REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
REFRIGERATION:
It can be defined as the process of transferring heat from a low temperature region to a
high temperature region. In other words it is the process of cooling a substance.
Principle of refrigeration:
The principle of refrigeration is based on second law of thermodynamics. It states that
heat does not flow from a low temperature body to a high temperature body without the help
of an external work.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
1.FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
2.SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
(1) CLASIUS STATEMENT
(2) KELVIN PLANKS STATEMENT
1.FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
First law of thermodynamics follows the law of conservation of energy. The
energy neither be created nor be destroyed but one form of energy is converted into another
form.
2. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
(1) CLASIUS STATEMENT:
It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and
produces no other effect than the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
(OR)
The heat cannot flow from a body at lower temperature to a body at
higher temperature without aid of an external agency.
(2) KELVIN PLANKS STATEMENT:
It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and produces no other effect
than the transfer of heat from a single body in order to produce work.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:
There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Any energy exchange between bodies occurs through one of these modes or a combination of
them.
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1.CONDUCTION:
In Conduction, heat transfer takes place due to a temperature difference in a
body or between bodies in thermal contact, without mixing of mass. The rate of heat transfer
through conduction is governed by the Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
Q = -kA (dT/dx)
Where, ‘Q’ is the heat flow rate by conduction
‘K’ is the thermal conductivity of body material
‘A’ is the cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat flow and
‘dT/dx’ is the temperature gradient of the section
2.CONVECTION:
In convection, heat is transferred to a moving fluid at the surface over which it
flows by combined molecular diffusion and bulk flow. Convection involves conduction and
fluid flow. The rate of convective heat transfer is governed by the Newton’s law of cooling
.
Q = Ha (Ts-T∞)
Where ‘Ts‘ is the surface temperature
‘T∞‘ is the outside temperature
‘h’ is the coefficient of convection.
3.RADIATION:
In convection, heat is transferred to a moving fluid at the surface over
which it flows by combined molecular diffusion and bulk flow. Convection involves
conduction and fluid flow. The rate of convective heat transfer is governed by
the Newton’s law of cooling.
Q = hA (Ts-T∞)
Where ‘Ts‘ is the surface temperature
‘T∞‘ is the outside temperature
‘h’ is the coefficient of convection
TERMS IN REFRIGERATION:
1.REFRIGERATOR:
It is a machine used to extract heat from a body at low temperature and reject this heat to a
body at high temperature. Thus it cools the body.
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2.REFRIGERANT:
It is a substance, which is used as working fluid in refrigerators. The refrigerant has
low boling point,which means that it vaporizes at low temperature and takes away the heat
from a substance.
3.REFRIGERATION EFFECT:
It is defined as the ratio of quantity of heat removed to the time taken.
Refrigeration effect=Heat removed/Time taken
4.COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE(COP):
It is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed in a given time (refrigeration effect) to the
work done.
COP=Refrigeration Effect/Work done
AIR CONDIOTIONING:
Air conditioning is the process of conditioning the air according to the human comfort
irrespective of external conditions.
PSYCHROMETRY:
The Science which deals with the study of the behavior of air and water
vapour mixture is known as Psychrometry. The properties of water vapour and air mixture are
known as Psychrometric Properties.
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dry Air :
The pure dry air is a mixture of number of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and
hydrogen and carbon contains some impurities and some moisture all the time.
Moist Air:
It is a mixture of dry air and water vapour. The amount of water vapour
present in air depends on the pressure and temperature of the mixture.
Saturated Air:
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour when air has diffused maximum
amount of water vapour into it. This means air has reached its moisture carrying capacity to the
fullest and no more addition is possible.
Degree of Saturation (µ):
It is the ratio of actual mass of water in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of
water vapour in unit of saturated air at same temperature and pressure.
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Specific Humidity (w):
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1kg of dry air and is expressed in
terms of gram per kg of dry air.
Humidity Ratio:
It is the same as specific humidity, i.e., mass of water vapour, present in unit
mass of dry air.
Absolute Humidity:
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1m3 of dry air and is
expressed in terms of grams /m3 of dry air. It can be expressed in terms of grains per cubic meter of
dry air. 1kg of water vapour = 15,430 grains.
Relative Humidity:
It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air to
the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.
Specific Volume (v):
It is defined as the ratio of volume per unit mass of moist air.
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) or Td:
It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer when its bulb is
surrounded by a wet cloth exposed to air.
Wet Bulb Depression (WBD):
It is the difference between dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature at
any point.
Enthalpy:
Enthalpy of moist air is equal to enthalpy of dry air plus enthalpy of water
vapour associated with dry air.
Dew Point Temperature (DPT) or Tdp:
It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer when water vapour in
air begins to condense or dew is formed.
Psychrometer:
It is an instrument to measure DBT and WBT of moist air.
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
Vapor-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration
system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration
cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is
also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen
storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and
industrial services. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas
processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vaporcompression refrigeration systems.
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MAIN COMPONENTS:
1.COMPRESSOR
2.CONDENSER
3.EXPANSION VALVE
4.EVAPORATOR
1.COMPRESSOR:
The compressor’s use is to pull the low-temperature and lowpressure vapour from the evaporator, through a suction line. Once the vapour is drawn, it will
be compressed. This will cause the vapour’s temperature to rise. Its main function is to
transform a low-temperature vapour in to a high-temperature vapour, to increase pressure.
Vapour is released from the compressor into a discharge line.
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2.CONDENSER:
The compressor’s use is to pull the low-temperature and low-pressure
vapour from the evaporator, through a suction line. Once the vapour is drawn, it will be
compressed. This will cause the vapour’s temperature to rise. Its main function is to transform
a low-temperature vapour in to a high-temperature vapour, to increase pressure. Vapour is
released from the compressor into a discharge line.
3.EXPANSION VALVE:
Commonly placed before the evaporator and at the end of the liquid line,
the expansion valve is reached by the liquid refrigerant after it has been condensed. Reducing
the pressure of the refrigerant, its temperature will decrease to a level below its atmosphere.
This liquid will then be pumped into the evaporator.
4.EVAPORATOR:
An evaporator is used to turn any liquid material into gas. In this process,
heat is absorbed. The evaporator transfers heat from the refrigerated space into a heat pump
through a liquid refrigerant, which boils in the evaporator at a low-pressure. In achieving heat
transfer, the liquid refrigerant should be lower than the goods being cooled. After the transfer,
liquid refrigerant is drawn by the compressor from the evaporator through a suction line. Liquid
refrigerant will be in vapour form upon leaving the evaporator coil.
TYPES OF COMPRESSORS :
1.RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
2.ROTARY COMPRESSOR
3.SCREW COMPRESSOR
4.CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
1.RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR:
A reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a positive-displacement compressor that
uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure. ... In the ionic
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liquid piston compressor many seals and bearings were removed in the design as the ionic
liquid does not mix with the gas.
2.ROTARY COMPRESSOR:
It is a type of rotary compressor.There is a fixed casing in Vane type
compressor in which a rotary rotor disc is placed which has slots that are used for holding the
sliding plates.
Whenever rotor rotates the disc also rotates thus allowing the sliding plates to slide as the inner
surface of casing is eccentric.Whenever the plates moves away from the center a huge amount
of air get trapped inside it and with the rotation the sliding plates converge due to its shape and
the trapped air get compressed.This results in compression of air.
3.SCREW COMPRESSOR:
screw compressors use two meshing helical screws, known as
rotors, to compress the gas. ... In an oil-flooded rotary-screw compressor, lubricating oil
bridges the space between the rotors, both providing a hydraulic seal and transferring
mechanical energy between the driving and driven rotor.
4.CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR:
A centrifugal compressor is a device that has impeller blades
set into it. This compressor is used to transfer energy using the impeller blades that rotate to
create a centrifugal force. A centrifugal compressor is capable of delivering high flow
capacity of gas per unit of the space and the weight.
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TYPES OF CONDENSERS:
1.AIR COOLED CONDENSER
2.WATER COOLED CONDENSER
1.AIR COOLED CONDENSER:
An air cooled condenser (ACC) is a direct dry cooling system where
steam is condensed inside air-cooled finned tubes. ... In thermal power plants (T), the steam
from the turbine exhaust flows into the ACC where condensation occurs.
2.WATER COOLED CONDENSER:
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A water-cooled condenser is a heat exchanger that removes heat from
refrigerant vapor and transfers it to the water running through it. Having the refrigerant vapor
condensed on the outside of a tube does this. In doing so, the vapor condenses and gives up
heat to the water running inside the tube.
TYPES OF EXPANSION VALVES:
1.CAPILARY TUBE
2.EXPANSION VALVES
1.CAPILARY TUBE:
A capillary tube is a long, narrow tube of constant diameter. The
word “capillary” is a misnomer since surface tension is not important in refrigeration
application ofcapillary tubes. Typical tube diameters of refrigerant capillary tubes range from
0.5 mm to 3 mm and the length ranges from 1.0 m to 6 m
EXPANSION VALVES :
1.THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE
2.ELECTRICAL EXPANSION VALVE
1. THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE:
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A thermal expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in
refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into
the evaporator thereby controlling superheat.
2.ELECTRICAL EXPANSION VALVE:
An electric expansion valve control the flow of
refrigerant enter in direct expansion evaporator They do this in response to signals sent to them
by an electronic controller. A small motor is used to open and close the valve port. The motor
is called a step or stepper motor.
TYPES OF EVAPORATORS:
1.BARE TUBE EVAPORATOR
2.FINNED EVAPORATOR
3.SHELL&TUBE EVAPORATOR
4. SHELL&COIL EVAPORATOR
5.PLATED TUBE EVAPORATOR
6.TUBE IN TUBE EVAPORATOR
1.BARED TUBE EVAPORATOR:
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The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing
or steel pipes. The copper tubing is used for small evaporators where the refrigerant other than
ammonia is used, while the steel pipes are used with the large evaporators where ammonia is
used as the refrigerant. The bare tube evaporator comprises of several turns of the tubing,
though most commonly flat zigzag and oval trombone are the most common shapes. The bare
tube evaporators are usually used for liquid chilling. In the blast cooling and the freezing
operations the atmospheric air flows over the bare tube evaporator and the chilled air leaving
it used for the cooling purposes. The bare tube evaporators are used in very few applications,
however the bare tube evaporators fitted with the fins, called as finned evaporators are used
very commonly.
2.FINNED EVAPORATOR :
The
finned evaporators are the bare tube type of evaporators covered with the fins.
When the
fluid (air or water) to be chilled flows over the bare tube evaporator lots of
cooling effect from the refrigerant goes wasted since there is less surface for the transfer of
heat from the fluid to the refrigerant. The fluid tends to move between the open spaces of
the tubing and does not come in contact with the surface of the coil, thus the bare tube
evaporators are less effective. The fins on the external surface of the bare tube evaporators
increases the contact surface of the of the metallic tubing with the fluid and increase the
heat transfer rate, thus the finned evaporators are more effective than the bare tube
evaporators.
3.SHELL&TUBE EVAPORATOR:
The shell and tube types of evaporators are used
in the large refrigeration and central air conditioning systems. The evaporators in these
systems are commonly known as the chillers. The chillers comprise of large number of the
tubes that are inserted inside the drum or the shell. Depending on the direction of the flow
of the refrigerant in the shell and tube type of chillers, they are classified into two types:
dry expansion type and flooded type of chillers. In dry expansion chillers the refrigerant
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flows along the tube side and the fluid to be chilled flows along the shell side. The flow of
the refrigerant to these chillers is controlled by the expansion valve. In case of the flooded
type of evaporators the refrigerant flows along the shell side and fluid to be chilled flows
along the tube. In these chillers the level of the refrigerant is kept constant by the float valve
that acts as the expansion valve
4.SHELL&COIL EVAPORATOR:
These are of smaller capacity than the shell and
tube chillers. These are made of one or more spiral shaped bare tube coils enclosed in a
welded steel shell. It is usually dry-expansion type with the refrigerant flowing in the tube
and chilled liquid in the shell. In some cases the chiller operates in flooded mode also with
refrigerant in the shell and chilled water flowing thorough the spiral tube. The water in the
shell gives a large amount of thermal storage capacity called hold-upcapacity. This type is
good for small but highly infrequent peak loads. It is used for cooling drinking water in
stainless steel tanks to maintain sanitary conditions. It is also used in bakeries and
photographic laboratories.
5.PLATED TUBE EVAPORATOR:
In the plate type of evaporators the coil usually made up of copper or aluminum
is embedded in the plate so as so to form a flat looking surface. Externally the plate type of
evaporator looks like a single plate, but inside it there are several turns of the metal tubing
through which the refrigerant flows. The advantage of the plate type of evaporators is that
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they are more rigid as the external plate provides lots of safety. The external plate also helps
increasing the heat transfer from the metal tubing to the substance to be chilled. Further,
the plate type of evaporators are easy to clean and can be manufactured cheaply.
6.TUBE IN TUBE EVAPORATOR:
In tube in tube evaporator the refrigerant flows in one
tube and water flows in another tube. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the water flowing in
another tube then the water is cooled in the tube.The air flows along these tubes then the air is
cooled and the cooled air is passed to the conditioned space.
VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:
The vapor absorption refrigeration system comprises of
all the processes in the vapor compression refrigeration system like compression, condensation,
expansion and evaporation. In the vapor absorption system the refrigerant used is ammonia,
water or lithium bromide. The refrigerant gets condensed in the condenser and it gets
evaporated in the evaporator. The refrigerant produces cooling effect in the evaporator and
releases the heat to the atmosphere via the condenser.
MAIN COMPONENTS:
1.CONDENSER
2.EXPANSION VALVE
3.EVAPORATOR
4.ABSORBER
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5.PUMP
6.GENERATOR
1.CONDENSER:
Just like in the traditional condenser of the vapor compression cycle, the
refrigerant enters the condenser at high pressure and temperature and gets condensed. The
condenser is of water cooled type.
2.EXPANSION VALVE:
When the refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, its pressure and
temperature reduces suddenly. This refrigerant (ammonia in this case) then enters the
evaporator.
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3.EVAPORATOR:
When the refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, its pressure and
temperature reduces suddenly. This refrigerant (ammonia in this case) then enters the
evaporator.
4.ABSORBER:
The absorber is a sort of vessel consisting of water that acts as the absorbent,
and the previous absorbed refrigerant. Thus the absorber consists of the weak solution of the
refrigerant (ammonia in this case) and absorbent (water in this case). When ammonia from the
evaporator enters the absorber, it is absorbed by the absorbent due to which the pressure inside
the absorber reduces further leading to more flow of the refrigerant from the evaporator to the
absorber. At high temperature water absorbs lesser ammonia, hence it is cooled by the external
coolant to increase it ammonia absorption capacity.
The initial flow of the refrigerant from the evaporator to the absorber occurs
because the vapor pressure of the refrigerant-absorbent in the absorber is lower than the vapor
pressure of the refrigerant in the evaporator. The vapor pressure of the refrigerant-absorbent
inside the absorbent determines the pressure on low-pressure side of the system and also the
vaporizing temperature of the refrigerant inside the evaporator. The vapor pressure of the
refrigerant-absorbent solution depends on the nature of the absorbent, its temperature and
concentration.
When the refrigerant entering in the absorber is absorbed by the absorbent its
volume decreases, thus the compression of the refrigerant occurs. Thus absorber acts as the
suction part of the compressor. The heat of absorption is also released in the absorber, which
is removed by the external coolant.
5.PUMP:
When the absorbent absorbs the refrigerant strong solution of refrigerantabsorbent (ammonia-water) is formed. This solution is pumped by the pump at high pressure
to the generator. Thus pump increases the pressure of the solution to about 10bar.
6.GENERATOR:
The refrigerant-ammonia solution in the generator is heated by the
external source of heat. This is can be steam, hot water or any other suitable source. Due to
heating the temperature of the solution increases. The refrigerant in the solution gets vaporized
and it leaves the solution at high pressure. The high pressure and the high temperature
refrigerant then enters the condenser, where it is cooled by the coolant, and it then enters the
expansion valve and then finally into the evaporator where it produces the cooling effect. This
refrigerant is then again absorbed by the weak solution in the absorber.
When the vaporized refrigerant leaves the generator weak solution is left
in it. This solution enters the pressure reducing valve and then back to the absorber, where it is
ready to absorb fresh refrigerant. In this way, the refrigerant keeps on repeating the cycle
The pressure of the refrigerant is increased in the generator, hence it is
considered to be equivalent to the compression part of the compressor.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VAR SYSTEM & VCR SYSTEM
S.no
Aspect
Vapor Absorption System
Vapor Compression System
Vapor compression system takes in high
grade such as electrical or mechanical energy
for its operation of compressor used in the
cycle.
1
Energy Input
Vapor absorption system takes in low
grade energy such as waste heat from
furnace, exhaust team or solar heat for its
operations.
2
Moving part
It uses a small pump as moving part,
which is run by a small motor.
It uses a compressor driven by an electric
motor or engine.
3
Evaporator
pressure
It can operate with reduced evaporator
pressure, with little decrease in refrigerant
capacity.
The refrigerant capacity decreases with
lowered evaporator pressure.
4
Load variation
The performance of vapor absorption
system does not change with load
variation
The performance of vapor compressing
system is very poor at partial load.
5
Evaporator exit
In vapor absorption system, the
liquid refrigerant leaving the evaporator
does not put any bad effect on the system
except to reduce the refrigerant effect.
In a vapor compression system, it is desirable
to superheat vapor before leaving the
evaporator, so no liquid can enter the
compressor.
6
Lowest
temperature
Since water is used as refrigerant, thus the
lowest temperature attained is above 0°C.
With cascading, the temperature can be
lowered upto -150°C or even less
temperature.
7
Coefficient of
Performance
The COP of the system is poor.
The COP of the system is excellent.
Capacity
It can built in capacities well above 1000
TR.
For a single compression system, it is not
possible to have a system with more than
1000 TR capacity.
Water or ammonia is used as refrigerant.
Chloroflourocarbon, hydroflorocarbon and
hydrochlorofluorocarbon are used in most of
the systems.
8
9
Refrigerant
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TOOLS USED IN R&AC:
1.GENERAL TOOLS
2.REFRIGERATION TOOLS
1.GENERAL TOOLS:
1. SCREW DRIVER
2. PLIERS
3. FILES
4. SPANNERS
5. ADJUSTABLE SPANNERS
6. RATCHET TOOL SET
7. HACK SAW FRAME WITH BLADE
8. RATCHET SCREW DRIVER BIT
9. WIRE STRIPPER
10. PIPE BENDER
11. PIPE WRENCH
12. SPRING BENDER
13. MONKEY PLIER
14. MULTI METER
15. AMMETER
16. ANOMOMETER
17. WOODEN MALLET
18. BALL PIN HAMMER
19. OIL CAN
20. SCISSORS
21. THERMOMETER
22. BLOWERS
23. SCREW GUAGE
24. BENCH VICE
25. ELECTRICAL TAPE
26. ELECTRICAL KNIFE
27. STEEL RULE
28. SPIRIT LEVEL
29. DRILLING MACHINE
30. WIRE BRUSH
31. PSYCHOMETER
32. WATER JET
33.SOLDERING MACHINE
34. SOLDERING FLUX
35. DRILL BITS
36. PINCHING TOOL
37. CHIESEL
38. SHEET CUTTER
39. CONTINUITY TESTER
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40. MULTIPLE PIPE BENDER
41. WALL DRILL BENDER
2. REFRIGERATION TOOLS:
1. FLARING BLOCK
2. FLARING YOKE
3. SWAGING TOOL
4. MANIFOLD GUAGE
5. PRESSURE GUAGE
6. COMPOUND GUAGE
7. TUBE CUTTER WITH REAMER
8. HOSES OR PIPES
9. RUBBER HAMMER
10. NYLON HAMMER
11. VACCUM PUMP MOTOR
12. FIN COMB
13. BLOW LAMP WITH TORCH
14. L -KEY SET
15. T- BAR KEY SLOTS
16. HAND TORCH
17. CAPILARY BORE GUAGE
1.GENERAL TOOLS:
1.SCREW DRIVERS
(1) FLAT TYPE:
A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, for screwing and unscrewing (inserting and
removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip
the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. The shaft is usually made of
tough steel to resist bending or twisting.
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(2) STAR TYPE:
Torx (pronounced /tɔːrks/), developed in 1967 by Camcar Textron, is the trademark
for a type of screw head characterized by a 6-point star-shaped pattern. A popular
generic name for the drive is star, as in star screwdriveror star bits..
2.PLIERS:
(a) COMBINATION DIE TYPE:
Combination pliers are multi-purpose pliers,combining gripping jaws with wire
cutters. They can be used for gripping, compressing, bending, twisting, extracting and cutting
various materials. They are used in many different industries, as well as by hobbyists and
DIYers.
(b) CUTTING DIE TYPE :
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The surfaces are typically textured rather than smooth, to minimize slipping. A plier-like tool
designed for cutting wires is often called diagonal pliers. Some pliers for electrical work are
fitted with wire-cutter blades either built into the jaws or on the handles just below the pivot.
(c) LONG NOSE DIE TYPE:
Needle-nose pliers (also known as pointy-nose pliers, long-nose pliers, pinch-nose pliers or
snipe-nose pliers) are both cutting and holding pliersused by artisans, jewellery designers,
electricians, network engineers and other tradesmen to bend, re-position and snip wire
(d) SHORT NOSE DIE TYPE:
The Xuro-Grip Short Nose Plier is made of high carbon steel for strength and an extra
slim profile to allow access in high density areas. Jaws have rounded backs for forming
operations. The plier provides strength to crimp a lead wire with the precision to grasp and hold
human hair.
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(d) NEEDLE NOSE DIE TYPE:
Needle-nose pliers are both cutting and holding pliers used by artisans,
jewellery designers, electricians, network engineers and other tradesmen to bend, reposition and snip wire. Their namesake long nose gives excellent control while the
cutting edge near the pliers' joint provides "one-tool" convenience.
3.FILES
a. ROUGH FILE:
The cut of the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest
to smoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. ... In Swisspattern files the teeth are cut at a shallower angle, and are graded by number, with a number
1 file being coarser than a number 2, etc
b. SMOOTH FILE:
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The cut of the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest
to smoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. A singlecut file has one set of parallel teeth while a cross-cut or double-cut file has a second set of
cuts forming diamond shaped cutting surfaces.
c.TRIANGULAR FILE:
A triangular file is any file that has a triangular cross section. The file has
three tapered sides, which are used to file the internal surfaces of objects with acute
angles. Triangular files are typically used by carpenters to sharpen the teeth of hand
saws or to smooth various surfaces.
d. ROUND FILE:
Round files are machinist's files and, just like half round files, they can be used for
creating semicircular grooves, finishing and deburring concave surfaces. They are often used
in jewellery making to create detailed patterns in bracelets.
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e.HALF ROUND FILE:
Half round files have a flat profile and also a concave curved surface, enabling both
curved and flat filing. Available in three cut courses, bastard, medium and smooth and ideal
for use on metal, wood and plastics.
4.SPANNERS:
a. DOUBLE ENDED RING SPANNER
b. HALF ROUND SPANNER SET
A. DOUBLE ENDED RING SPANNER:
Ring spanners are often double-ended and usually with offset handles to improve
access to the nut or bolt. A double-ended tool with one end being like an open-end wrench or
open-ended spanner, and the other end being like a box-end wrenchor ring spanner. Both ends
generally fit the same size of bolt.
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B. HALF ROUND SPANNER SET:
A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in
applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them
from turning. ... The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner.
5.ADUSTABLE SPANNERS
An adjustable spanner or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is an openend wrench with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener ...
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6.RATCHET TOOL SET:
Socket set with ratchet. A socket wrench is a type of wrench or spanner that has
a socket attached at one end, usually nut sizes in inches .
7.HACK SAW FRAME WITH BLADE:
A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw, originally and mainly made for cutting metal. The
equivalent saw for cutting wood is usually called bow saw.
Most hacksaws are hand saws with a C-shaped frame that holds a blade under tension. Such
hacksaws have a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow disposable blade.
The frames may also be adjustable to accommodate blades of different sizes. A screw or other
mechanism is used to put the thin blade under tension.
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8.RATCHET SCREW DRIVER BIT:
Ratchet screwdriver is a screwdriver that is operated by the reciprocating
motion of the handle and that usually has a removable screwdriver bit. it can be set to
drive or remove screws, without having to move the bit.
9.WIRE STRIPPER:
A wire stripper is a portable handheld tool used by workers, especially
electricians, for removing the protective coating of an electric wire in order to replace or repair
the wire. It is also capable of stripping the end portions of an electric wire in order to connect
them to other wires or to terminals.
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10.PIPE BENDER:
A pipe bender is a tool used to bend piping of different materials, such as copper
and stainless steel, to form various angles and curves. ... The main objective of apipe
bender is to bend the pipe without any buckling (collapsing under pressure), and with
as little crimping and flattening as possible.
11. PIPE WRENCH:
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A pipe wrench is any of several types of wrench that are designed to turn
threaded pipe and pipe fittings for assembly (tightening) or disassembly (loosening). ...
Another type of wrench often used on pipes, the plumber wrench, is also often called a pipe
wrench, depending on locale.
12.SPRING BENDER:
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The process of manufacturing springs with mechanical spring machinery to
create springs by coiling, winding, or bending the spring wire into the shape of a
specific spring. Spring manufacturing is an artistic craft that involves specific
knowledge in spring making.
13.MONKEY PLIER:
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used
to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. They are also useful for bending and compressing
a wide range of materials.
14.MULTI METER:
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A multi meter or a multi tester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multi meter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multi meters use a
microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings.
15.CLAMP METER:
An electrical meter with integral AC current clamp is known as a clamp meter, clampon ammeter, tong tester, or colloquially as an amp clamp. A clamp meter measures the vector
sum of the currents flowing in all the conductors passing through the probe, which depends on
the phase relationship of the currents.
16.AMMETER:
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An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric
currents are measured in amperes, hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller
currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or
microammeters.
17.ANEMOMETER:
An anemometer is an instrument that measures wind speed and wind
pressure. Anemometers are important tools for meteorologists, who study weather patterns.
They are also important to the work of physicists, who study the way air moves. ... As the wind
blows, the cups rotate, making the rod spin.
18.WOODEN MALLET:
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Wooden mallets are usually used in carpentry to knock wooden pieces together, or to
drive dowels or chisels. A wooden mallet will not deform the striking end of a metal tool, as
most metal hammers would. It is also used to reduce the force driving the cutting edge of a
chisel, giving better control.
19.BALL PEEN HAMMER:
Sometimes called a machinist's hammer, a ball peen is a good choice for working with
metal. Its steel head is harder than that of a claw hammer, so is less likely to chip on impact.
Ball peen hammers are commonly used to drive cold chisels, set rivets, and bend
and shape metal.
20.OIL CAN:
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An oil can (oilcan or oiler) is a can that holds oil (usually motor oil) for lubricating
machines. An oil can can also be used to fill oil-based lanterns. An occupation, referred to as
an oiler, can use an oil can (among other tools) to lubricate machinery.
21.SCISSORS:
A cutting instrument having two blades whose cutting edges slide past each other. gymnastic
feat in which the leg movements suggest the opening and closing of scissors.
22.THERMOMETER:
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An instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically one consisting of a
narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with graduations and having at one end a bulb
containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands.
23.BLOWER:
A blower is an exhaust turbocharger. informal. The exhaust handling system includes
a dilution air filter and a blower to induce flow. We call them 'blowers' because they blow
pressurized air into the engine.
24.SCREW GUAGE:
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The screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin
wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed
spindle which is attached to a thimble. Parallel to the axis of the thimble, a scale graduated in
mm is engraved.
25.BENCH VICE:
A holding device attached to a workbench; has two jaws to hold workpiece firmly in
place. vice. holding device - a device for holding something. jaw - holding device consisting
of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object.
26.ELECTRICAL TAPE:
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Electrical tape is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and
other materials that conduct electricity. It can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most
popular, as it stretches well and gives an effective and long-lasting insulation.
27.ELECTRICAL KNIFE:
An electric knife or electric carving knife is an electrical kitchen device used for slicing
foods. The device consists of two serrated blades that are clipped together.
28.STEEL RULE:
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The steel rule is a basic measuring tool. When used correctly, a good steel rule is a
surprisingly accurate measuring device. What is a steel rule? Some people confuse rules and
scales. A scale is a measuring device used by architects and engineers that assists them in
making drawings to a scale other than full size.
29.SPIRIT LEVEL:
A spirit level is used for determining horizontal and vertical levels and can
be used on a variety of DIY projects in and around the home. A spirit level is used
to designed to indicate whether a surface is level on the horizontal or vertical
planes, and there are a variety of sizes and designs for every project.
30.DRILLING MACHINE:
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The drilling machine or drill press is one of the most common and
useful machines employed in industry for producing forming and finishing holes in a
workpiece. ... A spindle which turns the tool (called drill) which can be advanced in the
workpiece either automatically or by hand.
31.WIRE BRUSH:
A wire brush is a tool consisting of a brush whose bristles are made of wire, most
often steel wire. The steel used is generally a medium- to high-carbon variety and very hard
and springy. Other wire brushes feature bristles made from brass or stainless steel, depending
on application.
32.PSYCHROMETER:
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A hygrometer consisting essentially of two similar thermometers with the bulb of one
being kept wet so that the cooling that results from evaporation makes it register a lower
temperature than the dry one and with the difference between the readings constituting a
measure of the dryness of the atmosphere.
33.WATER JET:
A water jet cutter, also known as a water jet or waterjet, is an industrial tool capable of
cutting a wide variety of materials using a very high-pressure jet of water, or a mixture of water
and an abrasive substance.
34.SOLDERING MACHINE:
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A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that
it can flow into the joint between two workpieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated
metal tip and an insulated handle.
35.SOLDERING FLUX:
In metallurgy, a flux (derived from Latin fluxes meaning “flow”) is a chemical cleaning
agent, flowing agent, or purifying agent. Fluxes may have more than one function at a time. ...
As cleaning agents, fluxes facilitate soldering, brazing, and welding by removing oxidation
from the metals to be joined
36.DRILL BITS:
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Drill bits are cutting tools used to remove material to create holes, almost always of
circular cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and shapes and can create different kinds
of holes in many different materials.
37.PINCHING TOOL:
Pincers are a hand tool used in many situations where a mechanical advantage is
required to pinch, cut or pull an object. ... Pliers are a similar tool with a different type of
head used for squeezing, rather than cutting and pulling.
38.CHISEL:
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A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that
wood chisels have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving
or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with a mallet, or
mechanical power.
39.SHEET CUTTER:
A power shear is electrically or pneumatically powered hand tool designed to blank
large pieces of sheet metal. They are designed to cut straight lines and relatively large radius
curves. They are advantageous over a bandsaw because there is not a size limit. Large versions
can cut sheet metal up to 12 gauge.
40.CONTINUITY TESTER:
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A continuity tester is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an
electrical path can be established between two points; that is if an electrical circuit can be made.
The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus.
41.MULTIPLE PIPE BENDER:
Tube bending is the umbrella term for metal forming processes used to permanently
form pipes or tubing. ... Straight tube stock can be formed using a bending machine to create a
variety of single or multiple bends and to shape the piece into the desired form
2.REFRIGERATION TOOLS:
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1.FLARING BLOCK:
Flare fittings are a type of compression fitting used with metal tubing, usually soft steel,
ductile (soft) copper and aluminium, though other materials are also used. Tube flaring is
considered to be a type of forging operation, and is usually a cold working procedure.
2.FLARING YOKE:
The tool usually consists of flaring bars with openings for various tube sizes and
a yoke that contains the flaring cone and a clamp to grip the flaring bars. When flaring Types
L or K copper tube, annealed or soft temper tube should be used.
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3.SWAGING TOOL:
Swaging is the action-oriented process for shaping a swage. A swage is the
shaped tool used to transform an object's shape into the desired form by bending or
shaping. Swaging is used in the metalworking field, known as metallurgy, to serve a variety of
purposes.
4.MANIFOLD GUAGE:
It holds both compound and high pressure. ... Air conditioning gauges is used to
measure air conditioner units’ pressure within closed-system to evaluate or troubleshoot the
central air units. Gauges manifold set is the most frequently used item when it comes to
refrigerant or pressure.
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5.PRESSURE GUAGE:
Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an absolute scale,
so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is zero-referenced
against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Negative signs are usually omitted.
6.COMPOUND GUAGE:
A compound gauge is a device that can display both positive and negative (vacuum)
pressures. You need to use a compound gauge when you are measuring a system that is exerting
both positive and negative pressure on the gauge.
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7.TUBE CUTTER WITH REAMER:
A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are
designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high
degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. ... The process of enlarging the hole is
called reaming.
8.HOSES OR PIPES:
Hoses are used to carry fluids through air or fluid environments, and they are typically
used with clamps, spigots, flanges, and nozzles to control fluid flow. ... A garden hose is used
to water plants in a garden or lawn, or to convey water to a sprinkler for the same purpose.
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9.RUBBER HAMMER:
A short-handled hammer, usually with a cylindrical head of wood, used chiefly to drive
a chisel or wedge. b. A similar tool with a rubber, leather, or plastic head, used to strike a
surface without damaging it. 2. Sports A long-handled implement used to strike a ball, as in
croquet and polo.
10.NYLON HAMMER:
A soft-faced hammer is a hammer designed to offer driving force without damaging
surfaces. Soft-faced hammers have replaceable faces made of plastics, nylon, rubber, copper,
or aluminium. This tool article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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11.VACCUM PUMP MOTOR:
A vacuum pump removes gas (usually air) from an enclosed sealed volume and by
doing so creates a partial vacuum (pressure < atmospheric pressure). ... You turn the vacuum
pump on and it sucks the air out of the sealed bottom chamber. This causes the liquid phase of
the mixture to fall into the bottom chamber.
12.FIN COMB:
A fin comb, also known as a coil fin tool, is a specialty tool used to straighten the bent
fins of a condensing unit for an air conditioning or heat pump system.
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13.BLOW LAMP WITH TORCH:
A blowtorch (U.S. and Australia), or blowlamp (UK), is a fuel-burning tool used for
applying flame and heat to various applications, usually metalworking. Early blowtorches used
liquid fuel, carried in a refillable reservoir attached to the lamp.
14.L-KEY SET:
Allen key in British. or Allen wrench. an L-shaped tool consisting of a rod having a
hexagonal cross section, used to turn a screw (Allen screw) with a hexagonal recess in the head.
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15.T-BAR KEY SLOTS:
Key (engineering) ... For a key to function, the shaft and rotating machine element must
have a keyway and a key seat, which is a slot and pocket in which the key fits. The whole
system is called a keyed joint. A keyed joint may allow relative axial movement between the
parts.
16.HAND TORCH:
A torch is a handheld light. Although flashlights are sometimes called "torches,"
technically a torch has a burning flame. ... The noun form of torch has been around a lot longer.
In the late 13th century torch came into English from the Old French word troche, or "twisted
thing," which was a piece of wax-dipped rope
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17.CAPILLARY BORE GUAGE:
An inside micrometre or Vernier bore gauge measures a bore directly. The gauge has
three symmetrical anvils that protrude from the gauge body that are connected to the dial or
micrometre mechanism. As the knob is rotated it moves the anvils in or out with respect to the
measurements.
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