G U I D E
UNDERSTANDABLE THERMODYNAMICS.
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THERMODYNAMICS
THERMO
DYNAMICS
Heat
Motion
Motion of Heat
DEFENITION:
The study of relations between heat, work, temperature and energy.
It was developed at the time of Industrial Revolution. Hence it was developed
before people knew about atoms and molecules. It’s a science based on
macroscopic properties of matter.
Forest fires
Fossil fuel
industries
Engineering
Importance of
thermodynamics
Biology
Molecules
Aviation
Before going to the laws of thermodynamics we will observe on the branches and
terms of thermodynamics because it will be easy to understand the laws.
BRANCHES
There are mainly four branches of thermodynamics and these
provide a brief study about heat, work, energy, mass etc.
1. Classical Thermodynamics:
Classical thermodynamics uses macroscopic, measurable features to
describe the states of thermodynamic systems in near-equilibrium.
 Here, macroscopic approach is adopted.
 It includes the study of work, heat and energy exchange.
 It includes the study of basic level of the behavior of matter.
 Pressure and temperature are the main variables which helps to
calculate other properties.
2. Statistical Thermodynamics:
It is a theory that uses molecular properties to predict the behavior of
the macroscopic quantities of compounds.
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3.
Here, macroscopic approach is adopted.
It includes the study of the behavior of molecules.
Chemical Thermodynamics:
Within the boundaries of the rules of thermodynamics, chemical
thermodynamics is the study of the interrelationship of heat and work with chemical
processes or physical changes of state.
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4.
It includes the study of energy-related to chemical reactions.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics:
It is the study of matter and energy transitions in systems in terms of
a notion termed thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Study related to energy transfer with surroundings.
Study related to the equilibrium state.
Study related to mass transfer with surrounding.
No flow between the system and surrounding in equilibrium.
No unbalanced forces will be in the system.
TERMS IN THERMODYNAMICS
System
Surrounding
Universe
 System:
The part of the Universe that we choose to study.
 Surrounding:
Except system, remaining part of the Universe.
 Boundary:
The surface dividing the system from the surrounding.
OR
The system bounded by a real or imaginary surface is known as
boundary. It separates system and surrounding. Boundary may be fixed or movable,
based on the type of system.
 Universe:
The combination of system and surrounding.
System
Universe
Surrounding
System + Surrounding = Universe
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
By observing any thermodynamic systems, we get to understand two types of
exchange between system and surrounding.
1) Mass exchange / Matter exchange
2) Energy exchange
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
I.
Open System:
Both matter and energy exchanges between system and surrounding.
II.
Closed System:
Only energy is exchanged between system and surrounding.
III.
Isolated System:
Neither energy nor matter exchanges between system and surrounding.
Open System
Closed System
Isolated System
Exchange
Open
Exchange of energy
Exchange of matter/mass
Closed
Isolated
No exchange
System
boundaries
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To be continued