Concentration Calculations
Concentration
apor Pressure calculations
Amount of solution
or
-
-
grams.IE?esi-g%aFnssoiua+-
Mole Fraction
•
Hvcp
100%
-
P, > Pz
•
sina.ru?iesiiiiFcomsona+s-
✗ a-
SOLVENT
Molarity
M=
moles
liters of solution
:
Addition of solute
point
lowers
the
[
=
=
-
VDW forces
surface
;
(i=1
j-molesofpant.ie/einSolutionsolute dissolved
in
Fish
water
←
.
pressure pure
of
C
higher boiling point
# :# of
in
contact w/
atoms in
crystalline
,
and
polarizability
0-11, N H F H
,
ccplfcc
-
,
edge length (e)
bcc edge length
(e)
:
Center
( higher #
=
more
Volume -_e3
•
Ion :c
density
-_
1-
=
large
ions
l
-
like NaCl
l salts
need
to be
octahedral holes
filled
in
have charge
(4
→
Ct
,
order
(anions
4 Nat)
,
Catz fills all the tetrahedral holes
.
to
•
Packing
occurs to
electrostatic
are
•
Also
into
¥
number)(volume)
ions
<
than cations,
between
minimize
ions
.
more e-
Octahedral increasing
,
=
0.414 R
crystal expands
between Saine charged
fit into holes
bigger
bigger than the
.
to
=
far)2=2été=3eZ?
the holes and
ions
reflects need
repulsion
0.22 SR
achieve maximum
attraction
different charged
→
tetrahedral holes
the
so
Exception Csf F:
Cations go
cations are
neutrality
fills the holes
of
•
@
-
(Avogadro 's
Trigonal < tetrahedral
'
fz=eZtez=2e2
(# atoms)(molar mass)
Solids : Smaller counter
between
e
bz=(4r)Z=f2te
edge length
e-
e
e
e
=
-
e
b- body length
abcabc
fills half
polarizability T
→
-
Closest Packed Chcp) abab
,
Ceg 2h51
F- N difference)
ez + e2=4rZ→2e?=/6rZ→e=J8r
Crystal Is :(Rcoord #)
Real ionic solids
strength,
-
-
(smaller
ion increases
Closely packed)
•
force
,
→
f- face length
Lattice points
atom
,
lower vapor pressure
dipole dipole SH bonding
increasing intermolecular
area
•
coordination
'
Ccplfcp
→
-
lyles)
•
-
Pos
Deviation
Point:(Rap =Patmosphere)
Boiling
→
Neg
Deviation
Ideal
solvent
lattice
Hexagonal
Flying
-
atoms
-
lower IMF )
,
non electro
'
Metallic
vapor
for
crystalline solids/ Unit cells
•
increases
-
> As size of
constant
Van 't Hoff factor
intermolecular forces)
(endothermic
Pressure
AM stronger intermolecular forces
.
moles of
Law : F- KX
Chemical Effect on
freezing
Negative deviation lowers vapor pressure
Positive deviation
•
atm (constant)
solvent, ✗, = mole fraction
of solvents
Freezing point depression
Kelvin !
are
similar
(exothermic strong
,
,
R=XR°CR°= vapor
m=kmgo%%[ea+-
in
,
obeys
-
DTf=iKfm/m= molality,
Kf
T is
Tz
law
solvent and solute
Raoult 's Law (Non Volatile solutions) :
•
Freezing Point Depression
•
>
,
chemically
•
p-wtai-X.RO/-Xzpzo
for ideal solutions (PV=nRT
Raoult 's
pressure
don't disassociate
Molality
solute
,
Only
solution of 2
a
For dilute solutions of gases that
•
(water)
:
7
,
Henry's
,
=
E)
-
Heat/enthaply of vaporization
←
* For Raoult 's Law (PFX.RO)
A-
=
Pvap= Vapor
•
Component A :
of
-
Pfg
•
Volatile liquids:
Equation :
ln(P¥•)=☐";=(÷
solvent
Weight/Mass percent :
weight %
Clapeyron
Clausius
É.
=
Vapor pressure of
•
holes
,
atomic
radius