During the reign of Abdülhamid II (1876-1909), Mithat Pasha and her comrades had the
sultan signed “Kanuni Esasi” for democratization, it is the first and only constitution that
came into force in the Ottoman Empire. Despite the democratization efforts, some parts in the
constitution were still in favor of the empire. The most obvious of these was the absolute
power of termination (Mutlak Fesih Yetkisi). The sultan's right to continue legislating by
decree was not restricted in the Kanuni Esasi, and the freedom to veto laws passed in
parliament remained. Sultan used this power to dismiss parliament since some members of
parliament didn’t want to conduct war with Russia.
The constitution of 1924 was used between 1924-1961 in Turkey. According to this law, two
of unification of power (legislative and executive powers) was embodied in the TBMM. That
means TBMM was the sole representative of the nation. The problem was there wasn’t checks
and balances and this paved the way for an authoritarian system. The fact that the legislative
task is directly in the Parliament allows them to declare war, approve execution decisions, and
do things legally, such as issuing special pardons, without control.