ELECTRO TECHNOLOGY (FPETT01) Presented by Dr. Olukorede Adenuga (B.Eng. Hons. (Sunderland), MTech. DTech. (TUT, Pretoria) (COREN, MNSE, AMSAIIE, AMIEOM, LCGI) Qualification: Bachelor of Engineering Technology: Engineering: Industrial Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering INTRODUCTION • IWS 105B Classes (Fridays 8:00am -9:30am) Room 13 – G- 18 • PAA206B Classes (Tuesdays 14:30pm -16:00pm and Thursdays 11:00am 12:30pm and ) Room 4 – 104 SYE307B Classes (Tuesdays 13:00pm -16:00pm and Thursdays 9:00am 11:00am and ) Room 2-117 and 4 – 104 Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering PURPOSE The purpose of the module is to provide students with elementary knowledge, as well as electronic fundamentals, applications and theory, other modules in the qualification and in the workplace will complement the information received from this module for a higher level of understanding of manufacturing. • The relationship between the scientific theory and real life will be emphasized in all Units. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of this module, if the student has completed all tutorials, tests and assignments successfully, the student will have a basic level of the advance manufacturing competence and skills needed to an Engineering Leader in manufacturing in a variety of and related contexts. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering LEARNING IN THE SUBJECT • • • • • • • • • Atom Theory Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetism Inductors, Capacitors, Resistors (RLC Network) The correct use of S.I Units and their applications Construction and care of Batteries WS Theory and different measuring instruments The influence of magnetic lines, the application and use of magnetic fields, inductance and factors that influence it. • Capacitors and their functioning. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Atom Theory Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Atom Theory • In modern theory, matter is electrical in nature. • All materials are composed of very small particles called atoms. • An atom consists of a central nucleus of positive charge around which small negatively charged particles, called electrons revolve in different paths or orbits 1. Nucleus contains protons and neutrons Sum of protons (+ charged) and neutrons (no charge) but same mass is called atomic weight 2. Extra Nucleus – part of an atom and contains electrons only Electron is –ve charged particle with negligible mass Charge of electron is equal but opposite to that on a proton. ATOM is neutral as a whole. Number of electrons or protons in an atom is called atomic number i.e. number of protons or electrons in an atom Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Structure of Elements, The Electron and Energy of an Electron • Atom are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. • Difference between various types of elements is due to the different number and arrangement of these particles within their atoms. • Electron moving around nucleus possesses two types of energies viz. kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to the charge on the nucleus • The energy increases as its distance from the nucleus increases Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Valence Electrons, Free Electrons • Electron in the outermost orbit of an atom are known as valence electrons • The orbit can have a maximum of 8 valence electrons, it determine the physical and chemical properties of a material (chemically active: metal or non-metal or, gas or solid). • The electrons also determine the electrical properties of a material. • On the basis of electrical conductivity, materials are classified as conductors, insulators and semi-conductors. • When No of valence electrons of am atom is less than 4 (the material is usually a metal and a conductor e.g sodium, magnesium, and aluminium which are 1, 2, and 3 respectively) Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Valence Electrons, Free Electrons • When the No of valence electrons of an atom is more than 4, the material is usually a non-metal and an insulator e.g. nitrogen, sulphur and neon which have 5,6 and valence electrons respectively. When the No of valence electrons of an atom is 4, the material has both metal and anon-metal properties and is usually a semi-conductor e.g. carbon, silicon and germanium. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Electricity Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Electricity • Valence electrons of different materials possess different energies. The greater the valence electron, the lesser bound it is to the nucleus. • Electrons in Metals possess so much energy that they are very closely attached to the nucleus (free electrons). Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. By applying a small amount of external energy, the free electrons can be easily removed or detached. A conductor is a substance which has a large number of free electrons. With potential difference applied, the electrons move towards the positive terminal of supply constituting electric current An insulator is a substance which has practically no free electrons at ordinary temperature. A semiconductor is a substance which has very few free electrons at room temperature, consequently with PDF, they practically conducts no-current Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Electricity • Idea of Electric Potential Transfer of electrons is accomplished through the agency of the diluted H2SO4 know as electrolyte. If two electrodes are joined by a wire externally, then electrons rush to anode thereby equalizing the charges of the two electrodes. The direction of electronic current is from zinc to copper in the external circuit. Resistor The direction of conventional current (given by the direction of flow of positive charge) Passive elements such as Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor Resistor either opposes or restricts the flow of electric current. • Resistance is the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e. electrons) through it. Poor conductors of electricity possesses relatively greater difficulty or hindrance to the passage of the these electrons According to Ohm’s law, the voltage across resistor is the product of current flowing through it and the resistance of that resistor. Mathematically, it can be represented as Power in an electric circuit element can be represented a Substitute, Equation 1 in Equation 3. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor Resistor either opposes or restricts the flow of electric current. • Resistance is the property of a substance due to which it opposes (or restricts) the flow of electricity (i.e. electrons) through it. Poor conductors of electricity possesses relatively greater difficulty or hindrance to the passage of the these electrons According to Ohm’s law, the voltage across resistor is the product of current flowing through it and the resistance of that resistor. Mathematically, it can be represented as Power in an electric circuit element can be represented a Substitute, Equation 1 in Equation 3. Substitute, Equation 2 in Equation 3 Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor In S.I Units Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor As temperature of a conductor is decreased, its resistance is decreased. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Resistor Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Magnetism It is a physical attributes mediated by magnetic fields. All substance exhibits some type of magnetism, classified according to susceptibility. • Magnetic state (phase) of a material depends on temperature, pressure, and the applied magnetic field. A material may exhibit more than one form of magnetism as these variables change. • Einstein’s theory of special relativity, electricity and magnetism are fundamentally interlinked. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Magnetism Magnetic field can be produced by magnetic charges (magnetic monopoles). Electromagnet produced magnetic field through use of moving electrically charged particles such as current flowing in a wire. Examples is a magnetic field produced to control a computer hard drive or to sort scrap metal Permanent magnet, the type used to hang refrigerator notes, has a permanent magnetic field. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Magnetism Solenoids and Toroids – Magnetic Field of a Solenoid carrying current I A “stretched-out” solenoid. The back portions of five turns are shown, as are the magnetic field lines due to a current through the solenoid. Ampere’s Law where B → is uniform within the solenoid and zero outside it, using the rectangular Amperian loop abcda. We write ∮ B →· d s→ as the sum of four integrals, one for each loop segment Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Magnetism Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Inductor Inductor produce magnetic flux when current flows through it. • The amount of total magnetic flux produced by an inductor depends on the current, I flowing through it and they have linear relationship Mathematically, it can be written as According to Faraday’s law, the voltage across the inductor can be written as By integrating the above equation, we will get the energy stored in an inductor as Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Capacitor Capacitor has two conducting plates, separated by a dielectric medium. If positive voltage is applied across the capacitor, then it stores positive charge. Similarly, if negative voltage is applied across the capacitor, then it stores negative charge. Mathematically, it can be written as Where, Q is the charge stored in the capacitor. C is the capacitance of a capacitor. the current is nothing but the time rate of flow of charge Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Network Theory Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION The equivalent circuits of series combination and parallel combination individually. Example Let us find the equivalent resistance across the terminals A & B of the following electrical network. identify the combination of resistors that are connected in series form and parallel form and then find the equivalent resistance of the respective form in every step. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Example Find the voltage across 30 Ω resistor using Mesh analysis Step 1 Step 3 − In this case, we will get two mesh equations since there are two meshes in the given circuit. When we write the mesh equations, assume the mesh current of that particular mesh as greater than all other mesh currents of the circuit Step 2 − The mesh current I1 flows through 20 V voltage source and 5 Ω resistor. Similarly, the mesh current I2 flows through 30 Ω resistor and -80 V voltage source. But, the difference of two mesh currents, I1 and I2, flows through 10 Ω resistor, since it is the common branch of two meshes The mesh equation of first mesh is Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Multiply the above equation with 2 The mesh equation of second mesh is Step 4 − Finding mesh currents I1 and I2 by solving Equation 1 and Equation 2. The left-hand side terms of Equation 1 and Equation 2 are the same. Hence, equate the right-hand side terms of Equation 1 and Equation 2 in order find the value of I1. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering MESH ANALYSIS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Based on the concept of linearity between the response and excitation of an electrical circuit. In this method, we will consider only one independent source at a time. We need to find the response in a particular branch ‘n’ times if there are ‘n’ independent sources. Procedure of Superposition Theorem Follow these steps in order to find the response in a particular branch using superposition theorem. Step 1 − Find the response in a particular branch by considering one independent source and eliminating the remaining independent sources present in the network. Step 2 − Repeat Step 1 for all independent sources present in the network. Step 3 − Add all the responses in order to get the overall response in a particular branch when all independent sources are present in the network. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Example Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of the following circuit using superposition theorem. Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Superposition Theorem Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering CONSTRUCTION OF BATTERIES Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Construction of Batteries Car Batteries Alkaline Storage Batteries Vehicle Energy Storage Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Car Battery Construction Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering WHEATSTONE BRIDGE AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering WS Theory and different measuring instruments • Basic circuit involves a single resistor and a source of electric potential or voltage. • Electrons flow through the circuit producing a current of electricity. • Wheatstone bridge circuit which is an important circuit that is used in wind tunnel instrumentation a potentiometer, labeled G, which detects the voltage difference between nodes c and b. The value from the potentiometer is displayed in the control room. If we consider each resistor separately, each resistor has its own current (i1, i2, i3, and i4), resistance (R1, R2, R3 , and R4), and voltage (V1, V2, V3, and V4) Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering WS Theory and different measuring instruments Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering WS Theory and different measuring instruments Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering RESISTOR COLOUR CODE GUIDE Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering RESISTOR COLOUR CODE GUIDE Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering RESISTOR COLOUR CODE GUIDE Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering CAPACITOR AND THEIR FUNCTIONS • Capacitor is a passive component and it stores the electrical energy into an electrical field. 1.Electrolytic Capacitor -used when the large capacitor values are required 2.Mica Capacitor -low loss capacitors, used at high frequencies 3.Paper Capacitor -two tin foil sheet and they are separated from the paper, or, oiled paper & thin waxed. 4.Film Capacitor-use a thin plastic as the dielectric 5.Non-Polarized Capacitor - two types plastic foil capacitor and the other one is the electrolytic nonpolarized capacitor. 6.Ceramic Capacitor - multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) and ceramic disc capacitor Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering CAPACITOR IN SERIES AND PARALLEL Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering CAPACITOR IN SERIES AND PARALLEL Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering THANK YOU Faculty of Engineering and The Built Environment Department of Industrial Engineering
