Name
Name _______________________________
Date
Date ________________
APUSGOPO Vocabulary
APUSGOPO
Vocabulary –
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Fill in
in the
the Blanks
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Constitution
Constitution
reserved powers
1.
Power
to the
the Tenth
Amendment to
the Constitution;
the states
1. ___________________________________
Power reserved
reserved to
the states
states by
by the
Tenth Amendment
to the
Constitution; it
it gives
gives the
states
powers
powers not
not delegated
delegated to
to the
the national
national government.
government.
checkes and balances
2.
An important
the Madisonian
2. ___________________________________ An
important part
part of
of the
Madisonian model
model designed
designed to
to limit
limit government’s
government's power
power by
by
requiring
that
power
be
balanced
among
the
different
governmental
institutions.
These
institution
continually
check
requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institution continually check one
one
another’s
another's activities.
activities. This
This system
system reflects
reflects Madison’s
Madison's goal
goal of
of setting
setting power
power against
against power.
power.
judical review
3.
the
3. ___________________________________ The
The power
power of
of the
the courts
courts to
to determine
determine whether
whether acts
acts of
of Congress,
Congress, and
and by
by implication
implication the
executive,
with the
John Marshall
executive, are
are in
in accord
accord with
the U.S.
U.S. Constitution.
Constitution. Established
Established by
by John
Marshall and
and his
his associates
associates in
in Marbury
Marbury v.
v. Madison.
Madison.
implied power
4. ___________________________________
4.
Powers
those enumerated
Powers of
of the
the federal
federal government
government that
that go
go beyond
beyond those
enumerated in
in the
the Constitution.
Constitution.
Federalism
Federalism
fiscal dederalism A concept
5.
where funding
to the
5. ___________________________________ A
concept of
of federalism
federalism where
funding is
is appropriated
appropriated by
by the
the federal
federal government
government to
the
states
with specific
the cornerstone
with state
states with
specific conditions
conditions attached;
attached; it
it is
is the
cornerstone of
of the
the national
national government’s
government's relations
relations with
state and
and local
local
governments.
Also defined
governments. The
The legislation
legislation can
can be
be in
in the
the form
form of
of mandates.
mandates. Also
defined as
as the
the pattern
pattern of
of spending,
spending, taxing
taxing and
and providing
providing
grants
the federal
grants in
in the
federal system.
system.
mulloch v nmarryland
6.
An 1819
that established
6. ___________________________________ An
1819 Supreme
Supreme Court
Court decision
decision that
established the
the supremacy
supremacy of
of the
the national
national government
government
over
state
governments.
In
deciding
the
case,
Chief
Justice
John
Marshall
and
his
colleagues
held
that
Congress
had
over state governments. In deciding the case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain
certain
implied
to the
the Constitution.
implied powers
powers in
in addition
addition to
the enumerated
enumerated powers
powers found
found in
in the
Constitution.
mocmerce clause
7.
Article I Section
the authority
7. ___________________________________ Article
Section 8
8 of
of the
the Constitution
Constitution giving
giving Congress
Congress the
authority to
to regulate
regulate interstate
interstate
commerce
with foreign
commerce and
and commerce
commerce with
foreign countries.
countries.
I
feederalism
8.___________________________________
A way
that two
two levels
the
8.
A
way of
of organizing
organizing a
a nation
nation so
so that
levels of
of government
government have
have formal
formal authority
authority over
over the
same
Also defined
same land
land and
and people.
people. It
It is
is a
a system
system of
of shared
shared power
power between
between units
units of
of government.
government. Also
defined as
as the
the overall
overall division
division of
of
power
power between
between the
the federal
federal government
government and
and state
state governments.
governments.
devolution
9.
9. ___________________________________ Transferring
Transferring of
of responsibility
responsibility for
for policies
policies from
from the
the federal
federal government
government to
to state
state and
and local
local
governments.
governments.
blokc grants
10.
Federal
to communities
10. ___________________________________
Federal grants
grants given
given more
more or
or less
less automatically
automatically to
to states
states or
or to
communities to
to support
support
broad
broad programs
programs in
in areas
areas such
such as
as community
community development
development or
or social
social services.
services.
fullfaith andf credit clause
11.
A clause
Article IV,
to recognize
11. ___________________________________ A
clause in
in Article
IV, Section
Section 1,
1, of
of the
the Constitution
Constitution requiring
requiring each
each state
state to
recognize the
the
official
documents
and
civil
judgments
rendered
by
the
courts
of
other
states.
official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.
dual defderalism
12.
A system
which both
12. ___________________________________ A
system of
of government
government in
in which
both the
the states
states and
and the
the national
national government
government remain
remain
supreme
supreme in
in their
their own
own spheres,
spheres, each
each responsible
responsible for
for some
some policies.
policies.
Public
Public Opinion
Opinion &
& Political
Political Socialization
Socialization
tracking polls
13.
A type
13. ___________________________________ A
type of
of poll
poll repeated
repeated periodically
periodically with
with the
the same
same group
group of
of people
people to
to check
check and
and measure
measure
changes
changes of
of opinion
opinion or
or knowledge
knowledge over
over time.
time.
political socializition
14.
14. ___________________________________ The
The process
process through
through which
which an
an individual
individual acquires
acquires his
his or
or her
her particular
particular political
political orientations
orientations
–- his
his or
or her
her knowledge,
knowledge, feelings,
feelings, and
and evaluations
evaluations regarding
regarding his
his or
or her
her political
political world.
world.
political efficacy
15.
that one’s
vote can
15. ___________________________________ The
The belief
belief that
that one’s
one's political
political participation
participation really
really matters
matters –
- that
one's vote
can actually
actually
make
make aa difference.
difference.
ASSET
16.
A coherent
16. ___________________________________ A
coherent set
set of
of beliefs
beliefs about
about politics,
politics, public
public policy,
policy, and
and public
public purpose.
purpose. It
It helps
helps give
give
meaning
to political
meaning to
political events,
events, personalities
personalities and
and policies.
policies.
Political
Political Parties
Parties
critical election
17.
An election
whereby new
17. ___________________________________ An
election “earthquake”
"earthquake" whereby
new issues
issues emerge,
emerge, new
new coalitions
coalitions replace
replace old
old ones,
ones, and
and
the
majority
party
is
often
displaced
by
the
minority
party.
Such
elections
are
sometimes
marked
by
a
national
crisis
and
may
the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Such elections are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may
require
than one
to bring
require more
more than
one election
election to
bring about
about a
a new
new party
party era.
era.
liberal
18.
18. ___________________________________ Characterized
Characterized by
by political
political gridlock
gridlock as
as the
the result
result of
of different
different political
political parties
parties having
having control
control
of
of different
different branches
branches of
of government.
government.
liberal
19.
A person
who prefers
19. ___________________________________ A
person who
prefers a
a government
government active
active in
in dealing
dealing with
with human
human needs,
needs, supports
supports
individual
Also defined
individual rights
rights and
and liberties,
liberties, and
and gives
gives higher
higher priority
priority to
to social
social needs
needs than
than to
to military
military needs.
needs. Also
defined as
as a
a person
person who
who
believes
believes in
in greater
greater government
government intervention,
intervention, higher
higher taxes,
taxes, and
and a
a smaller
smaller military.
military.
Critical
20.
20. ___________________________________ The
The gradual
gradual disengagement
disengagement of
of people
people and
and politicians
politicians from
from the
the parties,
parties, as
as seen
seen in
in part
part by
by
shrinking
party
identification.
shrinking party identification.
Nominations
Nominations &
& Campaigns
Campaigns
v
21. ___________________________________ In
21.
Amendment prohibits
In this
this case
case the
the United
United States
States Supreme
Supreme Court
Court held
held that
that the
the First
First Amendment
prohibits the
the
government
from
restricting
political
independent
expenditures
by
corporations,
associations,
or
labor
unions
government from restricting political independent expenditures by corporations, associations, or labor unions
Primary Election
22. ___________________________________ An
22.
An election
election that
that selects
selects candidates.
candidates.
closed primary
23.
to select
which only
23. ___________________________________ Elections
Elections to
select party
party nominees
nominees in
in which
only people
people who
who have
have registered
registered in
in advance
advance
with the
with
the party
party can
can vote
vote for
for that
that party’s
party's candidates,
candidates, thus
thus encouraging
encouraging greater
greater party
party loyalty.
loyalty.
front loading
24.___________________________________
The
to hold
to capitalize
24.
The recent
recent tendency
tendency of
of states
states to
hold primaries
primaries early
early in
in the
the calendar
calendar in
in order
order to
capitalize on
on
media
media attention.
attention.
national party convention
25.___________________________________
The
years to
to nominate
the
25.
The supreme
supreme power
power within
within each
each of
of the
the parties.
parties. Meets
Meets every
every four
four years
nominate the
party’s
party's presidential
presidential and
and vice-presidential
vice-presidential candidates
candidates and
and to
to write
write the
the party’s
party's platform.
platform.
527 orginization
26.
A type
American tax-exempt
to
26. ___________________________________ A
type of
of American
tax-exempt organization
organization of
of the
the U.S.
U.S. tax
tax code
code that
that is
is created
created primarily
primarily to
influence
term is
influence the
the nomination,
nomination, election,
election, appointment
appointment or
or defeat
defeat of
of candidates
candidates for
for public
public office.
office. The
The term
is generally
generally used
used to
to refer
refer to
to
political
the Federal
political organizations
organizations that
that are
are not
not regulated
regulated by
by the
Federal Election
Election Commission
Commission and
and are
are not
not subject
subject to
to the
the same
same contribution
contribution
limits
that these
Amendment right
limits as
as PACs.
PACs. However,
However, courts
courts have
have ruled
ruled that
these groups
groups have
have a
a First
First Amendment
right to
to raise
raise and
and spend
spend freely
freely to
to
influence
elections
so
long
as
they
do
not
coordinate
their
activities
with
a
candidate
or
a
party.
influence elections so long as they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or a party.
citizen united v FEC
27. ___________________________________ Federally
Federally regulated
regulated campaign
campaign contributions
contributions made
made to
to political
political candidates
candidates and
and political
political
parties.
parties.
Superdelegate
28.
National
28. ___________________________________
National party
party leaders
leaders who
who automatically
automatically get
get a
a delegate
delegate slot
slot at
at the
the Democratic
Democratic national
national
party
convention.
party convention.
Elections
Voting
Elections &
& Voting
Plura;lity el;ection
29.
An election
two candidates
where the
29. ___________________________________
An
election containing
containing more
more than
than two
candidates where
the winning
winning number
number of
of votes
votes
received
is
not
more
than
half
of
the
total
votes
cast.
received is not more than half of the total votes cast.
ticket spliting
30.
Voting for
with another
30. ___________________________________ Voting
for one
one party
party for
for one
one office
office and
and with
another party
party for
for other
other offices.
offices. It
It has
has become
become
the norm
American voting
the
norm in
in American
voting behavior.
behavior.
electoral college
31.
A unique
American institution
31. ___________________________________ A
unique American
institution created
created by
by the
the Constitution
Constitution that
that provides
provides for
for the
the selection
selection of
of
the
president
by
electors
chosen
by
state
parties.
The
number
of
electors
is
based
on
a
state’s
population.
The
number
of
the president by electors chosen by state parties. The number of electors is based on a state's population. The number of
electors
voter casts
electors for
for each
each state
state equals
equals the
the number
number of
of senators
senators and
and representatives
representatives that
that state
state has
has in
in Congress.
Congress. When
When the
the voter
casts a
a
vote for
vote
for president,
president, in
in reality
reality the
the vote
vote goes
goes to
to one
one of
of the
the presidential
presidential electors
electors designated
designated by
by candidate
candidate in
in that
that state.
state. The
The
candidate
with aa majority
candidate with
majority of
of the
the electoral
electoral votes
votes is
is elected
elected to
to office.
office. If
If no
no candidate
candidate receives
receives a
a majority,
majority, the
the House
House of
of
Representatives
the outcome
Representatives will
will determine
determine the
outcome of
of the
the election.
election.
Single memeber pluarity district
32.
The
America, it
32. ___________________________________
The most
most common
common and
and best-known
best-known electoral
electoral system
system currently
currently in
in use
use in
in America,
it is
is used
used
to elect
the U.S.
this system,
to
elect the
U.S. House
House Representatives.
Representatives. Under
Under this
system, states
states are
are divided
divided into
into a
a number
number of
of geographically
geographically defined
defined
Congressional
Voters can
Congressional Districts,
Districts, each
each represented
represented by
by a
a single
single elected
elected official.
official. Voters
can only
only vote
vote for
for their
their district’s
district's representative,
representative,
with the
than half
the vote.
with
the highest
highest vote-getter
vote-getter winning
winning election,
election, even
even if
if he
he or
or she
she has
has received
received less
less than
half of
of the
vote.
motor votor act of 1993
33.
to register
33. ___________________________________ This
This law
law enables
enables people
people to
register to
to vote
vote at
at motor
motor vehicle
vehicle departments.
departments.
Referendum
34.
A state-level
that gives
voters aa chance
34. ___________________________________ A
state-level method
method of
of direct
direct legislation
legislation that
gives voters
chance to
to approve
approve or
or
disapprove
disapprove legislation
legislation or
or a
a constitutional
constitutional amendment
amendment approved
approved by
by the
the state
state legislature.
legislature.
Electoral mandate
35.
A concept
the idea
35. ___________________________________ A
concept based
based on
on the
idea that
that “the
"the people
people have
have spoken.”
spoken." It
It is
is a
a powerful
powerful symbol
symbol in
in
American electoral
American
electoral politics,
politics, according
according legitimacy
legitimacy and
and credibility
credibility to
to a
a newly
newly elected
elected president’s
president's proposals.
proposals.
swing state
36.
A state
that
36. ___________________________________ A
state in
in which
which no
no single
single candidate
candidate or
or party
party has
has overwhelming
overwhelming support
support in
in securing
securing that
state's
winning
state's electoral
electoral college
college votes.
votes. Such
Such states
states are
are targets
targets of
of both
both major
major political
political parties
parties in
in presidential
presidential elections,
elections, since
since winning
these states
votes.
these
states is
is the
the best
best opportunity
opportunity for
for a
a party
party to
to gain
gain electoral
electoral votes.
Interest
Interest Groups
Groups
political action committeePolitical
37.
37. ___________________________________
Political arm
arm of
of a
a special
special interest
interest group,
group, they
they raise
raise money
money from
from special
special interest
interest constituents
constituents
and
to political
and make
make contributions
contributions to
political campaigns
campaigns on
on behalf
behalf of
of the
the special
special interest
interest group
group (a
(a corporation,
corporation, union
union or
or some
some other
other
interest
interest group).
group).
amicus curiae brief
38.
the court”
the purpose
38. ___________________________________ Legal
Legal briefs
briefs submitted
submitted by
by a
a “friend
"friend of
of the
cour€' for
for the
purpose of
of raising
raising additional
additional points
points
of
of view
view and
and presenting
presenting information
information not
not contained
contained in
in the
the briefs
briefs of
of the
the formal
formal parties.
parties. The
The briefs
briefs attempt
attempt to
to influence
influence a
a court’s
court's
decision.
decision.
iron tringles
39.
39. ___________________________________ Entities
Entities composed
composed of
of bureaucratic
bureaucratic agencies,
agencies, interest
interest groups,
groups, and
and congressional
congressional committees
committees
or
subcommittees,
which
have
dominated
some
areas
of
domestic
policymaking.
They
are
characterized
by
mutual
or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policymaking. They are characterized by mutual
dependency,
dependency, in
in which
which each
each element
element provides
provides key
key services,
services, information,
information, or
or policy
policy for
for the
the others.
others.
Plurarist Theory
40.
A theory
40. ___________________________________ A
theory of
of government
government and
and politics
politics emphasizing
emphasizing that
that politics
politics is
is mainly
mainly competition
competition among
among
groups,
groups, each
each one
one pressing
pressing for
for its
its own
own preferred
preferred policies.
policies.
Congress
Congress
gerrymandering
41.
State
which
41. ___________________________________
State legislatures,
legislatures, based
based on
on political
political affiliation,
affiliation, create
create congressional
congressional districts,
districts, many
many of
of which
are
oddly
shaped
and
favor
the
political
party
in
power
in
the
state
making
the
changes.
are oddly shaped and favor the political party in power in the state making the changes.
Rules Committiee
42.
to
42. ___________________________________ One
One of
of the
the most
most important
important committees
committees of
of the
the House
House of
of Representatives;
Representatives; its
its function
function is
is to
create
the full
create specific
specific rules
rules for
for every
every bill
bill to
to be
be debated
debated by
by the
full House.
House.
Pork-Barrel LegeslationThe practice
43.
through legislation
that favors
43. ___________________________________ The
practice of
of legislators
legislators obtaining
obtaining funds
funds through
legislation that
favors their
their home
home
districts.
Also
defined
as
the
mighty
list
of
federal
projects,
grants,
and
contracts
available
to
cities,
businesses,
colleges,
districts. Also defined as the mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and
and
institutions
institutions available
available in
in a
a congressional
congressional district.
district.
Standing committees
44.
44. ___________________________________ Separate
that handle
Separate subject-matter
subject-matter committees
committees in
in each
each house
house of
of Congress
Congress that
handle bills
bills in
in different
different
policy
the next.
policy areas.
areas. They
They also
also operate
operate in
in an
an oversight
oversight function.
function. They
They are
are permanent,
permanent, existing
existing from
from one
one Congress
Congress to
to the
next.
imcumbant Advantage
45.___________________________________
Term
to describe
45.
Term used
used to
describe the
the fact
fact that
that in
in congressional
congressional elections,
elections, those
those already
already holding
holding office
office
who are
who
are running
running for
for new
new terms
terms of
of office
office usually
usually win.
win.
cloture
46.
which it
to cut
46. ___________________________________ The
The process
process in
in which
it takes
takes 60
60 senators
senators to
cut off
off a
a filibuster
filibuster and
and that
that is
is aimed
aimed at
at
protecting
protecting minority
minority interests.
interests.
Speaker of the House
47.
An office
47. ___________________________________ An
office mandated
mandated by
by the
the Constitution.
Constitution. Representative
Representative from
from the
the majority
majority party
party in
in the
the
House
who sets
House of
of Representatives
Representatives who
sets the
the House
House agenda,
agenda, presides
presides over
over House
House meetings,
meetings, recognizes
recognizes members
members to
to speak,
speak, refers
refers bills
bills
to committees,
to succeed
the presidency
to
committees, answers
answers procedural
procedural questions
questions and
and declares
declares the
the outcome
outcome of
of votes.
votes. Second
Second in
in line
line to
succeed the
presidency
should
that office
should that
office become
become vacant.
vacant.
Legislative veto
48.
48. ___________________________________ The
The ability
ability of
of Congress
Congress to
to override
override a
a presidential
presidential decision.
decision. The
The War
War Powers
Powers resolution
resolution
asserts
the Supreme
asserts this
this authority,
authority, but
but there
there is
is reason
reason to
to believe
believe that,
that, if
if challenged,
challenged, the
Supreme Court
Court would
would find
find [this
[this action]
action] in
in violation
violation
of
of the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of separation
separation of
of powers.
powers.
conference committeee
49.
Congressional
49. ___________________________________
Congressional committees
committees formed
formed when
when the
the Senate
Senate and
and House
House pass
pass a
a particular
particular bill
bill in
in
different
to iron
the differences
different forms.
forms. Party
Party leadership
leadership appoints
appoints members
members from
from each
each house
house to
iron out
out the
differences and
and bring
bring back
back a
a single
single bill.
bill.
reapportioment
50.
the House
50. ___________________________________ The
The process
process of
of reallocating
reallocating seats
seats in
in the
House of
of Representatives
Representatives among
among the
the states
states every
every
ten years
ten
years on
on the
the basis
basis of
of the
the results
results of
of the
the census.
census.
Appropriation Bill
51.
An act
that actually
within limits
51. ___________________________________ An
act of
of Congress
Congress that
actually funds
funds programs
programs within
limits established
established by
by authorization
authorization
bills.
Usually
cover
one
year.
bills. Usually cover one year.
Franking Privieage
52:
52: ___________________________________ The
The privilege
privilege enjoyed
enjoyed by
by members
members of
of Congress
Congress entitling
entitling them
them to
to free
free postage
postage for
for any
any
mailings
mailings made
made as
as part
part of
of their
their official
official duties.
duties.
Presidency
Presidency
executive order
53.
the executive
53. ___________________________________ Regulations
Regulations originating
originating from
from the
executive branch.
branch. They
They are
are one
one method
method presidents
presidents can
can use
use
to control
the bureaucracy.
Also defined
though it
to
control the
bureaucracy. Also
defined as
as an
an order
order signed
signed by
by the
the president
president that
that has
has the
the effect
effect of
of law,
law, even
even though
it is
is not
not
passed
passed by
by Congress.
Congress.
War Power Act of 1973 A law passed in 1973 that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible
54.
54. ___________________________________ A
law passed in 1973 that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible
prior
withdraw forces
prior to
to using
using military
military force
force and
and to
to withdraw
forces after
after 60
60 days
days unless
unless Congress
Congress declares
declares war
war or
or grants
grants and
and extension.
extension.
Presidents
to American
American fighting
Presidents view
view the
the resolution
resolution and
and unconstitutional.
unconstitutional. Passed
Passed in
in reaction
reaction to
fighting in
in Vietnam
Vietnam and
and Cambodia.
Cambodia.
Executive Privlage
55.
55. ___________________________________ The
The power
power to
to keep
keep executive
executive communications
communications confidential,
confidential, especially
especially if
if they
they relate
relate to
to
national
national security.
security.
Office Of Manegement and Buget
56.
56. ___________________________________ Executive
Executive branch
branch office
office that
that is
is responsible
responsible for
for preparation
preparation of
of the
the massive
massive federal
federal budget,
budget,
which must
to Congress
year. An
An office
that performs
which
must be
be submitted
submitted to
Congress in
in January
January each
each year.
office that
performs both
both managerial
managerial and
and budget
budget functions,
functions, and
and
although
although the
the President
President is
is its
its boss,
boss, the
the director
director and
and staff
staff have
have considerable
considerable independence
independence in
in the
the budgetary
budgetary process.
process.
pocket veto
57.
When the
vetoing it
57. ___________________________________ When
the president
president simply
simply lets
lets a
a bill
bill die
die by
by neither
neither signing
signing nor
nor vetoing
it after
after Congress
Congress
adjourns
within
ten
days
of
having
submitted
the
bill
to
the
president.
adjourns within ten days of having submitted the bill to the president.
executive agrement
58.
Agreement made
58. ___________________________________ Agreement
made between
between the
the president
president and
and a
a leader
leader of
of a
a foreign
foreign country
country that
that does
does not
not have
have
to be
to
be ratified
ratified by
by the
the Senate.
Senate.
impeachment
59.
59. ___________________________________ The
The political
political equivalent
equivalent of
of an
an indictment
indictment in
in criminal
criminal law,
law, prescribed
prescribed by
by the
the Constitution.
Constitution.
Listing
Listing of
of accusations
accusations of
of a
a federal
federal official
official of
of “high
"high crimes
crimes and
and misdemeanors”
misdemeanors" for
for the
the purpose
purpose of
of removing
removing that
that official
official from
from
office
office after
after trial
trial for
for such
such misconduct.
misconduct.
asssigment
60.
A written
the president
that accompanies
60. ___________________________________ A
written proclamation
proclamation issued
issued by
by the
president that
accompanies the
the signing
signing of
of a
a law
law
passed
to clarify
the law
passed by
by Congress.
Congress. Used
Used to
clarify how
how the
the president
president understands
understands the
the law
law and/or
and/or how
how he
he intends
intends to
to enforce
enforce the
law and/or
and/or
the
president’s
view
of
the
constitutionality
of
provisions
of
the
law.
the president's view of the constitutionality of provisions of the law.
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy
legislative oversight
61.
the bureaucracy
61. ___________________________________ The
The process
process of
of monitoring
monitoring the
bureaucracy and
and its
its administration
administration of
of policy,
policy, mainly
mainly through
through
congressional
hearings.
Also
defined
as
the
power
used
by
Congress
to
gather
information
useful
for
the
formation
of
congressional hearings. Also defined as the power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of
legislation,
legislation, review
review the
the operation
operation and
and budgets
budgets of
of executive
executive departments
departments and
and independent
independent regulatory
regulatory agencies,
agencies, conduct
conduct
investigations
through committee
to the
investigations through
committee hearings,
hearings, and
and bring
bring to
the public’s
public's attention
attention the
the need
need for
for public
public policy.
policy.
independent regulatory agency
62.
A government
62. ___________________________________ A
government agency
agency responsible
responsible for
for some
some sector
sector of
of the
the economy,
economy, making
making and
and enforcing
enforcing
rules
judges disputes
these rules.
Also defined
rules supposedly
supposedly to
to protect
protect the
the public
public interest.
interest. It
It also
also judges
disputes over
over these
rules. Also
defined as
as agencies
agencies that
that are
are
quasi-legislative
quasi-legislative and
and quasi-judicial
quasi-judicial in
in nature.
nature.
Administrative Discretion
63.___________________________________
The
63.
The authority
authority of
of bureaucrats
bureaucrats to
to select
select among
among various
various responses
responses to
to a
a given
given problem.
problem.
Greatest
Greatest when
when routines,
routines, or
or standard
standard operating
operating procedures,
procedures, do
do not
not fit
fit a
a case.
case.
Quasi Legeslation
64.
A characteristic
64. ___________________________________ A
characteristic of
of independent
independent regulatory
regulatory agencies
agencies and
and some
some other
other executive
executive branch
branch
agencies
agencies that
that gives
gives them
them legislative
legislative powers
powers to
to issue
issue regulations.
regulations.
Public
Public Policy
Policy
Monetary Policy
65.
65. ___________________________________ The
The manipulation
manipulation of
of the
the supply
supply of
of money
money in
in private
private hands
hands by
by which
which the
the government
government can
can
control
control the
the economy.
economy...
policy implentation
66.
the establishment
66. ___________________________________ The
The stage
stage of
of policymaking
policymaking between
between the
establishment of
of a
a policy
policy and
and the
the consequences
consequences of
of
the policy
the people
the
policy for
for the
people whom
whom it
it affects.
affects.
entitlement program
67. ___________________________________
Those
the federal
Also
Those benefits
benefits guaranteed
guaranteed by
by law
law paid
paid to
to individuals
individuals by
by the
federal government.
government. Also
defined
which the
X level
defined as
as policies
policies for
for which
the expenditures
expenditures are
are uncontrollable
uncontrollable because
because Congress
Congress has
has in
in effect
effect obligated
obligated itself
itself to
to pay
pay X
level
of
Y number
of benefits
benefits to
to Y
number of
of recipients.
recipients. Social
Social Security
Security is
is an
an example.
example.
Policy Agenda
68.
68. ___________________________________ The
The issues
issues that
that attract
attract the
the serious
serious attention
attention of
of public
public officials
officials and
and other
other people
people actually
actually
involved
in
politics
at
any
given
point
in
time.
involved in politics at any given point in time.
Fiscal Policy
69.
69. ___________________________________ The
The policy
policy that
that describes
describes the
the impact
impact of
of the
the federal
federal budget—taxes,
budget—taxes, spending,
spending, and
and
borrowing—on
the president
borrowing—on the
the economy.
economy. Determined
Determined by
by the
president and
and Congress,
Congress, who
who are
are the
the budget
budget makers.
makers.
Federal Dept
70.
All the
years and
70. ___________________________________
All
the money
money borrowed
borrowed by
by the
the federal
federal government
government over
over the
the years
and still
still outstanding.
outstanding.
Today
Today more
more than
than $19
$19 trillion.
trillion.
means Test Program
71.
Government
to individuals
71. ___________________________________
Government programs
programs available
available only
only to
individuals below
below the
the poverty
poverty line.
line. (Do
(Do not
not name
name aa
specific
specific program.)
program.)
Federal deficit
72.
72. ___________________________________ The
The amount
amount by
by which
which a
a government’s
government's spending
spending in
in a
a given
given fiscal
fiscal year
year exceeds
exceeds it
it revenue.
revenue.
Judiciary
Judiciary
Writ of Certiorai
73.
73. ___________________________________ Formal
Formal document
document issued
issued from
from the
the Supreme
Supreme Court
Court to
to a
a lower
lower federal
federal or
or state
state court
court that
that calls
calls
up
a
case.
up a case.
Rules of Four
74.
Judicial concept
justices
74. ___________________________________ Judicial
concept employed
employed by
by Supreme
Supreme Court
Court requiring
requiring approval
approval of
of at
at least
least four
four justices
before
before a
a case
case can
can be
be heard
heard on
on appeal.
appeal.
Judaical Restraint
75.
A judicial
judicial philosophy
judges play
75. ___________________________________ A
philosophy in
in which
which judges
play minimal
minimal policymaking
policymaking roles,
roles, leaving
leaving that
that strictly
strictly
to the
the legislators.
to
legislators.
State Decisis
76.
A Latin
the decision
76. ___________________________________ A
Latin phrase
phrase meaning
meaning “let
"let the
decision stand.”
stand." Most
Most cases
cases reaching
reaching appellate
appellate courts
courts are
are
settled
judicial precedent.
settled on
on this
this principle,
principle, i.e.,
i.e., based
based on
on judicial
precedent.
Civil
Civil Liberties
Liberties
Exclusionary rule
77.
trial if
77. ___________________________________ The
The rule
rule that
that evidence,
evidence, no
no matter
matter how
how incriminating,
incriminating, cannot
cannot be
be introduced
introduced into
into a
a trial
if it
it
was not
the use
through unreasonable
was
not constitutionally
constitutionally obtained.
obtained. The
The rule
rule prohibits
prohibits the
use of
of evidence
evidence obtained
obtained through
unreasonable search
search and
and seizure.
seizure.
establishment clause
78.___________________________________
A First
Amendment provision
78.
A
First Amendment
provision that
that prohibits
prohibits the
the government
government from
from interfering
interfering with
with the
the
practice
practice of
of religion.
religion.
selective incorporation
79.
which the
79. ___________________________________ The
The legal
legal concept
concept under
under which
the Supreme
Supreme Court
Court has
has nationalized
nationalized the
the Bill
Bill of
of Rights
Rights by
by
making
the states
Amendment.
making most,
most, but
but not
not all,
all, of
of its
its provisions
provisions applicable
applicable to
to the
states through
through the
the Fourteenth
Fourteenth Amendment.
14th Amenment
80.
the Civil
80. ___________________________________ The
The constitutional
constitutional amendment
amendment adopted
adopted after
after the
Civil war
war that
that states
states “No
"No state
state shall
shall make
make
or
or enforce
enforce any
any law
law which
which shall
shall abridge
abridge the
the privileges
privileges or
or immunities
immunities of
of citizens
citizens of
of the
the United
United States;
States; nor
nor shall
shall any
any state
state deprive
deprive
any
to any
within its
jurisdiction the
any person
person of
of life,
life, liberty,
liberty, or
or property
property without
without due
due process
process of
of law;
law; nor
nor deny
deny to
any person
person within
its jurisdiction
the equal
equal
protection
of
the
laws.”
protection of the laws."
Clear and Present Danger Docrtine
81.
Established
v. U.S.
81. ___________________________________
Established in
in Schenck
Schenck v.
U.S. (1919),
(1919), it
it gives
gives the
the government
government the
the right
right to
to censor
censor free
free speech
speech
if, during
will significantly
during national
national emergencies
emergencies such
such as
as war,
war, it
it can
can be
be proven
proven that
that the
the result
result of
of speech
speech will
significantly hurt
hurt national
national security.
security.
if,
Gitlow v NewYork
82.
that freedom
82. ___________________________________ The
The 1925
1925 Supreme
Supreme Court
Court decision
decision holding
holding that
freedom of
of the
the press
press and
and speech
speech are
are
“fundamental
the due
Amendment from
"fundamental personal
personal rights
rights and
and liberties
liberties protected
protected by
by the
due process
process clause
clause of
of the
the Fourteenth
Fourteenth Amendment
from
impairment
impairment by
by the
the states”
states" as
as well
well as
as the
the federal
federal government.
government.
Establishment Clause
83.
A First
Amendment provision
that prohibits
83. ___________________________________ A
First Amendment
provision that
prohibits Congress
Congress from
from establishing
establishing an
an official
official religion;
religion;
it
the basis
it is
is the
basis of
of the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of separation
separation of
of church
church and
and state.
state. It
It is
is sometimes
sometimes referred
referred to
to as
as creating
creating a
a “wall
"wall of
of separation”
separation"
between
between church
church and
and state.
state.
Lemon Test
84.
that established
84. ___________________________________ Supreme
Supreme Court
Court created
created test
test that
established that,
that, to
to avoid
avoid violating
violating the
the establishment
establishment
clause,
clause, aid
aid to
to church-related
church-related schools
schools must
must (1)
(1) have
have a
a secular
secular legislative
legislative purpose
purpose (2)
(2) have
have a
a primary
primary effect
effect that
that neither
neither
advances
nor
inhibits
religion
and
(3)
not
foster
excessive
government
entanglement
with
religion.
advances nor inhibits religion and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.
Civil
Civil Rights
Rights
Americans With Disabilities Act
85.
that requires
85. ___________________________________ The
The law
law passed
passed in
in 1990
1990 that
requires employers
employers and
and public
public facilities
facilities to
to make
make “reasonable
"reasonable
accommodations”
accommodations" for
for people
people with
with disabilities
disabilities and
and prohibits
prohibits discrimination
discrimination against
against these
these individuals
individuals in
in employment.
employment.
Affrimative action
86.
A policy
to or
86. ___________________________________ A
policy designed
designed to
to give
give special
special attention
attention to
or compensatory
compensatory treatment
treatment of
of members
members of
of
some
previously
disadvantaged
group.
some previously disadvantaged group.
Civil Rights act of 1964
87.
87. ___________________________________ The
The law
law that
that made
made racial
racial discrimination
discrimination against
against any
any group
group in
in hotels,
hotels, motels,
motels, and
and restaurants
restaurants
illegal
job discrimination.
illegal and
and forbade
forbade many
many forms
forms of
of job
discrimination.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 A
88.
A law
African American
American suffrage.
As aa
88. ___________________________________
law designed
designed to
to help
help end
end formal
formal and
and informal
informal barriers
barriers to
to African
suffrage. As
result
the federal
result of
of this
this act,
act, any
any state
state not
not eliminating
eliminating the
the poll
poll tax
tax and
and literacy
literacy requirements
requirements would
would be
be directed
directed to
to do
do so
so by
by the
federal
government.
government.