TRENDS,
NETWORKS, AND
CRITICAL
THINKING IN THE
21ST CENTURY
CULTURE:
DEMOCRATIC
INTERVENTIONS
ALJON I. CONCILLADO
TIP-QUEZON CITY SHS
2ND SEMESTER SY 2021-2022
§ DEFINING DEMOCRACY
§ ELEMENTS OF DEMOCRACY
OUTLINE
§ MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
§ PARTICIPATORY
§ DIRECT
§ REPRESENTATIVE
§ DEMOCRACY & CIVIL SOCIETY
§ ELEMENTS OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
§ Democracy is derived from two Greek words,
namely, demos (people) and Kratos (rule) which
means “rule by the people.” As a system of
government, democracy adheres to the rule of
the people. It provides people the right to
exercise “some form of genuine control over
government” (Lawson, 1989, 547).
DEMOCRACY
§ Under a democratic system, the government
provides citizens with rights to express
themselves freely; to make decisions in
accordance with the rule of the majority of the
people, and to elect officials who exercise
political power and represent the interests of the
people.
Democracy is an egalitarian form of
government in which all the citizens of
a nation together determine public
policy, the laws, and the actions of their
state. It requires that all citizens (meeting
certain qualifications) have an equal
opportunity to express their opinion. In
practice, democracy is the extent to which
a given system approximates this ideal. A
given political system is referred to as a
democracy if it allows a certain
approximation to ideal democracy.
Freedom of political expression democracies
are primarily countries whose policies are
benign towards the political expressions of their
citizens. Authentic democracies do not penalize
their people regardless of political expression.
§ Freedom of speech
§ democracies allow their citizens to not only
have the luxury of having their own political
opinions, but they also allow the people for
any artistic and creative expression be it
political or not. Setting the usual regulations
aside for censorship, there are virtually no
boundaries in what can be published, stated,
created, and distributed.
§ Freedom of the press
§ Essentially, democracy is
measured in terms of the freedom
given to its press. This includes
not only the existence of a healthy
amount of media outlets having
independent platforms, but it also
looks into the status of the rights
of media personnel as well as the
incidences where journalists have
been penalized, harmed, or put
into peril just because o covering
a particular event.
Protection of individual liberties
the conduct of free elections
assurance of political equality
OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS
Collective exercise of equal rights to participate in
the decision-making processes
popular sovereignty
equality and liberty
separation of powers
majority ruling.
Helena Catt (1999) identified three different
approaches to Democracy as Democratic Models.
She named three models that still appear to be true
and relevant to the current conditions of our time.
PARTICIPATORY
DEMOCRATIC
MODELS
DIRECT
REPRESENTATIVE
§ PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
§ In a participatory democracy, people rule
through the collective discussion of issues that
need to be debated. They discuss and take
into consideration as well the possible
solutions to the problem until such time that an
arrangement on the best solution or option for
the group is achieved. In this model of
democracy, decisions and solutions are
agreed upon and made by all members
without resorting to a vote (Catt, 1999, 16).
§ EX:
§ COOPERATIVE MEETINGS
§ POLITICAL PARTY CONVENTIONS (US)
DEMOCRATIC
MODELS
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRATIC
MODELS
people decide in an assembly or forum of
citizens, without conducting an election or
using representatives. Direct democracy
has an element of proximity because
people assemble in a particular venue. It
also has an element of directness because
people decide for their community
together and directly without the use of
formal mediation (Saward, 2003, 54-55).
EX:
SPORTS CLUB MEETING
HOA MEETINGS
REFERRENDUMS
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
§ Representative democracy requires the
DEMOCRATIC
MODELS
election of a few members who are
responsible for making the necessary
decisions for the people. These people
are chosen by the electorate as their
representatives in government and thus
they are answerable to the people for
making such decisions
EX:
PTA ELECTIONS
LOCAL/ NATIONAL ELECTIONS
PARLIAMENTARY/ CONGRESSIONAL
BRANCH OF GOVT.
Democracy values the people’s civil and
political rights. These rights serve as the
cornerstone of democratic institutions. In
a democracy, people enjoy the freedom of
religion, movement, assembly, association,
expression, and Information. They also
exercise their rights to personal security,
protection against arbitrary detention, and
the right to a fair trial. Governments must
ensure the Political and civil rights of the
people are protected and exercised.
Popular Support of Government
Political Competition
§ Popular support is a very important
§ Under a democratic system, the
component of democracy because
democratic governments needed
legitimacy that is rooted in the
support that they received from a
majority of votes cast by people in a
free and fair election.
people have several choices when
electing officials. Candidates
belonging to different political
parties and each of them has their
own party platform and individual
plans of action for their constituents.
. Alternation of Power
Popular Representation
§ In a democratic system of
§ In representative democratic
government. Power is alternated. No
leader or party stays in power
forever nor can they hold the position
for as long as they like.
governments, people vote for
legislators and leaders who will
serve as their voice in the national
government. They elect
representatives and senators in
Congress and in the Senate
respectively to promote the welfare
and protect the interests of their
constituents.
Majority Rule
§ the decision of the majority would
have to be respected and followed by
everyone. Those who got the greatest
number of support or approval will
have to be accepted and
implemented. Those who got the
majority number of votes get elected
to public office.
Recognition of Rights to Dissent and
Disobedience
§ As such, people have the right to
resist the orders and policies of the
government if they believe that it is
against the will of the people. In
contemporary times, the right to
dissent and disobedience can be
seen when people conduct strikes,
rallies, and mass demonstrations to
show their displeasure with the
policies of the government.
Political Equality
Popular Consultation
§ In representative democratic
§ Governments serve the interests of
governments, people have equal
rights to run for public office. If a
person satisfies the fundamental
requirements to be able to run in a
particular government position, then
he or she has the right to be elected.
the people. But does government
learn about the needs and interests
of the people? This is done through
consultation. Government must be
responsive to the demands and
needs of its constituents.
§ For this performance task, you will work as groups of FOUR.
§ Here are the things you are supposed to do:
§ Identify ONE BEST DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE being done in ANY DEMOCRATIC
§
§
§
§
FOREIGN COUNTRY. Simply state it’s title, a short description of it on how and where it’s
done and an image of the said practice.
Then, IDENTIFY ONE WORST (UNDEMOCRATIC) practice HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES and
explain why IT IS HAPPENING. An image of the said practice is also REQUIRED.
Then write a short synthesis on comparing the two practices and why the BEST practice is
possible in the other country and WHY ITS NOT HAPPENING in the Philippines.
The template is on the following page
USE THE FILIPINO LANGUAGE IN ALL PARTS.
IMAGE
BEST PRACTICE- (DETAILS,
PARAGRAPH)
IMAGE
WORST PRACTICE- (DETAILS,
PARAGRAPH)
SYNTHESIS & ANALYSIS (IN FILIPINO)