DECLARATION iOF iORIGINALITY iRICHFIELD GRADUATE iINSTITUTE iOFiTECHNOLOGY i Richfield iGraduate iInstitute iof iTechnology iplaces igreat iemphasis iupon iintegrity iand iethical iconduct iin ithe ipreparation iof iall iwritten iwork isubmitted ifor iacademic ievaluation. While iacademic istaff iteach iyou iabout ireferencing itechniques iand ihow ito iavoid iplagiarism, iyou itoo ihave ia iresponsibilityin ithis iregard. iIf iyou iare iat ianystage iuncertain ias ito iwhat iis irequired, iyoushouldispeak ito iyour ilecturer ibefore ianyiwritten iwork iis isubmitted. You iare iguilty iof iplagiarism iif iyou icopy isomething ifrom ianother iauthor’s iwork i(E.g. ia ibook, ian iarticle ior ia iwebsite) iwithout iacknowledging ithe isource iand ipass iit ioff ias iyour iown. iIn ieffect iyou iare istealing isomething ithat ibelongs ito isomeone ielse. iThis iis inot ionly ithe icase iwhen i you icopy iwork iword-for-word i(verbatim), ibut ialso iwhen iyou isubmit isomeone ielse’s iwork iin ia islightly ialtered iform i(paraphrase) ior iuse ia iline iof iargument iwithout iacknowledging iit. iYou iare inot iallowed ito iuseiwork ipreviously iproduced iby ianother istudent. iYou iare ialso inot iallowed ito ilet ianybody icopy iyour iwork iwith ithe iintention iof ipassing iif ioff ias ihis/her iwork. Students iwho icommit iplagiarism iwill inot ibe igiven iany icredit ifor iplagiarised iwork. iThe imatter imayialso ibe ireferred ito ithe iDisciplinary iCommittee ifor ia iruling. iPlagiarism iis iregarded ias ia iserious icontravention iof ithe iinstitution’s irules iand ican ilead ito iexpulsion ifrom ithe iinstitution. The ideclaration iwhich ifollows imust iaccompanyall iwritten iwork isubmitted iwhile iyou iare ia istudentof iPostgraduate iDiploma iin iManagement iat iRichfield iGraduate iInstitute iof iTechnology. iNo iwritten iwork iwill ibe iaccepted iunless ithe ideclaration ihas ibeen icompleted iand iattached. Full inames iof istudent iTIRHANI iCHAUKE………………………………… Student iICAS inumber i401606170………………………... Module: iHUMAN iCOMPUTER iINTERACTION i800………………………………….. Declaration 1. Iiunderstand iwhat iplagiarism iis iand iam iaware iof ithe iinstitution’s ipolicyiin ithis iregard. 2. Iideclareithat ithis ...................................................... (E.g. iessay, ireport, iproject, iassignment, Dissertation, ithesis, ietc.) iis imyown ioriginal iwork. iWhere iother ipeople’s iwork ihas ibeen iused i(either ifrom ia iprinted isource, iInternet ior iany iother isource), ithis ihas ibeen iproperly iacknowledged iand ireferenced iin iaccordance iwith idepartmental irequirements. 3. I ihave inot iused iwork ipreviously iproduced iby ianother istudent ior iany iother iperson ito i hand i in i asimy iown. 4. I ihave inot iallowed, iand iwill inot iallow, ianyone ito icopy imy iwork iwith ithe iintention iof ipassing iitioff ias ihis ior iher iown iwork. 1 i| iP ia i g ie SIGNATURE iTIRHANI iCHAUKE i………………………….. 2 i| iP ia i g ie Contents DECLARATION iOF iORIGINALITY iRICHFIELD iGRADUATE iINSTITUTE iOF iTECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Declaration.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Discuss ibriefly ithe iPACT iframework iand idemonstrate iin ipractical iterms ihow iit ican ibe i applied ito idesigning iinteractive isystems. i20 imarks 3 1.2 Identify iand idiscuss ifive iactivities iin ithe iinteraction idesign. i10 imarks ........................... 3 1.3 Identify iand iexplain ithe idata igathering imethods ithat iare iused iduring iuser ineeds ianalysis 3 2.2 Explain iwith iexamples ithe iusability idesign irules i10 imarks ........................................... 4 2.3 Critically idiscuss iusability ievaluation, igive itheir itypes iand icharacteristics. iWhat iare i the ifive ibenefits iof iusability ievaluation? i20 imarks 5 Usability iEvaluation iMethods .............................................................................................. 6 Reporting iUsability iTest iResults ............................................................................... 6 Running ia iUsability iTest ............................................................................................ 6 Recruiting iUsability iTest iParticipants....................................................................... 6 Usability iTesting ......................................................................................................... 6 First iClick iTesting....................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Explain ihow iusers ican ibe iinvolved iin iUser-Centred iDesign. i10 imarks ......................... 6 2.5 Discuss ithe ipros iand icons iof iinvolving iusers iin ithe iUser-Centered iDesign i10 imarks .... 7 References ...................................................................................................................... 9 3 i| iP ia i g ie 4 i| iP ia i g ie Question iOne i(40 iMarks) 1.1 Discuss ibriefly ithe iPACT iframework iand idemonstrate iin ipractical iterms ihow iit icanibe iapplied ito idesigning iinteractive isystems. i20 imarks PACT i(People, iActivities, iContexts, iTechnologies) i- iis ia imethod iused ito ianalyze iwith iwhom, iwhat iand iwhere ia iuser iinteract iwith ia iuser iinterface. iIt ihelps ithe idesigners ito iunderstand ithe icontexts ifrom ihow ia itechnology ishould ibe iimproved iand iwhich iway iin ia igeneral iway. iIt ican ibeiapplied ito idesigning iinteractive isystem ibecause ithe idesigner ican ibetter iunderstand ia iuser iand itheir iproblem iand ican iobserve ithem iwhile iusing ithe itechnology iwhich ican igive ithe idesigners iidea iin icreating ia imeaningful iand iusable iapplication. PACT i(People, iActivities, iContexts, iTechnologies) iis ia imethod iused ito ianalyze iwith iwhom, iwhat iand iwhere ia iuser iinteract iwith ia iuser iinterface. iIt ihelps ithe idesigners ito iunderstand ithe icontexts ifrom ihow ia itechnology ishould ibe iimproved iand iwhich iway iin ia igeneral iway. iIt ican ibeiapplied ito idesigning iinteractive isystem ibecause ithe idesigner ican ibetter iunderstand ia iuser iand itheir iproblem iand ican iobserve ithem iwhile iusing ithe itechnology iwhich ican igive ithe idesigners iidea iin icreating ia imeaningful iand iusable iapplication. 1.2 Identify iand idiscuss ifive iactivities iin ithe iinteraction idesign. i10 imarks Establishing irequirements i- iestablishing iwhat iis irequired iof ithe iproduct iis iimportant ito iensure ithat ithe iinteraction iis ithe ibest ipossible ifit ifor ithe iuser, iboth iin iterms iof iwhat ithe iuser ineeds ito ido iwith ithe iproduct iand ihow ithey iexperience ithe iinteraction. Designing ialternatives i- iallow ithe idesigners ito iexplore idifferent iways iof iinterpreting iandisatisfying ithe irequirements ifor ia iparticular iinteractive iproduct. Prototyping idesigns i- idesigners iare inecessary ito i prototype ithe imost ipromising idesigniideas ito imake ia ifirst, ioften irough, imodel iso ithat ithey ican itry ithem iout. Evaluating iprototypes i- ievaluation iallows ithe idesigners ito iassess ithe ilimitations iof iaiparticular idesign, ifind iout ito iwhat iextent ia iprototype imeets irequirements ithat ihaveialready ibeen iidentified, iidentify irequirements ithat ihave inot ialready iemerged, iand itoiestablish iwhat ichanges ineed ito ibe imade iso ithat irequirements iare imet. Implement iand ideploy iwhat iyou ihave ibuilt. 1.3 Identify and explain the data gathering methods that are used during user i i i i i i i i i i i ineedsianalysis 1) Surveys i- iit ihelps ito ifind iout iperformance ideficiencies iin ispecific iareas iin ieachifunction/department. 2) Observations i- imanager ior isupervisors iwatch iemployees ion ithe ijob ito iidentify iperformance igapsiin itheir iskills/behavior. 5 i| iP ia i g ie 3) Interviews i- iallow iyou ito icollect iinformation ion iperformance igaps iwhile italking iwith ieachiemployee ior ia igroup iof iemployees. 4) Customer ifeedback i- iis ithe imost iimportant iway ito igain iinsights ion ithe ineeds iof iyour icustomer. 6 i| iP ia i g ie Question iTwo i(60 iMarks) 2.1 Examine iwith iexamples ithe icore icharacteristics iof iuser–centered iapproach i10 imarks Set ibusiness igoals. iDetermining ithe itarget imarket, iintended iusers, iand iprimary icompetition iisicentral ito iall idesign iand iuser iparticipation. Understand iusers. iAn iunderstanding iof ithe iuser iis ithe idriving iforce ibehind iall idesign. Design ithe itotal icustomer iexperience. iEverything ia icustomer isees, ihears, iand itouches iis idesigneditogether iby ia imultidisciplinary iteam. Evaluate idesigns. iUser ifeedback iis igathered ioften iwith irigor iand ispeed iand idrives iproduct idesign. Assess icompetitiveness. iCompetitive idesign irequires ia irelentless ifocus ion ithe iways iusers icurrentlyicarry iout ithe itasks iand ia idetermination ito imake idesigns iadd ivalue. Manage ifor iUsers. iUser ifeedback iis iintegral ito iproduct iplans, ipriorities, iand idecision imaking. 2.2 Explain iwith iexamples ithe iusability idesign irules i10 imarks Usability idesign irules i- iis ia imeasure iof ihow igood ia ispecific iuser iin ia ispecific icontext ican iuse ia iproduct ior idesign ito iachieve ia idefined igoal ieffectively, iefficiently iand isatisfactorily. iFor iexampleidesigners imeasure ia idesign's iusability ithroughout ithe idevelopment iprocess ifrom iwireframes ito itheifinal ideliverable ito iensure imaximum iusability iof ithe ia iproduct iapplication Usefulness Value: iThe isystem ishould iprovide inecessary iutilities iand iaddress ithe ireal ineeds iof iusers. Relevance: iThe iinformation iand ifunctions iprovided ito ithe iuser ishould ibe irelevant ito itheiuser's itask iand icontext. Consistency Consistency iand istandards: iFollow iappropriate istandards/conventions ifor ithe iplatform iandithe isuite iof iproducts. iWithin ian iapplication i(or ia isuite iof iapplications), imake isure ithat iactions, iterminology, iand icommands iare iused iconsistently. Real-world iconventions: iUse icommonly iunderstood iconcepts, iterms iand imetaphors, ifollow ireal-world iconventions i(when iappropriate), iand ipresent iinformation iin ia inatural iandilogical iorder. Simplicity Simplicity: iReduce iclutter iand ieliminate iany iunnecessary ior iirrelevant ielements. Visibility: iKeep ithe imost icommonly iused ioptions ifor ia itask ivisible i(and ithe iother ioptionsieasily iaccessible). Self-evidency: iDesign ia isystem ito ibe iusable iwithout iinstruction iby ithe iappropriate itarget iuser iof ithe isystem: iif iappropriate, iby ia imember iof ithe ipublic ior iby ia iuser iwho ihas ithe iappropriate isubject-matter iknowledge ibut ino iprior iexperience iwith ithe isystem. iDisplay idataiin ia imanner ithat iis iclear iand iobvious ito ithe iappropriate iuser. Communication Feedback: iProvide iappropriate, iclear, iand itimely ifeedback ito ithe iuser iso ithat ihe isees itheiresults iof ihis iactions iand iknows iwhat iis igoing ion iwith ithe isystem. 7 i| iP ia i g ie Structure: iUse iorganization ito ireinforce imeaning. iPut irelated ithings itogether, iand ikeepiunrelated ithings iseparate. 8 i| iP ia i g ie Sequencing: iOrganize igroups iof iactions iwith ia ibeginning, imiddle, iand iend, iso ithat iusersiknow iwhere ithey iare, iwhen ithey iare idone, iand ihave ithe isatisfaction iof iaccomplishment. Help iand idocumentation: iEnsure ithat iany iinstructions iare iconcise iand ifocused ionisupporting ithe iuser's itask. Error iPrevention iand iHandling< Forgiveness: iAllow ireasonable ivariations iin iinput. iPrevent ithe iuser ifrom imaking iseriousierrors iwhenever ipossible, iand iask ifor iuser iconfirmation ibefore iallowing ia ipotentially idestructive iaction. Error irecovery: iProvide iclear, iplain-language imessages ito idescribe ithe iproblem iandisuggest ia isolution ito ihelp iusers irecover ifrom iany ierrors. Undo iand iredo: iProvide i"emergency iexits" ito iallow iusers ito iabandon ian iunwanted iaction.iThe iability ito ireverse iactions irelieves ianxiety iand iencourages iuser iexploration iof iunfamiliarioptions. Efficiency Efficacy: i(For ifrequent iuse) iAccommodate ia iuser’s icontinuous iadvancement iin iknowledgeiand iskill. iDo inot iimpede iefficient iuse iby ia iskilled, iexperienced iuser. Shortcuts: i(For ifrequent iuse) iAllow iexperienced iusers ito iwork imore iquickly iby iproviding iabbreviations, ifunction ikeys, imacros, ior iother iaccelerators, iand iallowing icustomization ioritailoring iof ifrequent iactions. User icontrol: i(For iexperienced iusers) iMake iusers ithe iinitiators iof iactions irather ithan ithe iresponders ito iincrease ithe iusers’ isense ithat ithey iare iin icharge iof ithe isystem. Workload iReduction Supportive iautomation: iMake ithe iuser’s iwork ieasier, isimpler, ifaster, ior imore ifun.iAutomate iunwanted iworkload. Reduce imemory iload: iKeep idisplays ibrief iand isimple, iconsolidate iand isummarize idata, iand ipresent inew iinformation iwith imeaningful iaids ito iinterpretation. iDo inot irequire ithe iuserito iremember iinformation. iAllow irecognition irather ithan irecall. Free icognitive iresources ifor ihigh-level itasks: iEliminate imental icalculations, iestimations,icomparisons, iand iunnecessary ithinking. iReduce iuncertainty. Usability iJudgment It idepends: iThere iwill ioften ibe itradeoffs iinvolved iin idesign, iand ithe isituation, isoundijudgment, iexperience ishould iguide ihow ithose itradeoffs iare iweighed. A ifoolish iconsistency...: iThere iare itimes iwhen iit imakes isense ito ibend ior iviolate isome iof itheiprinciples ior iguidelines, ibut imake isure ithat ithe iviolation iis iintentional iand iappropriate. 2.3 Critically idiscuss iusability ievaluation, igive itheir itypes iand icharacteristics. iWhatiare ithe ifive ibenefits iof iusability ievaluation? i20 imarks Usability irefers ito ithe iquality iof ia iuser's iexperience iwhen iinteracting iwith iproducts ior isystems, iincluding iwebsites, isoftware, idevices, ior iapplications. iUsability iis iabout ieffectiveness, iefficiencyiand ithe ioverall isatisfaction iof ithe iuser. It iis iimportant ito irealize ithat iusability iis inot ia isingle, ione-dimensional iproperty iof ia iproduct, isystem,ior iuser iinterface. i‘Usability’ iis ia icombination iof ifactors iincluding: 9 i| iP ia i g ie Intuitive idesign: ia inearly ieffortless i understanding i of i the iarchitecture i and i navigation i of i theisite 10 i| iP ia i g ie Ease iof ilearning: ihow ifast ia iuser iwho ihas inever iseen ithe iuser iinterface ibefore icaniaccomplish ibasic itasks Efficiency iof iuse: iHow ifast ian iexperienced iuser ican iaccomplish itasks Memorability: i after i visiting ithe isite, iif ia iuser i can i remember ienough i to iuse iit i effectively i inifuture ivisits Error i frequency i and i severity: i how i often i users i make i errors i while i using i the i system, i howiserious ithe ierrors iare, iand ihow iusers irecover ifrom ithe ierrors Subjective isatisfaction: iIf ithe iuser ilikes iusing ithe isystem Usability iEvaluation iMethods Reporting iUsability iTest iResults When ireporting iresults ifrom ia iusability itest, iyou ishould ifocus iprimarily ion iyour ifindings i and irecommendations ithat iare idifferentiated iby ilevels iof iseverity. iInclude ithe ipertinent i information ifromithe itest iplan iand ipresent ijust ienough idetail iso ithat ithe imethod iis identifiable. i Running ia iUsability iTest Once iyou ihave iplanned iyour itest iand irecruited iyour itest iparticipants, iit’s itime ito iget ready ito iconductiyour itest. i To ido iso, iyou’ll iwant ito i Recruiting iUsability iTest iParticipants It iis ivital ito irecruit iparticipants iwho iare isimilar ito iyour isite iusers ifor iyour iusability i testing. iDepending ion ithe isite ior iproduct, iyou imay ihave imultiple ipotential iusers i groups. iTry ito iinclude irepresentatives iof iall ithese igroups ior ioptimally, iperform itesting with ieach igroup iseparately iif iyou ir i Usability iTesting Usability itesting irefers ito ievaluating ia iproduct ior iservice iby itesting iit iwith irepresentative iusers. First iClick iTesting First iClick iTesting iexamines iwhat ia itest iparticipant iwould iclick ion ifirst ion ithe iinterface i in iorder ito icomplete itheir iintended itask. i It ican ibe iperformed ion ia ifunctioning iwebsite, ia prototype ior ia iwireframe. i 2.4 Explain ihow iusers ican ibe iinvolved iin iUser-Centred iDesign. i10 imarks 11 i| iP ia i g ie Design iis ibased iupon ian iexplicit iunderstanding iof iusers, itasks, iand ienvironments; iis idriven iand irefined iby iuser-centered ievaluation; iand iaddresses ithe iwhole iuser iexperience. i The iprocess iinvolves 12 i| iP ia i g ie users ithroughout ithe idesign iand idevelopment iprocess iand iit iis iiterative. iAnd ifinally, ithe iteamiincludes imultidisciplinary iskills iand iperspectives. The ifollowing iare ithe igeneral iphases iof ithe iUCD iprocess: Specify ithe icontext iof iuse: iIdentify ithe ipeople iwho iwill iuse ithe iproduct, iwhat ithey iwill i useiit ifor, iand iunder iwhat iconditions ithey iwill iuse iit. Specify irequirements: iIdentify iany ibusiness irequirements ior iuser igoals ithat imust ibe imet iforithe iproduct ito ibe isuccessful. Create i design i solutions: i This i part i of i the i process i may i be i done i in i stages, i building i from i airough iconcept ito ia icomplete idesign. Evaluate idesigns: iEvaluation i- iideally ithrough iusability itesting iwith iactual 2.5 Discuss ithe ipros iand icons iof iinvolving iusers iin ithe iUser-Centered iDesign i10 imarks User-centered idesign i(UCD) iis ia iprocess ior iset iof itools iused ito idesign ia iservice ithat ifocuses ion iwhat iusers ineed iat ithe ivery ibeginning iand icontinues ithroughout idevelopment iuntil ilaunch. Typically, iservices iare idesigned ifrom ia itechnical iand ibusiness iperspective, iwith iconsideration ifor iusers iadded iin ilater. iInstead, iUser-centered idesign iensures ithe iservice ifocuses ion iwhat iusers ineed ibefore ibalancing ithis iwith ithe itechnical iand ibusiness irequirements. The igoal iof iuser-centred idesign iis ithe idevelopment iofusable isystems i(Gould iand iLewis i1985, iKarat i1997).One iof ithe iprinciples iof iuser-centred idesign iis ithe iearlyand icontinual ifocus ion iusers,iand iit iis igenerally iagreedthat iusability iis iachieved ithrough ithe iinvolvement iofpotential iusers iin isystem idesig 13 i| iP ia i g ie 14 i| iP ia i g ie Advantages iof iUser iCentered iDesign More ieffective iand isafer iproducts Users ifeel isense iof iownership iin iproducts There iis iless iof ia irequirement ito iredesign iand iintegrate iproducts iinto ithe ienvironment More iassistance iin iusers iexpectation iof iproducts Disadvantages iof iUser iCentered iDesign User-centric idesign iis iexpensive Difficulty ito itranslate icertain itypes iof idata iinto idesign Products itakes imore itime Item imay ibe itoo icomplicated iand ispecific ifor ipublic iuse ileading ito ibecoming imoreiexpensive 15 i| iP ia i g ie 16 i| iP ia i g ie References 1. 2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questionsi i i i and-answers/cx-ie231chapter4recitation1pdf-acrobat-chrome-extensioniefaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj-v-q91638254> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 2. 2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.o8.agency/blog/user-centered-designi i i i principles-process-examples> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 3. Affairs, A., 2022. Usability Evaluation Methods | Usability.gov. [online] Usability.gov. i i i i i i i i Available iat: i<https://www.usability.gov/how-to-andevaluation/index.html> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i i i tools/methods/usability- 4. Google.com. 2022. Google Chrome - Download the Fast, Secure Browser from i i i i i i i i i i Google. i[online] iAvailable iat: i<https://www.google.com/chrome/> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 5. Nielsen Norman Group. 2022. 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design. i i i i i i i i i i [online] iAvailable iat: i<https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability- iheuristics/> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 6. Reveall.co. 2022. A Guide to User-Centered Design | Reveall. [online] Available at: i i i i i i i i i i i i <https://www.reveall.co/guides/user-centered-design> i[Accessed i6 iAprili2022]. 7. Summertime Adventures Of Information Design. 2022. Advantages and i i i i i i i Disadvantages i i i i i of i i i i i User i i i i i Centered i i i i i Design. i i i i i [online] i i i i i Available i i i i i at: <https://summertimeinfodesign.wordpress.com/2013/06/20/advantages-andidisadvantages-of-user-centered-design/> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 8. TERRY, J., 2012. Service user involvement in pre-registration mental health i i i i i i i i i nurse ieducation iclassroom isettings: ia ireview iof ithe iliterature. iJournal iof iPsychiatric iandiMental iHealth iNursing, i19(9), ipp.816-829. i 9. Usability.gov. 2022. Usability Evaluation Basics | Usability.gov. [online] Available at: i i i i i i i i <https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/usability- e i valuation.html> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. 10. Usability.gov. 2022. User-Centered Design Basics | Usability.gov. i i i i i i [online]iAvailable at: <https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/usercenteredidesign.html#:~:text=Design%20is%20based%20upon%20an,process%20and%2 i0it%20is%20iterative.> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 11. Usabilitybok.org. 2022. Principles for Usable Design | Usability Body of Knowledge. i i i i i i i i i i [online] iAvailable iat: i<https://www.usabilitybok.org/principles-for- iusable-design> i[Accessed i6 iApril i2022]. i 17 i| iP ia i g ie
