Team 6
Human Cardio
This is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute
● Cardiac Output
Metabolite buildup and oxygen demand due to riding a bicycle will cause this reflect this
reflex of the cardiovascular system?
● Active Hyperemia
This is the name for the sounds heard when performing sphygmomanometry by
auscultation?
● Korotkov sounds
These highly distensible vessels are thin walled and have a layer of smooth muscle that
actively changes the diameter?
● Veins/Venules
The skeletal muscle pump, the venous valves, venoconstriction are all methods for
improving this
● Venous return
CApillaries lack most vessel tissue layers except this one due to their specific diffusion
functions
● Endothelial cells
These mechanically sensitive protein detect stretch to measure a cardiovascular
parameter in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
● Baroreceptors
Human reflexes
This refers to APs traveling in their “normal” (forward) direction
● Orthodromic
When angular acceleration is detected, hair cells transmit motion into an electrical
signal via this mechanism?
● Bending of stereocilia/kinocilia to open channels and de/hyper - polarize hair
cells
While most people’s H wave appears at a lower stimulus than M, this reason would
cause the M wave to appear first instead?
● Alpha motor neuron that is larger (and thus less resistant) than the 1A afferent
neuron
The H-wave measures ___ and the M-Wave measure ___
● Afferent neuron stimulation, Alpha-motor neuron stimulation
This causes inhibition of the H reflex under certain conditions
● Renshaw cells
Renshaw cells activate to decrease H-wave by
● Holding a moderate voltage and increasing its frequencies
Does Renshall cells and high frequencies stimulation affect M-Wave
● Renshaw cells does not affect M-Wave
This result of the vestibular-ocular reflex is an attempt to coordinate visual field with
perception of acceleration
● Nystagmus
What is not true during acceleration?
● The slow saccade is in the direction of the acceleration
Neuronal stimulation is more efficient than direct stimulation because
● Muscle fibers can’t activate motor unit structure to amplify tension
These reflexes can integrate multiple sources of information before initiating an effector
response
● Polysynaptic reflexes
Reflex is defined as
● An involuntary and stereotyped response
Proprioception
● The body’s ability to sense movement, action, and location.
Receptor, integrator, and effector are all components of this.
● Reflex arc
Endolymph is extremely viscous and moves readily with even slight acceleration
● Endolymph does not move right away with the slightest acceleration
Frog Skeletal
These invaginitaion of the muscle cell membrane allow action potentials to spread
inward to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
● Transverse or T-tubules
Excitation contraction coupling for neuronal stimulation relies on this critical ion in both
ECF and intracellular sources
● Calcium
The paralytic effects of tubocurarine can be circumvented by this method of stimulation
● Direct
These receptors transmit the electrical AP into a mechanical opening of the SR, forming
a key component of excitation contraction coupling.
● Ryanodine (RyR) and DHPR
This describes the rule in which motor unit are activated from smallest to largest
● Henneman Size principle
When high level of stimulation are achieved, this special type of summation is observes
● Tetany
This structure consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
● Motor unit
Respiratory
This is the order of gas-altering breathing treatments from longest to shortest breath
hold time.
● Hyperventilation, normal, rebreathing
This gas measurement is minimally invasive and can stand in for arterial pCO2
● End-tidal alveolar pCO2
This is another name for the stretch-activated “inspiratory-off-switch”
● Hering-Breuer Reflex
This part of the breathing cycle is completely passive under normal conditions
● Exhalation
This control center modulates both inspiratory and expiratory efforts
● Ventral Respiratory Group
This gas partial pressure is increased in rebreathing condition
● CO2
What is Hyperpnea
● Rapid fast breathing
The increase in ventilation matching an increase in metabolic activity is termed as
● Hyperpnea
Hypocapnia
● Decrease in alveolar and blood CO2
Hyperventilation causes
● Hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis
Instrumentation
This item acts as a translator between the experimental equipment and the computer?
● BioPac/MP36
These chemoreceptors primarily sense arterial PO2
● Peripheral chemoreceptors
This setting on the stimulator will move the stimulus left and right along the x-axis
● Delay
It is better to hand calculate this value rather than use the Mean tool when the baseline
is non-zero
● Average
This tool takes the difference between the x-axis at beginning and end of the highlighted
section
● Delta T
This must be done to the transducer before any other experimental set-up
● Calibration
This BioPac tool automatically subtracts the max value in the range from the min value
in the range
● P-P
Motor recruitment differs between the right and left arm
● True since if we use one arm more there will be more motor recruitment for that
arm
A longer muscle will always be able to produce less force than a shorter muscle
because of too little overlap
● Flase
Circadian Rhythms
What acts as the endogenous generator
● The suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
This term is used to refer to when the body relies on endogenous generator only
● Free run
What is an exemplar zeitgeber that is used for entrainments
● Light
BioPac Muscle
This process allows for increases force output during muscle contraction
● Motor Unit Recruitment
Positive reinforcement may increase the time to this in muscle cell during contraction
● Fatigue
This is the muscle fiber type we recruit in long term contraction
● Type 1, Slow oxidative.
This is the name of the force transducer used in the human muscle lab
● Dynamometer
P-P incorporates the highest and lowest values in the selected area, Delta does not
● True
Final Jeopardy
This type of drug both an increase in skeletal muscle muscle contractions and a
decrease in cardiac contraction and heart rate
● Acetylcholine agonist
Respiration:
● Hering Buerer reflex: This reflex is to prevent over inflation of the lungs. The
stretch receptor (stretch activated) is at the smooth muscle of Bronchioles. This
is stimulated when the tidal volume becomes 3 times its normal size ( when tidal
volume is > 1.5 Liter). Inspiration and expiration will be reduced making
respiration rate increases.
● Passive vs Active breathing
○ Expiration is passive
■ Diaphragm relax
■ Chest volume decreases and pressure increase
■ Rib muscle relax
○ Inspiration is active
■ Diaphragm contract
■ Chest volume increases and pressure decreases
■ Rib muscle contract
● CO2 is increased in rebreathing since we are breathing into a bag which will
accumulate CO2 causing its level to rise. When it rises with no opening for air to
come in we are breathing in the CO2 we exhale
● Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
○ Associated with expiration
● Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
○ Associated with inspiration
● Central chemoreceptor
○ Monitor pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
● Peripheral chemoreceptor
○ Found in the aortic and carotid bodies
○ Response to fluctuation of pH, CO2, and O2 in the blood
○ They send signal through the Vagus nerves (aortic) and Glossopharyngeal
nerve (carotid)
● Increase in CO2 during exercise will be sensed by central chemoreceptor leading
to faster and deeper breathing.
● Breathing is involuntary however some cases can be voluntary for example
singing, playing wind instruments, holding breath underwater.
○ Control is from primary motor cortex sending signal directly to the spinal
cord and by passing the the Respiratory center
● Increase breath hold for maximal inspiration
○ Pulmonary stretch receptors were activated by the large lung volume,
which reflexively inhibited inspiratory neurons and prolonged breath hold
Human Cardio
● Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per min
● Cardiac output = Heart rate X stroke Volume
● Stroke Volume is regulated intrinsically by volume of venous blood returning to
the ventricle and extrinsically by the sympathetic system
● Venous return is different at resting
○ Greater venous return will increase contraction strength , and hence
stroke volume, via this intrinsic mechanism
● Peripheral
● Exercise venous is less in the capillaries since it is moving into the muscle the
skeletal muscle help pushes fast back to the heart
● Cardiac output
○ Faster heart rate
○ More blood is coming through the heart to get cycle faster
○ Resting moving at a slower paste
○ Adult 60-70
● Stroke volume
○ Exercise sympathetic stimulus is increase and increases heart contraction
which increasing the stroke volume
Korotkov sound
● From the arteries, more pressure from the arteries and as you release it from the
pressure cuff, the pressure can be then push back that pressure cuff
● Temporal summation and spatial
● Temporal = tetany