Learning Activity Sheet Number 5 Quarter 3
Date: April 11-15, 2022
Subject: Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Content: Understanding Ways to Collect Data
Topics:
1. RESEARCH DESIGN
2. POPULATION
3. SAMPLING METHOD
4. INSTRUMENT
5. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Learning Competency: Describes adequately research design (either quantitative or qualitative),
data gathering instrument, sample, data collection and analysis procedures, prepares data
gathering instrument
A.
Review of Related Literature
Structure of a Literature Review
I.
Literature Review
A. Introduction of Literature Review
B. Conceptual Literature
1. First Concept
2. Second Concept
3. Third Concept and so on…
II.
Related Studies
A. Study 1
B. Study 2
C. Study 3 and so on…
III.
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Synthesis
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction for Literature Review
• State the purpose of writing the literature review.
• Indicate the scope or coverage of the review.
• Present the organization of the review's content.
First Concept
• Definition
• Description (types, functions, importance, features, effects and/or causes, advantages
and/or disadvantages if applicable)
Second Concept
• Definition
• Description (types, functions, importance, features, effects and/or causes, advantages
and/or disadvantages if applicable)
Third Concept
• Definition
Description (types, functions, importance, features, effects and/or causes, advantages and/or
disadvantages if applicable)
Fourth Concept (If there are more concepts.)
Related Studies
Study 1.
» General and specific objectives of Study 1
» Research design, participants/respondents, and instrument/s used
» Major findings related to your paper
» Conclusions related to your paper.
» Weaknesses of Study 1 that were addressed by Study 2
Study 2.
» General and specific objectives of Study 2
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» Research design, participants/respondents, and instrument/s used
» Major findings related to your paper
» Conclusions related to your paper
» Weaknesses of Study 2 that were addressed by Study 3
Study 3.
» General and specific objectives of Study 3
» Research design, participants/respondents, and instrument/s used
» Major findings related to your paper
» Conclusions related to your paper
» Weaknesses of Study 3 that were addressed by your study
Study 4 (If there are more studies that are related, connected or familiar to your study)
Synthesis
• Reinforcement of research gap after reviewing the available literature
• Statement that your study attempts to address the identified research gap
• Relationship of literature review with specific objectives or research
questions of your study
B.
Concepts of the Study: Research Methodology
Structure of Methodology
I.
Research Design
• Qualitative approach and design OR
• Quantitative approach and design
II.
Sampling and Participants/Respondents
• Number of participants or respondents
• Participants’/Respondents’ demographic
characteristics
• Setting of the study i.e., where and when the study
will be conducted)
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III.
Instrument/s
• Instrument 1
• Instrument 2
• Instrument 3
IV.
Data-gathering Procedure
• Procedure for instrument 1
• Procedure for instrument 2
• Procedure for instrument 3
V.
Data Analysis
• Statistical methods used in the study
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
A. Explain why you use quantitative or qualitative research in your study.
B. Explain the specific quantitative or qualitative approach used and why this is
chosen.
Sampling and Participants/Respondents
A. Explain the context of the study or the time and place where the
study is conducted.
B. Explain relevant details about the participants/respondents. These include the number of
participants and their demographic characteristics such as age, gender, socio-economic status,
and other relevant background information.
Instruments
A. Describe instrument 1 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated and revised. If it is
adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and describe its reliability and validity.
B. Describe instrument 2 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated and revised. If it is
adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and describe its reliability and validity.
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C. Describe instrument 3 and justify its use. Explain how it is validated and revised. If it is
adopted, explain the reason for its adoption and describe its reliability and validity.
Data-gathering Procedure
Explain the specific steps that you will undertake to complete the data gathering phase.
Data Analysis
Describe the statistical test that you will use to analyze your data. Justify your choice.
I.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design - describes
whether your study is
qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative Research - to qualify
the data from observation, keyinformant/s or focused group
discussion by describing or
projecting images or figures into
words.
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Quantitative Research - as the
name implies, is gathering
quantifiable data and performing
statistical, mathematical, or
computational techniques.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
ethnography
narrative
phenomenological
grounded theory
and case study
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
descriptive
causal-comparative
experimental
grounded theory
and correlation
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Types of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1 – DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive Research aims to accurately describe the facts and characteristics of a given
population, situation, or phenomenon.
Types of Descriptive Research Design
1.1. Descriptive – Survey. This type of descriptive research design uses survey to gather needed
data on a group of people without making any judgment.
Using the survey research as the method of research, an organization conducting survey ask
different survey questions from the respondents using the various types like online surveys, online
polls paper questionnaires, etc and then collect data and analyze collected data in order to produce
the numerical results.
Example: The annual data coming from the Philippine Statistics Authority regarding the country’s
population and how it is varied depending on age, sex, civil status, and others uses this type of
descriptive research design.
1.2. Descriptive – Normative Survey. This type of descriptive research design is an extension of
the descriptive – survey design. The inclusion of the word ‘normative’ means the gathered data
(descriptive) must be critiqued to identify ways to improve it (normative).
Example: A researcher conducted a study to assess the reading skills of students in Capas Central
District. The results of this test are then compared with the division norm. If the result of the
reading assessment of the students in Capas Central District is one standard deviation (+1SD) above
the mean, it means that their achievement is very satisfactory; if within the mean, satisfactory; and
one standard deviation below the mean (-1SD), unsatisfactory or the students in the district need
improvement.
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1.3. Descriptive – Status Survey. This type of descriptive research design seeks to answer questions
about real – life situations, with the assumptions that things may change.
Example: A researcher conducted a study to determine the socio-economic status of teachers
nearing retirement.
1.4. Descriptive – Analysis Survey. This type of descriptive research design determines or describes
the nature of an object by separating it into parts with the purpose of identifying or discovering
the nature of things.
Example: A researcher conducted a study to analyze the nature of jobs of newly hired teachers
(same position and salary) teaching in the far-flung areas and those in the cities.
1.5. Descriptive – Classification Survey. This type of descriptive research design falls under the
natural sciences. Its purpose is to classify animals and plants according to their unique traits or
characteristics.
Example: A researcher collected various samples of mollusks from different research stations and
then identified and classified them accordingly.
1.6. Descriptive – Evaluative Survey. This type of descriptive research design seeks to carefully
judge or assess the value of the topic being studied.
Example: A researcher conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of Project Buhay on the
self-reliance skills of junior high school students in Capas, Tarlac
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1.7. Descriptive – Comparative Study. This is a type of a descriptive research design which
establishes a formal procedure to compare if a variable is better than the other (both are not
researcher – manipulated) if significant difference exists.
Example: A researcher conducted a study comparing the behaviors of children who were raised by
their grandparents and children who were raised by their parents
2 – CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Causal-Comparative Research method is used to draw conclusions with respect to the cause and
effect equation between the two or more than two variables, where the one variable will be
dependent on other variables which will be independent.
3 – EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
This analysis is done for the purpose of proving or for disproving the statement. It is generally used
in the field of natural sciences or in the field of social sciences as in those areas various statements
are there which required to be proved as right or wrong
4 – CORRELATION RESEARCH
Correlation Research conducted for establishing a relationship between the two closely associated
entities for knowing the impact of one on other and the changes which eventually observed. It is
carried for giving value to the naturally occurring relationships. For this research minimum, two
different groups will be required.
Correlational Study. This aims to describe and measure the degree of association between two or
more variables or sets of scores.
Example: A researcher conducted a study to identify the relationship of playing mobile games and
students’ academic performance.
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II.
SAMPLING AND PARTICIPANTS/RESPONDENTS
In instances where the researcher does not have enough time or resources to make the entire
target population as subjects/respondents, he/she may select a few from the whole population to
participate in his/her study. This group of subjects is called the sample.
POPULATION refers to the entire group that the researcher wants to study. It is a group of persons
or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of interest to the researcher, and
about which the researcher seeks to learn more.
Two groups of population:
1. Target population is composed of the entire group of people or objects to which the
researcher wishes to generalize the findings of the study.
2. Accessible population is the portion of the population to which the researcher has
reasonable access.
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POPULATION SIZE refers to the number of subjects in a population and is usually represented by
“N”.
SAMPLE refers to the specific group that either serves as the representative of the entire
population or have met a certain set of qualifications. This is where the researcher will collect the
data from.
SAMPLE SIZE refers to the number of subjects included in a study and is usually represented by
“n”.
There are four (4) ways that you can use to determine the sample size:
1. Heuristics (used in qualitative study using introspection or self-analysis)
2. Literature review (related studies’ sample size as reference to your study)
3. Formulas
4. Power analysis
Heuristics in quantitative study according to Lunenburg and Irby (2008)
Research Design
Number of Participants
Survey
800
Correlational
100 to 200
Ex post facto
30+
Experimental
30 or more
Determining the Sample Size using Formula
1. Slovin’s Formula
• Sample size can be obtained using this formula where n = sample size, N = total population;
e = margin of error:
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For example, in the case where the total population is 8,000 with a 5% margin
of error:
8,000
= 1 + (8,000)(0.05)2
Note: Change percent number of the margin of error from 5% to the decimal number
0.05.
8,000
=
𝑛
=
1 + (8,000)(0.0025)
8,000
1 + 20
𝑛
=
8,000
21
=
380.95 𝑜𝑟 381
Sample Size is 381 out of the total population of 8,000
A. Margin of Error – it is the allowable error margin in research. Its main purpose is to identify how
many percentage points the results will differ from the real population value.
B. Confidence Interval – it allows us to see the actual low and high limits of the estimate at a given
significance level.
C. Confidence Level – it tells how confident the researcher is to the result of the study.
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For example, in a survey conducted about the practices of Filipinos everyValentine’s day, 67% said
they “consider it as a normal day”.
Margin of Error: The researcher used a 3% margin of error, so we can say that there are 67% of
Filipinos that “consider it as a normal day”, plus or minus 3 percentage points.
Confidence Interval: It tells us that the number of Filipinos that “consider it as a normal day” is
somewhere between 64% (67% result - 3% margin of error) and 70% (67% result +3% margin of
error).
Confidence Level: The researcher chose a 95% confidence level which means that the researcher is
95% sure that 64% - 70% of Filipinos consider Valentine’s day as a normal day.
2.Computation of sample size can be done online. Search for sample size calculator and choose
which site to use. One good site is the Qualtrics Sample Size Calculator.
http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
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3. For basic research studies, the minimum sample size is 100. If the target population is less than
100, then it is highly advisable to include all of them in the study. For bigger population, 10% of it
as a sample size is an ideal number, as long as it does not exceed to 1000. For example, if the total
population is 8,000, 10% would be 800.
4. For Fraenkel & Wallen (2012), descriptive studies need a sample of at least 100 respondents.
For correlational studies, a sample of at least 50 is needed to establish the existence of a
relationship. Lastly, for experimental studies, a minimum of 30 individuals per group is
recommended.
SAMPLING is a process through which the researcher selects a portion or segment from the
population at the center of the researcher’s study.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE refers to the process by which the samples have been selected.
Simple Random
Sampling
Systematic
Random Sampling
Probability
Sampling
Sampling
Techniques
Stratified Random
Sampling
Non-probability
Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING. This is a type of sampling technique where all the members of the
population have equal chances to be selected as subjects. This will be done through the process
of randomization.
Types of Probability Sampling
1.1. Simple Random Sampling
This allows the researcher to select his/her subjects through drawing lots, using a table of random
numbers or other random number generators.
Do this until you achieve the required number of subjects.
This is to ensure that the selection will be based entirely by chance.
1.2. Systematic Random Sampling
This uses intervals to select the subjects.
Find the total number of the target population and divide it to the required sample size (if there
are 500 students and you need 100 subjects, divide 500 to 100 and the answer is 5).
Get a list of all Grade 8 students arranged in any order (Note: Avoid list that is influenced by any
bias towards any of the subjects.)
Next, choose any number from 1 to 10 (for example 4). From number 4 onwards, every 5th
person on the list will be selected (4,9,14,19…).
Do this until you achieve the required number of subjects (in this case the sample size is 100).
1.3. Stratified Random Sampling
This divides the population into groups (stratum/strata) based on their profile (it can either be
according to age, socio-economic status, gender, or anything depending on the study).
The purpose of this sampling technique is to obtain a sample population that will best represent
the entire population being studied.
To identify the subjects, start by getting the total number of the target population.
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Determine the sample size.
Get the total number of individuals in each stratum.
Divide each number of individuals in each stratum by the total population then multiply by the
desired sample size.
In the sample where the total population is 500, 300 males and 200 females, with 50 sample size,
divide 300 males by the total population of 500 then multiply by the desired sample size of 50 to
get 30. Same will be done to females. 200 females divided by total population of 500 multiplied by
the sample size of 50 to get 20.
So, there will be 30 male and 20 female participants with a total sample size of 50.
Simple random sampling or systematic random sampling may then be used to identify the
subjects in each stratum.
1.4. Cluster Sampling
Just like stratified random sampling, cluster sampling is also divided into subgroups. However,
they are different in the sense that:
a. cluster sampling is used when the target respondents are spread across a geographical
location (province, barangays, schools, etc.). Instead of strata, the groups in this type of sampling
technique is called clusters; and
b. stratified sampling requires that all strata must be represented while in cluster sampling, only
selected clusters may be represented in the study.
There are also different types of cluster sampling:
(1) Single-stage cluster sampling. The researcher will select the clusters to be used through
random sampling and then all the elements belonging in the chosen clusters must serve as subjects
or respondents.
Step 1. If the target population are the residents of Tarlac, it will be divided into towns (clusters).
Step 2. Random sampling will be done to identify which towns the researcher is going to use.
Step 3. After identifying, all citizens of the selected towns (clusters) will serve as sample.
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(2) Two-stage or double-stage cluster sampling. The researcher will select the clusters to be used
through random sampling and then another random sampling will be done within the cluster to
select the sample.
Step 1. If the target population are the residents of Tarlac, it will be divided into towns (clusters).
Step 2. Random sampling will be done to identify which towns the researcher is going to use.
However, not all residents in the identified towns will serve as respondents.
Step 3. Another random sampling will be done in each town to select the barangays that the
researchers will use. This means that unlike the single-stage cluster sampling, not all citizens in the
selected towns will serve as sample but only those citizens living on the selected barangays.
(3) Multistage sampling in which the researcher, after doing the two-stage
cluster sampling, will do another random sampling.
Step 1. If the target population are the residents of Tarlac, it will be divided into towns (clusters).
Step 2. Random sampling will be done to identify which towns the researcher is going to use.
However, not all residents in the identified towns will serve as respondents.
Step 3. Another random sampling will be done in each town to select the barangays that the
researchers will use.
Step 4. To achieve the multistage sampling, not all citizens on each barangay will serve as sample
as the researcher will randomly select citizens in the barangay to become participants. We will
notice that as we progress with the types of cluster sampling, sample size becomes smaller and
smaller.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING. This is a type of sampling technique wherethe researcher’s
subjective judgment is used to select the subjects.
Types of Non-probability Sampling
2.1. Convenience Sampling
This is where participants included where chosen because they are conveniently available to the
researcher.
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For example, a researcher conducting a study about vendors can only gather data after his classes
has ended at 5 in the afternoon, therefore, only the vendors who are still at their posts at that time
will be available for the study. Those who are selling in the early morning or in the evening will not
be able to participate.
2.2. Snowball Sampling
This is where participants are recruited to be a part of the study through other participants.
For example, a researcher conducted a study about the farmers in Bueno, Capas. However, she
was not able to have a complete list of farmers in the place. What she did was she interviewed a
farmer that she knew and then ask him for a name of another farmer. The recruited farmer, after
the interview, also referred other farmers. This was done until the researcher completed her
desired sample size.
2.3. Purposive Sampling
This is where the participants were chosen by the researcher using a set of criteria.
For example, a researcher conducted a study about the perceptions of HUMSS graduates who
will be taking up a medical course in college. Those HUMSS graduate who would not take up a
medical course would not be included in the research study.
2.4. Quota Sampling
This is like stratified random sampling. However, each group has an equal or proportionate
representation of subjects.
Groups maybe divided depending on the preferred variable of the researcher. It can either be
age bracket, gender, grade level, etc.
For example, a researcher conducted a study where junior high school students are the target
population. Regardless of differences in number in each grade level, the researcher decided to get
25 participants each to reach the desired sample size of 100.
SUBJECT refers to the individual participating in a research study, individual or entity which serve
as the focus of the study. It is also known as case, participant, or respondent.
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Respondents are individuals or groups of people who actively serve as sources of information
during data collection.
Elements refer to subjects/participants of the study who are not people.
III.
INSTRUMENTS
Research Instruments
These are tools used in data collection procedure that will aid the researcher in answering his/her
research questions.
It is important that the content of the research instrument must be consistent to the research
questions.
If the instrument is researcher-made, it must undergo a test for validity and reliability.
If the instrument is adopted, meaning the researcher used an instrument crafted by other
researchers nearly verbatim (meaning word for word), then the description of the instrument must
be included.
If the instrument is adapted, meaning the researcher changed some parts of an instrument
crafted by other researchers, then it must undergo validation again.
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IV.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Seek the permission of the following:
1. Author of the instrument if it is adapted
2. Research teacher
3. Head of the research locale
Distribution of research instrument to the
target respondents
Retrieval of research instruments
ACTIVITY: INDIVIDUAL WORK
1. Write your topic and research questions on a paper or notebook.
2. Identify these parts of Chapter 2 of your study: research design, and sampling and subjects.
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