CM4050
Directed Research Project (DRP)
Road Safety of Highway Projects- Urban Highways
GUIDED BY Mr. Y.P. Pathak
Prof. Reshma Shah
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR | (PCM20339)
INTRODUCTION
Road safety scenario in India






Roads are the most used means of transportation in India.
According to Transport Research Wing, the total number of road accidents that occurred in India in 2019 was 449,002.
About 11% of the world’s accident deaths happen in India which is the highest among 199 countries.
India’s GDP can be boosted by as much as 14% over the coming 24 years, but if we can reduce the deaths and injuries by road accidents.
A decrease of 3.86% was recorded in the number of accidents that occurred in 2019 than in 2018.
The death rate of people however showed a negligible decrease of only 0.21 compared to the previous year.
Year
2015
Total Road
Accidents
5,01,423
Change %
Total persons killed
(No.)
1,46,133
Change %
Total persons
injured (No.)
5,00,279
Change %
2016
4,80,652
-4.14
1,50,785
3.18
4,94,624
-1.13
2017
4,64,910
-3.28
1,47,913
-1.90
4,70,975
-4.78
2018
4,67,044
0.46
1,51,417
2.37
4,69,418
0.33
2019
4,49,002
-3.86
1,51,113
-0.20
4,51,361
-3.85
Source: (Ministry of Road Transport (MoRTH), Transport Research Wing 2020)
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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NEED OF THE STUDY
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
•
Road safety audits are crucial in every stage of a
road project. During the operation and
maintenance phase of a road project, it becomes
necessary to find out the blackspots* and risks to
the road users in order to reduce the accidents or
smooth functioning of the traffic.
•
At the same time, the study also tries to
understand the perspective of consultants,
contractors and client towards causes of road
safety concerns and their remedies in the operation
and maintenance phase of the selected stretch.
•
*Blackspot- As per MoRTH, Road accident blackspot
is a stretch of National Highway of about 500m in
length in which either 5 road accidents (in all 3
years put together involving (fatalities/grevious
injuries) took place during the last 3 calendar years
or 10 fatalaties took place during the last 3
calendar years
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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AIM, OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
AIM
 To conduct road safety audit covering operation and maintenance phase of an urban highway project and understand road safety concerns
from a holistic perspective.
OBJECTIVES
 To identify the black spots, and lack of any safety features along the selected road stretch (S.P. Ring Road) and suggest appropriate
measures.
 To identify the work zone safety concerns on the selected road stretch (S.P. Ring Road) and suggest appropriate measures.
 To understand the cause of road accidents on a highway from the experience of road safety professionals.
 To understand the problems of road users with different aspects of the selected road stretch.
SCOPE
 The current road safety audit is limited to the operation and maintenance phase audit of the selected case study (S.P. Ring Road).
RESEARCH GAP
 A large amount of literature is available for understanding the road safety concerns of national and state highways. However, there is a
lack of understanding of road safety concerns in case of urban highways.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Method adopted
Objectives
Stage
•
Literature
Review
• Identification of procedure
for Road safety audit
• Develop understanding
about the problem
Data
collection
• Identify safety concerns
and black spots based on
road safety audit survey
• Identify the prominent
cause of road accident on
highways
• Identify the safety
concerns and problems
with the selected road
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stage
Study of IRC SP 88,
IRC SP 55, IRC 35, IRC
67
Journal papers
Websites
Articles
Data
Analysis
Physical road safety
audit survey of
selected stretch
Pilot Questionnaire
for O&M survey
using Google forms
Detailed survey using
google forms and
physical meetings
Conclusion
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Objectives
• Analysis of physical
road safety audit
survey
• Analysis of
quantitative and
qualitative data from
questionnaire
Method adopted
• Comparison with code
provisions
• Relative Importance
Index (RII)
• Suggest appropriate
solutions to identified
problems
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TIMELINE
W1
January
W2
W3
W4
W5
February
W6
W7
W8
W9
March
W10
W11
W12
W13
W14
April
W15
W16
Literature Review
Primary and secondary data collection
Data Analysis
Conclusion & Final report
submission
 The literature review is completed within the first four weeks which helps to build an understanding of the topic and find the need for
study.
 The primary and secondary data collection begins once the scope, objective and methodology is decided.
 The data collection shall last for 2 months.
 The data analysis begins after completion of data collection and shall be given a time of 4 weeks.
 The final conclusion with suggestion for improvement and report submission shall take place in the last 3 weeks of the DRP schedule.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Literature Review
Source
Learnings
Transport Research Wing, 2020
1. The highest number of accidents occur on National Highways
2. Maximum accidents occurred on T-junctions
3. Maximum accidents occur due to over speeding
4. Bridges are the most common spot of road accidents
5. Gujarat has 250 blackspots which is 5th highest amongst all the states
National Crime Records Bereau (NCRB), 2019
1. Two-wheelers account for the maximum no. of fatal accidents
2. The maximum no. of accidents occurred during the evening time .i.e. from 1800 hrs
to 2100 hrs
3. Over speeding and Dangerous/Careless driving/Overtaking were identified as the
main causes of accidents
Road accidents in India and major causes: An overview by BRO
(Border Road Organization)
The broad classification of factors causing accident is:
1. Road environment factors
2. Human factors and
3. Vehicular factors
IRC:SP:88-2019
The manual is an instruction guide to carry out road safety audit in any stage of the
project to reduce the risk faced by pedestrians and cyclists. It details out the process,
people to be involved, key stakeholders and also provides separate checklist as per
the stage of project.
Highway work zone safety audits for safety improvements
The leading work zone safety problems and their effective measures mentioned are
as follows:
a. The leading cause of work zone safety problem is inadequate work zone setup
b. Periodic inspection of the site could be an effective measure for improving the
safety
c. Major reconstruction projects should be audited at least once every year
d. The construction stage of project is most appropriate to perform safety audit
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Literature Review
Source
Learnings
Aspects of Road Safety Audits
This paper emphasizes the involvement of road user as much as an engineer
before preparing road safety strategies to make it more inclusive and acceptable.
Analyzing Factors that Influence Expressway
Traffic Crashes Based on Association Rules:
Using the Shaoyang–Xinhuang Section of the
Shanghai–Kunming Expressway as an Example
The characteristics of expressway traffic accidents and their influencing factors are
studied applying the association rule and its concluded that road accidents are a
combination of interactions between road user, vehicle factors, road geometry and
environmental factors.
Supreme court road safety committee guidelines
These guidelines provide a holistic approach in development a road safety plan
covering all three factors influencing road accidents.
Road Safety Policy (MoRTH)
The road safety policy was prepared based on the report from the Sunder
committee. This highlights the importance of public outreach of road safety,
emergency medical services for road safety, role of drivers and users as well as
institutions in implementing road safety practices.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Case Study
Sardar Patel Ring Road (SPRR)
Criteria for selection of the case study
Connection with 6 NH
Connection with 5 SH
Connection with 1 National Expressway
Vulnerable stretch as per past accident data
Legend
State Highway
National Highway
National Expressway
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Case Study
Sardar Patel Ring Road (SPRR)
Salient Features of the Project
Project Length
76.313 Kms
Project Cost
514.97 Crores
Date of completion of Project
June 2008
Operation & Maintenance period 18 years & 6 months
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Concession Period
20 years
Client
AUDA
Concessionaire
Ahmedabad Ring Road
Infrastructure Ltd. (ARRIL)
Contractor
Sadbhav Engineering Ltd,
Ahmedabad
IC Consultant
Sphere Infratech Consultancy
Pvt Ltd
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Road Safety Audit Survey
 The survey performa used for the road safety audit was prepared keeping in mind the factors mentioned in IRC SP:88:2019
 The entire stretch of 76 Km was divided into parts of 100 m for the survey purpose covering both sides and a total of 152 Kms (both
sides)
 The deficiencies noticed during the visit were documented on the survey performa
Sardar Patel Ring Road (SPRR)
Chainage
47+000 to 48+000
Pavement Pavement
Location/Landmark Surface
Marking
Towards Agora Mall
47+200
47+700
47+800
Unauthorized
access
47+900
48+000 to 49+000
48+100
48+600
Unauthorized
access
48+800
Legend
Side: LHS
Kerb painting
Road side
furniture
Median tree
plantation
Shoulder-side/
Slope-drain
Remarks/ Comments
B
A
B
B
A
D
1. Road sign require
painting
2. Drain cleaning required
3. Unauthorized access
B
A
B
B
A
D
Unauthorized access
B
A
B
B
A
D
Unauthorized access
B
A
B
B
A
D
Unauthorized access
B
A
B
B
A
D
Unauthorized access
B
D
A
D
A
A
1. Faded edge/ center line
2. Irregular Km stone
B
D
A
D
A
A
Unauthorized access
B
D
A
D
A
A
Unauthorized access
B
D
A
D
A
A
Unauthorized access
A= Satisfactory B= Tolerable C= Poor D= Immediate Improvement/ Maintenance Required
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Road Safety Audit Survey
5900
6000
5800
5600
5700
5400
5500
5300
5100
5200
5000
4800
4900
4700
4500
4600
4400
4200
4300
4100
3900
4000
3800
3600
3700
3500
3300
3400
3200
3000
3100
2900
2700
2800
2600
2400
2500
2300
2100
2200
2000
1800
1900
1700
1500
1600
1400
1200
1300
1100
900
1000
700
800
600
400
500
300
Sanathal Circle Bridge U/C
RHS
Pavement Surface
Pavement Marking
Kerb Painting
Road Side Furniture
Median Tree Plantation
Shoulder-side/
Slope-drain
0
Chainage
100
Sanathal Circle Bridge U/C
200
Shoulder-side/
Slope-drain
Median Tree Plantation
Road Side Furniture
Kerb Painting
Pavement Marking
Pavement Surface
LHS
 The RSA findings from the survey were represented in the form of strip chart
 Strip chart helps to identify the condition of important road safety parameters at a quick glance
 Based on the survey, the parameters which require improvement are: Pavement marking, Kerb painting, Drain side cleaning and Sign
boards
Sanathal Circle Bridge U/C
Sanathal Circle Bridge U/C
Legends:
Satisfactory
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Tolerable
NA
Poor
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Immediate improvement/
Maintenance requirement
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Observed Deficiencies for 11+000 to 73+300 (Draft report)
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
DESCRIPTION
RISK
 When an audit report contains a number of safety concerns, it
is vital to assess the risk involved in the safety concerns and
also priority level in which recommendations can be adopted
 The simple criteria given in IRC SP:88:2019 for the risk involved
in the safety concerns are very high, high and medium
33+800
Inadequate pavement
marking and improper
shoulder grading
Very High*
define as
per IRC
Criteria for Risk Assessment
Severity
Very High
33+800
Lack of traffic calming
measures like breakers near
the crossing can lead to
accidents
High
Very High
Medium
Description
Multiple deaths are likely
A death/and or serious injuries
are likely
Minor injuries only are likely
Source: IRC SP:88:2019
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Observed Deficiencies for 11+000 to 73+300 (Draft report)
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
DESCRIPTION
RISK
19+500
1. Inadequate slope with debris and garbage in the
roadside drain
2. Worn out edge line marking
Very High
19+500
Lack of proper road markings at the entry from the
service road to main carriageway
Very High
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Observed Deficiencies for 11+000 to 73+300 (Draft report)
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
DESCRIPTION
RISK
27+700
Traffic movement from unauthorized access is dangerous Very High
33+800
No proper differentiation between main carriageway and
High
service road
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Observed Deficiencies for 11+000 to 73+300 (Draft report)
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
45+000
73+300
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
DESCRIPTION
RISK
1.
2.
Improper end treatment of crash barrier/W beam
Absence of object hazard marker (OHM) on the
bridge
High
1.
2.
3.
Worn out pavement surface
Absence of pavement markings
Lack of intersection sign boards
Very High
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Observed Deficiencies for 11+000 to 73+300 (Draft report)
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
DESCRIPTION
RISK
46+200
Dangerous unauthorized access to service road
Very High
11+000
Damaged sign board
Medium
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 1: Accident Data
The accident data for the month of November, December and January were collected and 6 locations of fatal accidents were identified on
the S.P ring road
Sr. No.
Chainage
Location
Date of
accident
Time of
accident
Fatal
accident
(Y/N)
1
19+520
Near Gamdi
31/12/2021 12:30 PM
cross road
Y
2
19+520
Near Gamdi
14/01/2022 08:30 PM
cross road
Y
23+600
Opposite
Maruti
showroom
09/01/2022 06:30 PM
Y
27+710
Opposite
Madhuli
tea stall
28/11/2021 05:38 PM
Y
33+800
Opposite
BP petrol
pump
08/01/2022 05:00 AM
Y
73+300
Near South
Bopal
10/12/2021 09:46 AM
intersection
Y
3
4
5
6
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
5
6
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
4
3
1
2
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection 2: Pilot Survey for Consultants and Contractors
A pilot survey for consultants and contractors was designed to identify the problems and give solutions related to road safety and work zone
safety
Road safety audit concerns
Personal Information
Name:
Q1. What are the most significant issues causing accidents on existing roads? (1=
Least significant 5= most significant)
1
Email:
2
3
4
5
Sight distances
Intersections
Interchanges
Organization/Company:
Cross sections
Roadside Hazards
Mobile Number:
Signs, Pavement
markings and
Delineation
Vulnerable road
users
Designation:
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Lighting and Night
time issues
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Pilot Survey for Consultants and Contractors
A pilot survey for consultants and contractors is designed to identify the problems and give solutions related to road safety and work zone
safety
Road safety audit concerns
Road safety audit concerns
Q2. What according to you is the
leading factor contributing to
maximum number of accidents?
1.
2.
3.
Road environment factors
Human factors
Vehicular factors
Q7. What are the leading causes of highway work zone safety problems that occur
during construction of new bridges/underpasses etc. on an existing road? ? (1= Least
significant 5= most significant)
1
Q3. Do you feel public
consultation would be helpful in
road safety audit?
1.
2.
3.
Yes
No
Maybe
Inadequate work zone setup
Q4. Is the road safety audit
carries out as mentioned in the
contract agreement?
1.
2.
3.
Yes
No
Other
Dissemination of insufficient information about
the work zone to road users
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Yes
No
3
4
5
Insufficient or ineffective temporary traffic
control measures
Q5. How do you gain knowledge Mention the methods adopted
of road users’ needs on the
for people involvement
roadway sections being reviewed
Q6. Have you been able to reduce 1.
the no. of accidents on an
2.
existing road in the past?
2
Poor enforcement of traffic and construction
safety rules and regulations/compliances
Poor pre-construction planning
Q8. According to you, what are the effective
measures that could be adopted to reduce the
no. of road accidents
Kindly mention at least three
measures
Q9. If you have been able to reduce the no. of
accidents, kindly provide the concerns
addressed
Kindly provide the concerns
addressed
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
20
Data Collection: Pilot Survey for Consultants and Contractors
A pilot survey for consultants and contractors is designed to identify the problems and give solutions related to road safety and work zone
safety
Road safety audit concerns
Road safety audit concerns
Q2. What according to you is the
leading factor contributing to
maximum number of accidents?
1.
2.
3.
Road environment factors
Human factors
Vehicular factors
Q7. What are the leading causes of highway work zone safety problems that occur
during construction of new bridges/underpasses etc. on an existing road? ? (1= Least
significant 5= most significant)
1
Q3. Do you feel public
consultation would be helpful in
road safety audit?
1.
2.
3.
Yes
No
Maybe
Inadequate work zone setup
Q4. Is the road safety audit
carries out as mentioned in the
contract agreement?
1.
2.
3.
Yes
No
Other
Dissemination of insufficient information about
the work zone to road users
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Yes
No
3
4
5
Insufficient or ineffective temporary traffic
control measures
Q5. How do you gain knowledge Mention the methods adopted
of road users’ needs on the
for people involvement
roadway sections being reviewed
Q6. Have you been able to reduce 1.
the no. of accidents on an
2.
existing road in the past?
2
Poor enforcement of traffic and construction
safety rules and regulations/compliances
Poor pre-construction planning
Q8. According to you, what are the effective
measures that could be adopted to reduce the
no. of road accidents
Kindly mention at least three
measures
Q9. If you have been able to reduce the no. of
accidents, kindly provide the concerns
addressed
Kindly provide the concerns
addressed
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Pilot Survey Meetings
 The pilot survey was discussed with the professionals working in the industry for their feedback
 The sample size for the detailed survey through Google forms or in-person meeting is aimed at 30 responses subject to the access to
consultants, contractors and client road safety professionals
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.
Name
Mr. Bhavin Patel
Mr. Khelan Modi
Mr. Ritesh Solanki
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Designation
Road Safety Assistant
Project Manager (Transport Planning)
Deputy Executive Engineer
Organization
Sphere Infratech
Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.
Centre of Excellence in
Urban Transport (CoEUT), CEPT University
Ahmedabad Urban
Development Authority
(AUDA)
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Mode of meeting
Feedback
In-person
Suggested to include
question regarding
actual implementation
of safety measures as
per code
recommendation
In-person & Call
Suggested to detail out
the different factors i.e.
human, road
environment and
vehicular factors
In-person
Suggested to detail out
the different factors i.e.
human, road
environment and
vehicular factors
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey
 After the pilot survey, the feedbacks received from the professionals were incorporated to prepare a detailed questionnaire survey.
Detailed Questionnaire
Survey
Road users
Road safety professionals
1. Road geometry factors
2. Human factors
3. Vehicular factors
4. Environment factors
5. Work zone safety
problems
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
1. Current traffic conditions
of S.P Ring Road
2. Causes of traffic
congestion
3. Safety while commuting
4. Amenities on the highway
5. Road signage
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Professionals
 The aim of this survey was to identify the prominent factors causing road accidents on highway projects.
 The professionals were asked to rate each factor in every section of the survey on a 5-point Likert scale according its impact in causing a
road accident based on their past experience in road safety audits.
 The survey was divided in five sections.
 Total 31 responses were received.
Road Geometry
Factors






Sight distances
Intersections
Interchanges,
Cross sections
Road side hazards
Pavement markings
and delineation
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Human Factors
 Traffic signal
violation
 Lack of driving
license
 Risky overtaking
 Over speeding
 Fatigue/tiredness
Vehicular Factors
 Overloaded vehicle
 Defective
headlights/indicators/
mirrors
 Defective brakes
 Defective tires
 Defective steering,
Environmental Factors
 Weather,
 Road surface (dry/wet)
 Season
 Time of the day
 Lighting conditions
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Work zone safety
problems
The safety concerns
during ongoing works
on an existing highway
which could lead to a
road accident are
included in this
section.
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Professionals
Likert scale chart for road geometry factors
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Likert scale chart for human factors
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Professionals
Likert scale chart for vehicular factors
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Likert scale chart for environmental factors
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Professionals
Likert scale chart for work zone safety problems
Road geometry factors: The sight distances was identified as a
major cause of road accident. Intersections were the second
most significant factor responsible for accidents followed by
roadside hazards and pavement markings and delineation.
Learnings
Human factors: Amongst the human factors, 52% respondents
voted over speeding as the most significant factor responsible
for road accidents followed by risky overtaking and violation of
traffic signals.
Vehicular factors: Defective brakes was the most prominent
factor causing accidents as per 35% of the respondents followed
by defective steering and overloaded vehicle.
Environmental factors: Lighting conditions were the most
significant factor as per 45% of the respondents followed by
weather conditions and road surface.
Work zone safety problems: Poor pre construction planning and
dissemination of insufficient information about the work zone
to the public were the two most significant problems identified
by 23% and 16% of the total respondents respectively.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
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Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Road Users
 The aim of this survey was to get opinion of the road users about current condition of S.P ring road.
 The road users were asked to rate each factor in every section of the survey on a 5-point Likert based on their level of agreement or
disagreement for each factor.
 The survey was divided in five sections.
 Total 50 responses were received.
Current traffic
conditions of S.P ring
road




Road surface
No. of lanes
Traffic signals
Drainages and
sidewalks
 Journey time
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Causes of traffic
congestion
Safety while
commuting
Ongoing works
Slow moving traffic
Narrow lanes
Inadequate traffic
signs
 Inadequate traffic
enforcement
 Undisciplined driving
 Undisciplined
pedestrians.
 Use of phone while
driving
 Poor overtaking
 Cutting lanes
 Lane jumping
 Sudden braking
 Not giving signal
while turning
 Slow driving
 Not following traffic
signals




Amenities on the
highway
 Sufficient public toilets
 Stopping facility
 Lighting on the road
 Emergency medical aid
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Road signage
The aim of this section
was to understand the
views of the users
regarding the quality
and position of the
road signage on the
highway
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
28
Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Road Users
Likert scale chart for current traffic conditions
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Likert scale for causes of traffic congestion
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
29
Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Road Users
Likert scale chart for safety concerns while commuting
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Likert scale for amenities on SPRR
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
30
Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Road Users
Likert scale chart for road signage on SPRR
Current traffic conditions: The road users were satisfied with
the road surface condition, content with the availability of
lanes and traffic signs & signals. They were dissatisfied with
road side drainages and sidewalks.
Learnings
Causes of traffic congestion: According to 80% of the road users,
undisciplined driving is the main cause of traffic congestion
followed by road obstruction and slow moving traffic.
Safety concerns while commuting: Cutting lanes is the leading
safety concern while driving according to 88% of the
respondents followed by use of mobile phones while driving and
lane jumping.
Amenities on highway: Adequate stopping facility and
emergency medical aid availability are the two factors which
need to be looked upon seriously as per the respondents.
However, the users were satisfied with the lighting on the road.
Road signage: The road users were satisfied with quality,
visibility, location and placement of the road signage along the
highway.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
31
Data Collection: Detailed Questionnaire Survey for Road Users
2
Age group
Reason for commuting
Type of vehicle
Age group of users
Reason for commuting
Type of Vehicle
2
1 1
6
11
1
4
27
18
20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
>40
The major road users were between the age
range of 20-25 years. This shows that many
students and working people use the SPRR.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
25
23
29
Work
Leisure
Both
College
Others
The two major reasons for commuting were
work and leisure .
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Two-wheeler
Four-wheeler
Bicycle
The users mostly use two wheelers and four
wheeler to commute through SPRR.
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
32
Data Analysis
 A five point Likert scale was used for both the surveys.
 The data collected from the both surveys was essentially
qualitative data. The method adopted for qualitative data analysis
was relative importance index (RII).
Scale of intensity for road safety professional survey
Rating
Weight
Very High
5
High
4
Neutral
3
Low
2
Very Low
1
Scale for level of agreement or disagreement for road user survey
Rating
Weight
Strongly Agree
5
Agree
4
Neutral
3
Disagree
2
Strongly Disagree
1
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Where, w= respondent's weighting of each element
n1= number of respondents for strongly disagree
n2= number of respondents for disagree
n3= number of respondents for neutral
n4= number of respondents for agree
n5= number of respondents for strongly agree
N= total number of samples
A= largest weight (5 in this case)
Total no. of responses for road user survey= 50
Total no. of responses for road safety professionals= 31
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
33
Data Analysis: Road safety professionals
Road Geometry Factors
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
Human Factors
14
11
11
10
9
8
7
5 5
3
5 5
4
3
5
5
3
4
5
10
7
7
5
3
3
6
4
4
1
Sight
distances
Intersections Interchanges
Cross
sections
Roadside
hazards
Pavement
markings and
deineation
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
13
13
8
7
4
3
9
4
High
Neutral
Factors
Low
RII
Ranks
2
3
3 3
2
High
Over speeding
Neutral
6
5
3
1
0
Violation of traffic Lack of experience Risky overtaking
signals
in driving/ Not
having license
5
Low
Fatigue/Tiredness
Not using safety
gears like helmets,
seat belts etc.
Very Low
Factors
RII
0.754839
1
Risky overtaking
0.71613
4
3
Over speeding
0.722581
3
0.696774
2
Fatigue/Tiredness
0.677419
5
0.683871
4
0.670968
6
Intersections
0.664516
5
Interchanges
0.60000
6
Cross sections
0.690323
Roadside hazards
Violation of traffic signals
Ranks
2
1
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
5
4
0.741935
0.716129
delineation
6
4
Very Low
Sight distances
Pavement markings and
9
8
7
Very High
Very High
12
11
10
Lack of experience in driving/ Not having
license
Not using safety gears like helmets, seat
belts etc.
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
34
Data Analysis: Road safety professionals
Vehicular Factors
12
11
Environmental Factors
11
10
10
9
8
7
6
7
20
11
10
9
7
15
7
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
3
2
2
1
5
4
1
Defective
headlights/indicators/side
mirrors
Very High
Defective brakes
High
Neutral
Factors
Overloaded vehicle
Defective tyres
Low
Defective steering
Ranks
3
0.690
5
Defective brakes
0.716
2
Defective tyres
0.677
Defective steering
0.735
mirrors
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
8
7
0
Very High
RII
10
Weather Road surface
Conditions
(dry/wet)
Very Low
0.696
Defective headlights/indicators/side
5
4
0
0
0
Overloaded vehicle
10 9
4
3
14
13
1211
10
5
4
17
High
1
5
3
0
2
3
Season
Time of the
day
Neutral
Low
Factors
Very Low
Ranks
0.703226
1
0.683871
2
Season
0.65806
4
4
Time of the day
0.606452
5
1
Lighting conditions
0.670968
3
Road surface (dry/wet)
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
3
Lighting
conditions
RII
Weather Conditions
5 5
4
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
35
Data Analysis: Road safety professionals
Work zone safety problems
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Road geometry factors: Amongst the road geometry
factors, sight distances was the most crucial factor
affecting the road accidents on a highway.
13
11
11
10
9
7
6
4
6
6
4
3
6
6
3
7
4
4
5
6
6
6
6
3
3
Human factors: The lack of experience in Driving/Not
having a driving license was identified as the most
crucial factor amongst human factors responsible for
road accidents.
Very High
High
Neutral
Factors
Inadequate work zone setup
Low
Very Low
RII
Ranks
0.541935
2
0.567742
1
0.47742
7
0.516129
4
0.509677
5
Poor pre-construction planning
0.503226
6
Weak work zone speed enforcement
0.535484
3
Lack of distinction between work activity region and path
of travel
Insufficient or ineffective temporary traffic control
measures
Dissemination of insufficient information about the work
zone to the road users
Poor enforcement of traffic and construction safety rules
and regulations/compliance
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Conclusion
Inadequate work zone Lack of distinction
Insufficient or
Dissemination of
Poor enforcement of
setup
between work activity ineffective temporary insufficient information traffic and construction
region and path of
traffic control
about the work zone to
safety rules and
travel
measures
the road users
regulations/compliance
Vehicular factors: The defective steering was identified
as the most crucial factor amongst vehicular factors
responsible for road accidents.
Environmental factors: The weather conditions was
identified as the most crucial factor amongst
environmental factors responsible for road accidents.
Work zone safety problems: The lack of distinction
between work activity region and path of travel was
identified as the crucial factor amongst the work zone
safety problems contributing to road accidents.
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
36
Data Analysis: Road Users
Current traffic conditions of S.P ring road
25
20
15
10
5
0
Causes of traffic congestion
23
16
13
6
5
3
Road surface
condition is good
15 16
13 14
5
18
13
12
11
6
2
11 10
The no. of lanes
are sufficient
The traffic signs
and signals are
sufficient
Strongly Agree
Agree
Satisfied with the
information on
permanent signs
Neutral
Factors
10
Disagree
The road side
drainages and
sidewalks are in
good condition
The real journey
time similar as
assumed
RII
Ranks
The no. of lanes are sufficient
0.632000
2
0.57200
5
permanent signs
The road side drainages and
sidewalks are in good condition
The real journey time similar as
assumed
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
0.576
4
0.512
6
0.628
3
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
23
20
16
7
11
8
5
3 1
18
12
6
7
1
Road
Slow moving
obstruction/ On
traffic
going road
works
22
15
13
9
6
5
Narrow road/
lanes
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
1
Satisfied with the information on
4
3
0.696
sufficient
10
2
Road surface condition is good
The traffic signs and signals are
14
6
2
1
19
17
14
5
2
Inadequate
traffic signs
Agree
17
Neutral
18
17
7
7
11
1
2 1
1
Inadequate
traffic
enforcement
Undisciplined
driving
Undisciplined
pedestrians
Disagree
Factors
Strongly Disagree
RII
Ranks
Road obstruction/ On-going road works
0.8
2
Slow moving traffic
0.736000
5
Narrow road/ lanes
0.64000
7
Inadequate traffic signs
0.668
6
Inadequate traffic enforcement
0.744
3
Undisciplined driving
0.832
1
Undisciplined pedestrians
0.74
4
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
14
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
37
Data Analysis: Road Users
Amenities on the highway
Safety while commuting
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
23
22
24
20
20
19
23
22
18
15
9
3 3 2
1 2
Overspeeding
4
2
21
0
Neutral
Factors
Sudden
braking
Disagree
10
7
3 2
1 1
0
Agree
19
15
9
Poor
Cutting lanes Lane jumping Use of mobile
overtaking
phone while
driving
Strongly Agree
2019
15
7
5 4
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
23
3
7
5
1
1
10
8
2
Not giving Not following Slow driving
signals while traffic signals
turning
25
18
9
7
5
2
Sufficient public toilets
available
12
7
7
Adequate stopping
facility/space available
Strongly Agree
Agree
12
8
7
4
2
Adequate lighting on the
road
Neutral
Disagree
7
4
Emergency medical aid
available
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Disagree
RII
Ranks
Factors
Over speeding
0.792
6
Poor overtaking
0.828000
3
Cutting lanes
0.84800
1
Lane jumping
0.824
4
Adequate stopping facility/space
Use of mobile phone while driving
0.844
2
available
Sudden braking
0.776
7
Not giving signals while turning
0.816
5
Not following traffic signals
0.768
8
Slow driving
0.648
9
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
19
16
15
14
Sufficient public toilets available
RII
Ranks
0.516
4
0.580000
2
Adequate lighting on the road
0.68800
1
Emergency medical aid available
0.56
3
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
38
Data Analysis: Road Users
Road Signage
25
20
20
20
19
17
17
14
15
11
10
8
2
3
3
15
13
12
5
2
0
14
14
12
8
10
7
3
17
15
14
10
5
Traffic Law Enforcement
4
12
6
4
10
8
1
0
The quality and visibility of the road
sign is satisfactory
Strongly Agree
The road signages are placed at right
places
Agree
Neutral
Factors
The quality and visibility of the road sign is
satisfactory
The road signage are placed at right places
The road signage along the road are adequate
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Disagree
Adequate traffic control points
The road signages along the road are
adequate
Strongly Disagree
RII
Strongly Agree
Ranks
Sufficient traffic police at junctions
Agree
Neutral
Factors
Strongly Disagree
RII
0.628
2
Adequate traffic control points
0.644000
1
Sufficient traffic police at junctions
0.58800
3
Strict enforcement of traffic rule by police
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Disagree
Strict enforcement of traffic rule by
police
Ranks
0.64
1
0.632000
2
0.60000
3
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
39
Suggestions and recommendations for S.P. Ring Road
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
11+000
19+500
RECOMMENDATION
DESCRIPTION
Damaged sign board
1. Inadequate slope with debris and
garbage in the roadside drain
RISK
Very High
Very High
2. Worn out edge line marking
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
DESCRIPTION
Priority
Replace the damaged
sign board with new
retro reflective sign
Essential
board as per IRC
67:2015
1. Cleaning and
maintenance of road
side drain with
provision of 1:5 slope. Essential
2.Maintenance of
edge line marking
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
40
Suggestions and recommendations for S.P. Ring Road
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
RECOMMENDATION
DESCRIPTION
RISK
19+500
Lack of proper road markings at the entry
from the service road to main carriageway
27+700
Traffic movement from unauthorized access
Very High
is dangerous.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
Very High
DESCRIPTION
Priority
Provision of
appropriate road
markings and cat
eyes at the
entrance of main
carriage way.
Essential
The unauthorized
access needs to be
closed.
Essential
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
41
Suggestions and recommendations for S.P. Ring Road
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
33+800
33+800
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
RECOMMENDATION
DESCRIPTION
No proper differentiation between
main carriageway and service road.
Inadequate pavement marking and
improper shoulder grading.
RISK
DESCRIPTION
Priority
Very High
Gap/opening between
service road and main
road shall be provided
with guard stones/
delineators/kerbing/ wbeam barricading
Essential
Very High
Paved shoulder is to be
properly graded with
pavement marking for
smooth movement and
channelizing of traffic.
Essential
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
42
Suggestions and recommendations for S.P. Ring Road
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
33+800
DESCRIPTION
Lack of traffic calming measures like
breakers near the crossing can lead to
accidents.
RECOMMENDATION
RISK
Very High
1. Improper end treatment of crash
barrier/W beam.
45+000
Very High
2. Absence of object hazard marker (OHM)
on the bridge.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
DESCRIPTION
Priority
Traffic calming
measures like
introducing
Essential
breakers should
be carried out.
1. End
treatment of W
beam as per IRC
code.
Essential
2.Placing OHM
and median
markers.
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
43
Suggestions and recommendations for S.P. Ring Road
CHAINAGE
SAFETY CONCERN
PICTURE
46+200
73+300
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
DESCRIPTION
Dangerous unauthorized access to service
road.
1. Worn out pavement surface
2. Absence of pavement markings
3. Lack of intersection sign boards
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
RECOMMENDATION
RISK
DESCRIPTION
Priority
Very High
The access
should be closed
Essential
by joining the
broken W-beam.
Very High
1. Grading of
pavement
surface
2. Painting &
Essential
maintenance of
pavement
marking
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
44
Conclusion
The study aims to understand the
perspective of road users as well as road
safety professionals towards the causes of
road accidents happening along an urban
highway.
The major issues faced by the road users
are poor condition of road side
drainages and sidewalks and insufficient
traffic signs and signals on the road.
The main problem observed during
physical survey was of unauthorized
access created from highway to the
service road and lack of sign boards at
intersection.
Road safety is a cumulative
responsibility of the road authorities,
road users, as well as the people
involved in design of the roads like
engineers, law enforcement personnel
(traffic police) etc.
DIRECTED RESEARCH PROJECT
Short term suggestions for accident prone locations on SPRR
Placing of “Accident-Prone Zone” warning sign board 20
m before the accident prone site, size as per IRC 67:2015.
Placing 1 set of rumble strip before 20m of the accident
prone site, with rumble strip sign placed 120m and 50m
before it.
Placing solar blinker light on the carriageway.
Placing a “Restriction End Sign” after 30m of accident
prone location.
Placing “Speed Limit” and “Go Slow” sign boards near the
accident prone location with a visual message to convey
accident warning.
ROAD SAFETY OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS- URBAN HIGHWAYS
SIDDHANT KARMARKAR| PCM20339
45
THANK YOU