources. The
economic reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a
higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has
accelerated from below 6 percent during the initial years of reforms to more than 8 percent in
recent years. This happened mainly due to rapid growth in non-agriculture sector. The
workforce engaged in agriculture between 1980-81 and 2006-07 witnessed a very small
declined; from 60.5 percent to 52 percent.
The present cropping intensity of 137 per cent has registered an increase of only 26
per cent since 1950-51. The net sown area is 142 Mha. The net irrigated area was 58.87 Mha
in 2004-05.presently, the total net irrigated area covers 45.5 per cent of the net sown area, the
remaining 54.5 per cent is rain fed. The degradation of land and surface as well as ground
water resources results in fast deterioration of soil health.
1
Indian agriculture is characterized by agro-ecological diversities in soil, rainfall,
temperature, and cropping system. Besides favorable solar energy, the country receives about
3 trillion m3 of rainwater, 14 major, 44 medium and 55 minor rivers share about 83 per cent
of the drainage basin. About 210 brillion m3 water is estimated to be available as ground
water. Irrigation water is becoming a scarce commodity.
Thus proper harvesting and efficient utilization of water is of water is of great
importance. Intensive cultivation as a result of introduction of high yielding varieties in the
mid 1960’s required higher energy inputs and better management practices. Land
Preparation, harvesting, threshing and irrigation are the operations, which utilize most of the
energy used in agriculture. The share of animate power in agriculture decreased from 92 per
cent in 1950-51 to 20 per cent in 2000-01. For desired cropping intensity with timelines in
field operations, animate energy sources alone were no longer adequate. Farmers adopted for
mechanical power sources to supplement animate power.
Average size of farm holdings gradually reduced from 2.58 has to 1.57 ha. Small and
marginal farmers have limited resources especially in rain-fed regions. Where only animate
power is used to resulting in low productivity. Though agricultural production is high, per
hectare productivity is much lower than world average. There is urgent need to increase
productivity.
2
In Tamil Nadu, 56% of population is depending on Agriculture and allied activities for their
livelihood. The standard of living of the rural people depends on the agricultural
development. The standard of living of the people depending on agriculture needs
upliftment on par with people depending on industrial sector whose life standard is being
improved because of dynamic industrial growth in Tamil Nadu.
The Government is taking efforts to attain sustainable agricultural development by
bringing agriculture as a commercial venture by switching over from the present method of
cultivation through adoption of new
scientific method of cultivation to increase the
productivity to manifold, value addition,
processing and utilization of marketing
opportunities.
Decline in area under cultivation & water resources, depletion of soil health and
scarcity of agricultural labourers hinder speedy growth in agriculture development. The
Government is implementing various programmes to tide over the situation and to achieve
greater development in agriculture.
The Hon’ble Chief Minister is persistently emphasizing the Central Government to
implement a massive programme for linking rivers at National Level. By this, the surplus
water which flows in the sea unutilized could be utilized for bringing larger areas of dryland
under cultivation. So that, the farmers in these areas will prosper. The Hon’ble Chief
Minister is also emphasizing the linkage of southern rivers as a first step, if there is delay in
linkage of rivers at national level.
The Government is endeavoring to help the farmers to overcome the challenges
faced by them by extending various assistance and relief measures. Waiver of crop loan to
Irrigation
Most of the public investment in agriculture has been for development of irrigation
infrastructure, mainly surface irrigation. But investment in rural electrifi cation has also
expanded and in turn stimulated investments into tubewell technologies, thereby affecting
crop productivity.
3
Studies indicate that the increased use of irrigation and the spread of high-yielding crop
varieties have been major sources of growth in Indian agriculture. This trend has continued,
but a number of issues have emerged requiring immediate attention. Per capita demand for
water is projected to increase markedly, but without commensurate increases in its
availability. It is estimated that the latent demand for water for various purposes will far
exceed availability by 2050, and other sectors (urban domestic, industries, etc.) will compete
with agriculture for water (NAAS 2009).
The first major issue for agriculture is the optimal use of surface irrigation (canal
and tank irrigation) and increased technical effi ciency in water use, which is currently
estimated at about 25% to 35% in most irrigation systems (Planning Commission 2008).
Substantial investment is needed for upgrades in irrigation infrastructure to reduce water
losses. In addition, better distribution of irrigation water and recovery of irrigation charges
are envisaged through participation of farmers in water user associations. These associations,
in partnership with irrigation departments, can effectively maintain irrigation channels,
manage water distribution at the farm level, and recover costs from member farmers.
Successful joint management has yet to materialize, especially in terms of cost recovery.
AGRICUTURE PEOPLE OF INDIA
 Agriculture-dominated country.
 Agriculture contributes 27% to GDP.
 Agriculture provides employment to 70% of population.
 Total geographical area: 329 million hectares.
 Agriculture covers 50% of country’s geographical area.
 Reporting area: 93% of geographical area.
4
FARMERS PROFILE IN INDIA
 Marginal : land below one hectare (62%).
 Small : land between one and two hectares (19%).
 Semi – medium : between two and four hectares (12%).
 Medium : land between four and ten hectares (6%).
 Large farmers : land more than ten hectares (1%).
CHRONOLOGY OF CENCUS
 House hold land holding surveys by National Sample Survey of india conducted
with world agriculture cencus in 1950 and 1960.
 First agriculture census in india conducted in 1970-71 along with world
agriculture census.
 Successive eight census conducted at 5 years interval up to 2005-06.
 Next census done in 2010-11.
5
CHAPTER II
OBJECTIVES, SCOPE & METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the objectives, methodology of data collection, appropriate
statistical techniques which are used to analyzing the given data. In this study,
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study has been conducted among the agricultural workers in ramayanpatti, thirunelveli.
The broad objectives of the study are the following:
 To figure out and display the socio & economic status of agricultural peoples of
gender, age, education, agriculture land, crop cultivated, crop profit, crop loss,
fertilizer, irrigation, house, type of family, type of house, toilet facilities.
 To find whether there is any association between the gender & type of vehicle, gender
& irrigation on economic status of agriculture.
 To analyze whether there is any relationship between the crop cultivated & crop
profit, acre of land & profit.
 To examine whether there is any significant difference between agricultural incomes,
non-agricultural incomes.
 To examine whether there is any significant difference between gender & agricultural
incomes, gender & non-agricultural incomes.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is to collect data and analyze the same in respect to the following
and arrive at suitable conclusions and suggests ways and means to realize the full potential of
the industry.
 Economic conditions of agricultural workers in that area.
 Social analysis of agricultural workers in agricultural industry in the area.
 Mechanization in agricultural industry.
6
Methodology
Methods of data collection
The present study is based on primary data. Questionnaire was designed in a
systematic way to covering the objectives of our study field survey method was employed to
collect the information from the resppondents. Face to face interview methods was used to
collect the data from the respondent.
Sampling design
There are around 810 people lived in ramayanpatti village in thirunelveli district.
studying. Among them 110 people were selected randomly. The needful information was
collected from the sample people by personal enquiry with the help of an interview
schedules.
Frequency table
Frequency is one of the simplest and most useful procedure for all type of analysis.
The frequency simply sums the number of instances with in a particular category.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set,
which can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of it. Descriptive
statistics are broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability, or
spread.
Mean, Median and Mode
The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers and
then divide by the number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle" value in the list of
numbers. If no number in the list is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.
Correlation analysis:
A Correlation is a statistical method to used to measure and describe the relationship
between two variables. It is a statistical measure which shows relationship between two or
more variable moving in the same or in opposite direction.
The sample correlation
coefficient (r) measures the degree of linearity in the relationship between x and y.
The correlation is a measure of in density of linear relationship between two or more
variables. The letter “r” denotes it and the range is -1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
7
 r= zero this means no association or correlation between the two variables.
 If 0< r < 0.25 = weak correlation.
 If 0.25 ≤ r ≤ 0.75 = intermediate correlation.
 If 0.75 ≤ r ≤ 1 = strong correlation.
 If r = 1 = perfect correlation.
Calculate the simple correlation coefficient (r)
Independent sample T-test
The independent samples t Test compares the means of two independent groups in order
to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are
significantly different .The Independent samples T-test is a parametric test.
The null hypothesis
and alternative hypothesis (
) of the independent samples T
test can be expressed in two different but equivalent ways:
:
-
:
-
= 0 (“the difference between the two population means is equal to 0”)
0 (“the difference between the two population means is not 0”)
8