Page 1 CPA REVIEW SCHOOL OF THE PHILIPPINES Manila TAXATION FIRST PREBOARD Thursday, February 18, 2021 9:00 am – 12:00 noon Instruction: Choose the BEST answer for each of the following items. Mark only one answer for each item on Special Answer Sheet provided. Strictly no erasure allowed. 1. Which of the following items is an income of non-resident citizen subject to the basic tax (schedular)? a. b. c. d. 2. This income is part of taxable income subject to the basic tax a. b. c. d. 3. Not part of the taxable income of the employees Part of the taxable income of the employees The monetary value is subject to fringe benefits tax Maybe given to employees regardless of whether managerial, supervisor or rank and file A general professional partnership and its partners are subject to the following rules, except a. b. c. d. 6. P4M P3.6M P900,000 P1M Which of the following statements on fringe benefits is correct? a. b. c. d. 5. Fringe benefits given to rank and file employees Fringe benefits given to managerial employees Compensation for personal injuries or sickness Proceeds of life insurance Acting on the information given by A, the government seized and confiscated smuggled goods with a fair market value of P40M. A received his reward amounting to a. b. c. d. 4. Dividend received from a domestic corporation Prizes from USA lotto Interest income from PNB Share in the net income of general professional partnership The general professional partnership is not subject to income tax The partners shall be liable for income tax only in their separate or individual capacities Each partner shall report as gross income his distributive share in the partnership net income The share of the partner shall be subject to a creditable withholding tax 10% Consider the following statements A. A special assessment is an enforced proportional contribution from the owners of real property especially or peculiarly benefited by public instruments B. The power of eminent domain maybe exercised even by the private individuals while the power of taxation and police power maybe exercised only by the government C. Unlike tax, a debt draws interest, if stipulated D. The police power, power of taxation and power of eminent domain being fundamental powers of the state maybe exercised by the government even without any constitutional grant a. b. c. d. A and B are correct Only C is not correct B and D are correct All are correct Page 2 7. Requiring a license for the right to engage in business to earn income is an exercise of: a. b. c. d. 8. Situs of taxation literally means place of taxation. Which of the following statements about situs is wrong? a. b. c. d. 9. Taxation power Power of eminent domain Police power People power Poll tax may properly be levied upon persons who are inhabitants or residents of the state, whether citizens or not. Real estate is subject to taxation in the state in which it is located, whether the owner is a resident or non-resident. Tangible personal property is taxable where it has actual situs, or where it is physically located, even if the owner resides in another jurisdiction. Intangible personal property is taxable where the property is located The ABC Bank is a domestic bank authorized by the BSP to operate as foreign currency deposit unit. For the year 2020, it earned interest income of P100,000 from foreign currency transactions with non-residents, OBUs, and other FCDUs. The rate of tax applicable to such interest income is a. b. c. d. 20% 25% 10% 7.5% 10. A cash dividend of P100,000 received by a taxpayer in 2020 from a foreign corporation whose income from Philippine sources is 40% of its total income is Statement 1- Partly taxable if he is a resident citizen Statement 2- Partly taxable if he is a non-resident alien a. b. c. d. Both statements are true Both statements are false Only Statement 1 is true Only Statement 2 is true 11. Using the above data, which of the following is correct? The cash dividend is a. b. c. d. Exempt from income tax if he is a resident citizen Partly taxable if he is a resident alien Taxable in full if he is a non- resident citizen Exempt from income tax if he is a non- resident alien 12. Tips for gratuities paid directly to an employee by a customer of the employer which are not accounted for by the employee to the employer are Statement 1- Considered as passive income Statement 2- Subject to creditable withholding tax a. b. c. d. Both statements are true Both statements are false Only Statement 1 is true Only Statements 2 is true Page 3 13. Which of the following statements is correct? a. b. c. d. The monetized value of unutilized vacation leave credits of ten (10) days or less which were paid to the employee during the year are not subject to income tax and to withholding tax The salary of an employee on vacation or on sick leave, which are paid notwithstanding his absence from work is an exclusion from income. Any amount which is required by law to be deducted by the employer from the compensation of an employee excluding the withheld tax is considered as part of the employee’s compensation and is deemed to be paid to the employee as compensation at the time the deduction is made If living quarters or meals are furnished to an employee for the convenience of the employer, the value thereof should be included as part of compensation income 14. Statement 1- Amounts received by reason of involuntary separation remain exempt from income tax unless the official or employee at the time of separation, has rendered less than ten years of service and/or is below fifty years of age Statement 2- Any amount received by an official or employee or by his heirs from the employer due to death, sickness or other physical disability or for any cause beyond the control of said official or employee, such as retrenchment, redundancy, or cessation of business are exempt from income tax a. b. c. d. True, true True, false False, true False, false 15. Statement 1- The premiums on health and/or hospitalization insurance paid by an individual taxpayer is deductible from gross income for maximum amount of P200.00 provided the family gross income does not exceed P250,000 per month. Statement 2- The premium on health and/or hospitalization insurance is not deductible by the spouse who claimed the additional exemption in case of married taxpayers. a. b. c. d. True, true True, false False, true False, false 16. This income is subject to final tax a. b. c. d. Fringe benefits given to employees of a domestic corporation Marriage fees, baptismal offerings received by a clergyman, evangelists or religious workers for services rendered Dividend income from a domestic corporation by a non- resident foreign corporation Share of an individual taxpayer from the distributable net income of a general professional partnership 17. The monetary value of this fringe benefits is 100% of the value of the fringe benefit a. b. c. d. The employer purchases the motor vehicle for the use of the employee The employer provides the employee with cash for the purchase of a motor vehicle in the name of the employer The employer purchases the car in the name of the employee The employer owns and maintains a fleet of motor vehicles for the use of the business and the employees 18. The following, except one are the basic principles of a sound tax system. The exception is a. b. c. d. It should be capable of being effectively enforced It should consider the taxpayer’s ability to pay It is levied by the lawmaking body of the state The sources of revenue must be sufficient to meet government expenditures and other public needs Page 4 19. Interest income earned by a resident alien from outside the Philippines is a. b. c. d. Subject to schedular tax Not subject to income tax Subject to final tax Partly subject to schedular and partly subject to final tax 20. D Co. took two life insurance policies on the of its Executive Vice-President, Mrs. E. In one policy, the beneficiary is the corporation and the other, designates Mr. F, the EVP’s husband, as revocable beneficiary. The insurance premiums paid by D Co. is a. b. c. d. Deductible, only in so far as the first policy is concerned Deductible for both policies Not deductible for both policies Deductible in so far as the second policy is concerned 21. AB won the gold in the lightweight division in the recently concluded Asian Games. By virtue of this single honor he brought to the country, he was given P1M by a car dealer. Statement I- The prize received by AB is exempt from income tax Statement II- The car dealer can deduct in full the gift for income tax purposes a. b. c. d. True, true True, false False, true False, false 22. The following are characteristics of special assessment, except a. b. c. d. It is levied on lands only It is based on the improvements introduced by the government It is based on the benefit derived by the owners of the land It is a personal liability of the persons assessed 23. As to scope of legislature power tax, which of the following is correct? a. b. c. d. The power to tax is supreme, plenary, comprehensive and without any limit because the existence of the government is a necessity The discretion of Congress in imposing taxes extends to the mode, method and kind of tax, even if the constitution provides otherwise Congress has the right to levy a tax of any kind at any moment at it sees fit, even in the absence of any constitutional provision The sole arbiter of the purpose for which taxes shall be levied is Congress, provided the purpose is the public and the courts may not review the levy of the tax to determine whether or not the purpose is public 24. A resident citizen received a prize of P40,000. Which of the following statements is correct in connection with the imposition of final tax on prize? a. b. c. d. The first P10,000 is part of taxable income while, the remaining P30,000 is subject to 20% final tax The whole amount is part of taxable income The whole amount of P40,000 shall be subject to 20% final tax The first P10,000 shall be exempt from tax, the remaining P30,000 is subject to 20% final tax 25. A domestic proprietary educational institution improved its library improvement, for income tax purposes, may be a. b. c. d. Deducted in full at the time of completion of the improvement Capitalized or expensed outright at the option of the school owner Capitalized and depreciated over the estimated life of the improvement Capitalized or expensed outright at the option of the government Page 5 26. In our jurisdiction, which of the following statements may be erroneous? a. b. c. d. Taxes are pecuniary in nature. Taxes are enforced charges and contributions. Taxes are imposed on persons and property within the territorial jurisdiction of a State. Taxes are levied and collected by the legislative branch of the government 27. A bought a condominium unit under installment basis, to be used as his office in the practice of his profession and paying P10,000 monthly. For income tax purposes, the P10,000 monthly payment shall be a. b. c. d. Treated as business rental, hence deductible Treated as depreciation expense, hence deductible Treated as capital expenditure, hence not deductible Treated as ordinary business expense 28. A marketing incurred the following expenses in relation to its business during the taxable year: Provision for bad debts Research and development cost, treated as deferred expense Contributions during the year: The government for priority The government for public purposes To the Catholic church for charitable purposes P 15,000 500,000 50,000 10,000 25,000 Additional Information: A. Allowance for doubtful accounts per aging of accounts receivable revealed a beginning and ending balances of P20,000 and P30,000, respectively. B. Accumulated depreciation on machine at the beginning and end of the year amounted to P100,000 and P110,000, respectively. C. During the year, the firm sold a machine with a cost and accumulated depreciation of P300,000 and P30,000, respectively. D. The research and development cost was incurred in the preceding year but the benefit was received during the taxable year E. Taxable income before a to d and contributions amounted to P300,00 If A marketing is a sole proprietorship, the allowable deductions for contributions are: a. P80,000 b. P85,000 c. P57,000 d. P65,500 29. Total allowable deductions: a. P210,500 b. P220,500 c. P202,750 d. P225,000 30. Furthermore, the amount of taxable income a. P220,000 b. P89,500 c. P97,250 d. P115,000 Page 6 31. A, single, had the following from January 1 to June 30, 2020 Compensation income (net of payroll deductions) Deductions made by the employer: SSS housing loan SSS premiums contributions Philhealth contributions Pag-ibig contributions Union dues Premiums payments on Life insurance policy Health insurance policy P360,000 48,000 7,200 4,800 3,600 4,400 6,000 4,800 The taxable compensation income is a. b. c. d. 292,000 340,000 418,800 370,800 32. Which of the following statement/s is/are correct? Statement A: Non-resident citizens are taxable on all income derived from sources within the Philippines. Statement B: Resident citizens and domestic corporations are taxable on all income derived from sources within or without the Philippines. Statement C: Foreign corporations, whether engaged or not in trade or business in the Philippines are taxable from sources within or without the Philippines. Statement D: Aliens, whether residents or not of the Philippines, are taxable only from sources within the Philippines, are taxable only from sources within the Philippines. a. b. c. d. Statements C and D are correct Statements A, B and D are correct Statements B, C and D are correct Statements A and D are correct 33. Which of the following are basic principles of a sound tax system? a. b. c. d. Fiscal Adequacy, Economic Feasibility and Theoretical Justice Fiscal Adequacy, Administrative Feasibility and Theoretical Justice Progressive Taxation, Ability to Pay, Symbiotic Relationship Fiscal Deficit, Administrative Feasibility and Ability to Pay 34. How much discount is granted to a senior citizen on his purchase of basic and prime commodities, subject to limitation? a. b. c. d. 20% 15% 10% 5% 35. The concept of “situs of taxation” is based on which limitation of taxation? a. b. c. d. Territoriality International comity Exemption of the government Public purpose Page 7 36. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? I. The power to license includes the power to tax. II. The power to tax may not include the power to destroy III. The power to tax includes the power to exempt. a. b. c. d. II and III I and II III only I only 37. The President of the Philippines and the Prime Minister of Japan entered into an executive agreement on a loan facility to the Philippines from Japan whereby it was stipulated that interest on loans granted by private Japanese financial institutions in the Philippines shall not be subject to Philippine income tax laws. What basic characteristic of taxation has been violated by this agreement? a. b. c. d. Theoretical justice Inherent limitation Legislative in character Constitutional limitation Buenas Corporation, a real estate dealer and lessor, on its first year of operation, has received a Letter of Authority from the BIR. As a revenue officer, you were assigned to audit the Corporation’s income tax for taxable year 2018. The audited financial statements show the Corporation’s income statement as follow: Revenues: Rental income Interest from bank Gain on sale of land Total P 2,800,000 24,000 500,000 P 3,324,000 Expenses: Depreciation Salaries and wages Taxes and licenses Entertainment and representation Interest expense Office supplies Total P 800,000 200,000 180,000 40,000 60,000 20,000 P 1,300,000 Net income before income tax Income tax expense Net income P 2,024,000 450,000 P 1,574,000 Income tax due for the year is computed as follows: Net income before income tax Less: Interest from bank Gain on sale of land Net taxable income Multiply by: corporate income tax rate Income tax expense P 2,024,000 P 24,000 500,000 524,000 P 1,500,000 30% P 450,000 After a detailed examination of the Corporation’s books, you have noted the following: Balance sheet as of December 31, 2018 showed an outstanding balance of deferred rent income amounting to P200,000, representing advance rent payments by tenants. Interest from bank is net of 20% final withholding tax Gain on sale of land, represents gain on sale of residential lot with selling price, amounting to P2,000,000 Page 8 Taxes and licenses in the Notes to Financial Statements Showed the following breakdown Withholding tax on sale of land, P120,000 Documentary stamp tax on sale of land, P30,000 Surcharge and penalties on late payment of tax, P10,000 Permits and licenses, P20,000 Interest expense includes interest on late payment of tax, amounting to P5,000. 38. How much should be reflected as net sales and revenue in the annual income tax return of the Corporation? a. b. c. d. P3,000,000 P5,000,000 P4,800,000 P3,300,000 39. How much should be the deductible taxes and licenses? a. b. c. d. P20,000 P180,000 P30,000 P50,000 40. How is the deductible entertainment and representation expense? a. b. c. d. P40,000 P33,333 P38,000 P34,000 41. How much is the basic deficiency income tax due? a. b. c. d. P250,770 P252,200 P253,770 P250,800 BTS CORPORATION, is a registered enterprise with the Board of Investments and was granted an Income Tax Holiday (ITH) Incentives for the first 4 years of operations as a non-pioneer firm. The Corporation has not applied for an extension of its ITH incentives on its 5th year. On its 5th year of operations, it reported the following: Export Sales Cost of goods manufactured and sold Operating expenses P120,000,000 70,000,000 20,000,000 Additional information were made available as follows: Cost of goods manufactured and sold include, imported raw materials with dutiable value of P1,400,000. Pre-computed customs duties and other charges are as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) Customs duties – P200,000 Insurance – P10,000 Arrastre charges – P5,000 Wharfage dues – P7,000. Included under operating expenses are expenses incurred on the importation of the said equipment as follows: (a) Facilitation fee – P100,000 (b) Delivery expense to warehouse after release from Customs P11,200. Page 9 Cost of goods manufactured and sold include direct labor skilled and unskilled workers amounting to P10,000,000 and P20,000,000, respectively. The project meets the prescribed ration of capital equipment to number of workers set by the BOI. The Company incurred an accumulated net operating loss on the first 4 years of operations as follows: (a) 1st year – P2,000,000 (b) 2nd year – P1,600,000 (c) 3rd year – P800,000 (d) 4th year – P400,000. 42. How much is the deductible direct labor cost? a. b. c. d. P35,000,000 P45,000,000 P40,000,000 P30,000,000 43. How much is the deductible net operating loss carry over? a. b. c. d. None P2,800,000 P400,000 P4,800,000 44. How much is the income tax due of the Company for the year? a. b. c. d. P4,500,000 P1,750,000 P4,530,000 P1,869,000 John and Marcia inherited a commercial lot and building from their parents 2 years ago. In 2018 (current year), the inherited property realized rental income of P300,000 per month, in which both shared the revenues equally. The co-ownership remained unregistered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, Jose and Maria reported their following personal income and expenses. John, gross compensation income (inclusive of 13th month and other benefits amounting to P100,000), P1,300,000 Marcia, net income from her laundry service business (net of cost and expenses of P600,000), P200,000. 45. How much final withholding income tax should the co-ownership remit representing the revenue distribution to the co-owners? a. b. c. d. P360,000 P540,000 None P180,000 46. How much is the income tax due of John in his annual income tax return, assuming optional standard deduction is used in determining his expenses? a. b. c. d. P582,500 P431,800 P253,000 P611,600 Page 10 47. How much is the income tax due of Marcia in his annual income tax return, assuming optional standard deduction is used in determining his expenses. a. b. c. d. P22,000 P322,000 P358,000 P250,000 48. When is the deadline for filling of the annual income tax return of the co-ownership for taxable year 2018? a. b. c. d. April 15, 2018 May 15, 2019 Not applicable April 15, 2019 ATTY. PAPA, is a practicing lawyer, is also a licensed real estate broker. Both businesses were registered with the BIR and had the following data made available for year 2018 (months are gross of withholding tax): Revenues from his profession Commission received Cost of services Business related expenses Gain on sale of real property held for investment Selling price of real property Wagering gain Wagering losses Royalties from books published Interest Income from banks 3,000,000 600,000 700,000 400,000 500,000 2,000,000 150,000 100,000 150,000 30,000 49. Compute Tax due, assuming ATTY. PAPA opted to use itemized deduction in computing his income tax. a. b. c. d. P810,000 P698,000 P666,000 P826,000 50. Compute OSD. Optional Standard Deductions a. b. c. d. P2,240,000 P2,300,000 P1,460,000 P1,440,000 51. How much is the final withholding income tax of ATTY. PAPA, assuming 2/3 of interest income from banks were realized from time deposits with maturity of 5 years? a. b. c. d. P47,000 P17,000 P32,000 P137,000 52. A cash dividend of P100,000 received by a taxpayer in 2018 from a domestic corporation whose income from Philippine source is 40% of its total income is a. Partly taxable if he is a resident citizen b. Exempt from final tax if he is a non-resident citizen c. Partly taxable if he is a resident alien d. Taxable in full if he is a non-resident citizen Page 11 53. A cash dividend of P100,000 received by a taxpayer from a foreign corporation whose income from Philippine source is 50% of its total income is a. b. c. d. Exempt from income tax if it is a domestic corporation Exempt from income tax if it is a foreign corporation Taxable in full if he is a resident citizen Taxable in full if he is a resident alien 54. Under this system, the amount of income tax withheld by the withholding agent is constituted as full and final payment of the income tax due from the payee on the said income a. b. c. d. Creditable withholding tax due from the payee on the said income Final withholding tax Global tax system Schedular tax system 55. A domestic corporation has the following data for 2018: Excess MCIT 2017- P15,000 Q1 Q2 Income, net of 1% withholding tax P495,000 P792,000 Deductions 480,000 700,000 How much is the income tax still due and payable in the second quarter? a. b. c. d. P3,000 P4,000 P18,000 P2,000 56. Statement 1- Is a co-ownership taxable? Yes, because although the activities of the co-owners limited to the preservation of the property they derived income therefrom are Statement 2- Is the share of a co-owner taxable? No, because each co-owner is taxed individually on his distributive share in the net income of the co-ownership a. b. c. d. 57. Both statements are correct Both statements are wrong Only Statements 1 is correct Only statements 2 is correct Jun Jon and Company, general co-partnership has the following data of income and expenses for 2018: Gross incomeP 2,400,000 Expenses1,000,000 Dividend received from a domestic corporation 90,000 Interest on bank deposit (net)10,000 Partners Jun share profits and losses in the ratio of 80% and 20%, respectively. The income tax payable by the partnership is a. b. c. d. P420,000 P450,000 P447, 000 P423,000 58. The taxes withheld on the respective share of Jun and Jon in the 2018 partnership income are a. b. c. d. Jun- P78,400 and Jon- P19,600 Jun- P117,600 and Jon- P19,600 Jun- P129,600 and Jon 21,600 Jun- P86,400 and Jon – P21,600 Page 12 59. Which of the following statements is not correct? a. b. c. d. Compensation income of individuals that do not exceed the statutory minimum wage is exempt from the requirement of withholding tax on compensation Compensation income of individuals that do not exceed ten thousand pesos per month is exempt from the requirement of withholding tax on compensation Holiday pay, overtime pay and hazard pay received by individuals shall be exempt from income tax Minimum wage earners who are receiving only the statutory minimum wage are not subject to withholding tax 60. On January 1, 2018, A leased his vacant lot for a period of 12 years at P240,000 per year. It was agreed that the lessee will pay the following: A. Rent of P480,000 (for 2018 and 2019) B. Security deposit of P230,000 C. Real property tax at P20,000/year The lease contract provides among others that the lessee will construct a 3-storey building for parking purposes at a cost of P3,600,000 which shall belong to the lessor upon expiration or termination of the lease. The building was completed on July 1, 2018, with an estimated useful of 15 years. A shall report for the year 2018, using the spread-out method, a total income from lease of a. P296,543 b. P573,087 c. P536, 521 d. P333,087 61. Using the above data, the lessee in 2018 can deduct total expenses amounting to a. P 656,521 b. P553,043 c. P416,521 d. P573,043 62. Recovery of bad debt written off by a taxpayer: No.1: P20,000 from accounts written off in a year which had a net income of P200,000 before writeoff. (write-off of the year was P20,000) No.2: P5,000 from accounts written off in a year which had a net loss before write-off of P36,000 (write-off for the year was P5,000); No.3: P10,000 from accounts written off in a year which had a net income of P8,000 before writeoff. (write-off for the year was P8,000). The income from the bad debt recovery is: a. b. c. d. P35,000 P20,000 P28,000 P30,000 Page 13 63. XYZ, a domestic corporation was determined to be improperly accumulating its earnings for the taxable year 2018 based on its records as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Net income from business Dividends actually or constructively paid Income tax paid for the year Income subjected to 20% final tax (net) Income exempt from tax Income excluded from gross income Net operating loss (2017) P1,000,000 150,000 270,000 60,000 50,000 10,000 100,000 The tax on improperly accumulated earnings is a. b. c. d. P81,500 P71,500 P80,000 P70,000 64. An individual taxpayer, single, has the following data for the current year: Ordinary income P150,000 Long term capital gain 40,000 Short term capital loss 10,000 Wash Sale Loss 10,000 Loss from sale of real property 10,000 How much is the net taxable income a. b. c. d. P110,000 P150,000 P140,000 P160,000 65. Mabuhay Corporation organized in 2016 has the following data: 2018 Sales P1,700,000 Cost of sales 1,050,000 Operating expenses 615,000 2019 P2,300,000 1,425,000 480,000 The income tax payable in 2018 is a. b. c. d. P13,000 P5,250 P10,500 P12,250 66. Using the above data, the income tax payable by Mabuhay Corporation in 2019 is a. b. c. d. P118, 500 P110, 750 P116,000 P105,500 67. A, a resident taxpayer received the following during the taxable year: I. P12,000 cash received as refund of excess insurance premiums paid to an insurance company II. P10,000 worth of fire extinguisher for being most safety employee. III. A computer unit with a fair market value of P48,000 which was awarded to him in recognition of his outstanding achievement in scientific research IV. P25,000 salary per month as an accounting supervisor Which of the above items is (are) exclusion from taxable income subject to graduated rates? a. b. c. d. II only I and II I, II and III I and III Page 14 68. Statement I- Government owned and controlled corporations are subject to tax unless expressly exempted Statement II- Government agencies performing governmental and proprietary functions are exempt from tax unless expressly taxed a. b. c. d. True, true False, false True, false False, true 69. It is an aspect of taxation that is administrative in character and the power to exercise it is vested on the Department of Finance a. b. c. d. Levying Collection Imposition Legislation 70. Mr. C, married, presented to you the following items of income for the taxable year a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Salary as part time instructor (net of P14,000 w/tax) Honorarium as member of the Board of ABC Corp. Rental income of apartment house he purchased using his income from salary and professional fees Interest income from PNB On deposit maintained under the expanded foreign Currency deposit system (net) On savings deposit (net) Compensation income received as a CPA Royalty income from book publication Prizes received from supermarket raffle Winnings from PSCO Compensation for injuries suffered in an accident Bonus and 13th month pay If Mr. C is married, his taxable income after exemption is a. b. c. d. P610,000 P670,000 P420,000 P360,000 -P186,000 -P100,000 -P120,000 -P2,000 -P40,000 -P250,000 -P300,000 -P120,000 -P1,000,000 -P200,000 -P90,000 Page 15 Beginning 1 January 2018: Taxable Income (PHP) Tax on column 1 (PHP) Tax on excess (%) Over Not Over 0 250,000 - 0 250,000 400,000 - 20 400,000 800,000 30,000 25 800,000 2,000,000 130,000 30 2,000,000 8,000,000 490,000 32 2,410,000 35 8,000,000