BIODIVERSITY
AND
EXTINCTION,
THEN AND NOW
PRESENTED BY:
GROUP 6
DELA CRUZ, PATRICIA
DELA CRUZ, LAWRENCE
MANGGIS, HAYMODIN
MERCADO, MIEL
What is
Biodiversity?
- Derived from "biological diversity"
- Originated from the Greek word BIOS = LIFE and Latin word
DIVERSITAS = VARIETY / DIFFERENCE
- Variety of living organisms.
- Brings together the different species and forms of life.
WHAT IS EXTINCTION?
- The death of species.
LET US NOW TALK
ABOUT THE MASS
EXTINCTIONS
At five other times in the past, rates of extinction
have soared.
When huge numbers of species disappear in a
relatively short period of time.
According to the paleonthologists, they know
about these extinctions from remains of organisms
with durable skeletons that fossilized.
MASS
EXTINCTIONS:
END OF THE
CRETACEOUS
66 million years ago.
Pterosaurus, Mosasaurus,
and other marine reptiles,
many insects, and all
non-Avian dinosaurs.
Caused by environmental
consequences from the
impact of a large
asteroid hitting Earth in
the vicinity of what is now
Mexico.
LATE TRIASSIC
199 million years ago
Extinction of many
marine sponges,
gastropods, bivalves,
cephalopods,
brachiopods, and some
terrestrial insects and
vertebrates.
Caused by massive
volcanic eruptions along
margins of what is now
the Atlantic Ocean.
END PERMIAN
252 million years ago
Earth's largest extinction
most marine species such
as all trilobites, insects,
and other terrestrial
animals.
Caused by global
warming and
atmospheric changes
with huge volcanic
eruptions in what is now
Siberia.
LATE DEVONIAN
378 million years ago
Extinction of many
marine species, corals,
brachiopods, and singlecelled foraminiferans.
Causes are well not
understood until today.
LATE ORDOVICIAN
447 million years ago
Extinction of marine
organisms, some
bryozoans, reef-building
brachiopods, trilobites,
graptolites, and
conodonts.
Caused by global cooling,
glaciation, and lower sea
levels.
EXTINCTION RATES
Extinction is a natural aspect of the
evolutionary process, and the
background extinction rate is a
measure of "how often" it happens.
The extinction rate is currently predicted
to be between 1000 and 10000 times the
background rate. We are the reason
behind this.
Extinction is a typical element of
evolution: it happens spontaneously and
regularly. The timing and frequency of
extinctions have a natural background
rate: 10% of species are lost every million
years, 30% every 10 million years, and 65
percent every 100 million years.
even in species not currently endangered,
population extinction is pervasive, with losses
considerably outnumbering species-level
extinctions. Population-level extinction is a
precursor to species-level extinction and poses
a danger to ecosystem services.
The Holocene Extinction
ARE THE HUMANS PART OF
THE 6TH MASS
EXTINCTION?
The Holocene extinction, also known as the
sixth mass extinction or the Anthropocene
extinction, is an ongoing extinction event of
-“The gravity of the world’s current
species caused by human activities throughout extinction rates become clearer upon
the current Holocene epoch.
knowing what it was before people came
along. New estimates find that species die
off as much as 1000 times more frequently
Causes of Holocene Extinction
nowadays than they used to. That’s ten
times worse than the old estimate of 100
times.”
(
Brown
University,
Extinctions
during
Climate change
human era worse than thought, 2014)
Habitat Destruction
Hunting by Humans
there are more than 28,000 species at risk of
going extinct
99 % of the species threatened today have fallen
victim to habitat loss, invasive species into
foreign habitats, and climate change
HOW TO PREVENT MASS
EXTINCTION?
1. Buy Eco-Friendly Products
4. Eat Less Meat
Always avoid buying potentially damaging products
for the environment
Studies warn that meat-eaters are
speeding worldwide animals extinction.
2. 3-R Rule: Recycle, Reuse, Reduce
5. Spread Awareness: get involved
Separate and treat the discarded solid waste of the
manufacture of new products.
Tell the world! Stop the sixth mass extinction.
3. Don’t Buy Souvenirs Made From
Endangered Species
Always avoid buying potentially damaging products
for the environment
actually
HOW TO REVERSE
EXTINCTION?
De-extinction
the process of resurrecting species that
have died out, or gone extinct.
Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT)
A technique in which the nucleus of a
somatic (body) cell is transferred to the
cytoplasm of an enucleated egg.
Dolly the sheep - 1990s
Back Breeding
The term used to describe the use of
selective breeding to resurrect specific
ancestral traits within populations of living
organisms
Phenotypical
reconstruction
(similar
appearance) does not assure behavioral
similarity.
The production of a breed that displays the
traits of a wild ancestor, is based on the
principles of selective breeding, which
humans have used for centuries to develop
animals with desired traits.
Genome Editing
A group of technologies that give scientists
the ability to change an organism's DNA.
These technologies allow genetic material
to be added, removed, or altered at
particular locations in the genome.
Iterative Evolution
A natural process of de-extinction.
It is the repeated evolution of similar or
parallel structures from the same ancestor
but at different times.