Matter and Its
Properties
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Chemistry is the branch of science
concerned with the substances of
which matter is composed, the
investigation of their properties and
reactions, and the use of such
reactions to form new substances.
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Chemistry is the science and study of
matter, including its properties,
composition as well as reactivity.
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Chemistry relates to everything that
can be sense from the minute
elements to complex structures
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The atom and molecules are the basic
unit or components of Chemistry.
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Atom - are the basic units of matter and
the defining structure of elements.
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Molecules - a group of two or more
atoms that form the smallest identifiable
unit.
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Matter is made of particles that give its
mass and volume. The arrangement
and attraction between these particles
result in different phases of matter.
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Matter can exist as solid, liquid or gas.
How can you differentiate one
from another?
Three Phases of Matter
Solid
•
Liquid
Gas
retains a fixed volume and
shape
rigid - particles locked into
place
•
•
•
not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
•
•
not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
•
•
compressible
lots of free space between
particles
•
•
does not flow easily
rigid - particles cannot
move/slide past one another
•
•
flows easily
particles can move/slide past
one another
•
•
flows easily
particles can move past one
another
•
•
assumes the shape of the part •
of the container which it
occupies
•
particles can move/slide past
one another
assumes the shape and
volume of its container
particles can move past one
another
Physical Properties
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Physical Properties is a characteristic of matter
that is not associated with a change in its chemical
composition.
Familiar examples of physical properties include
density, color, hardness, melting and boiling
points, and electrical conductivity.
Chemical Properties
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Describe a material’s possibility to undergo
chemical change in its chemical
composition.
Examples of chemical properties include
flammability, toxicity, oxidation states,
chemical stability, salt formation, and types
of chemical bonds a material forms.
Intensive and Extensive
Properties
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Physical properties of matter can
further be classified as intensive and
extensive.
Intensive Property
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are substance-specific properties that
do not depend on the amount of the
substance.
Other intensive properties include
color, luster, malleability, conductivity,
hardness, melting point, freezing point,
and boiling point of the material.
Examples of Intensive Properties
include:
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Density
Specific Gravity
Specific Heat
Temperature
Hardness
Refractive Index
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Boiling Point
Concentration
Pressure
Specific Volume
Chemical Potential
Color
Molality
Extensive Property
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are properties that do not depend on
the amount of substance or material.
Whenever the amount of the substance
changes, the substance’s extensive
properties also change.
Extensive and Intensive
properties
Extensive
Properties
Weight, volume, length, mass
Intensive
Properties
Density, color, luster, malleability, conductivity,
hardness, melting point, freezing point, boiling
point
Classification of
Matter
Classification of Matter
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Matter takes any forms. But isn’t it
confusing if you label everything as
matter?
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Classification according composition
will make a clear distinction among
materials.
Pure Substances and
Mixtures
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Matter, whether it is solid, liquid or gas, is
classified as a pure substance or a mixture.
If the components of matter can be
separated by physical means, then that is a
mixture.
Anything that cannot be broken down
through physical means is a pure substance.
A pure substance can be classified as an
element or a compound.
Pure Substances and
Mixtures
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If a pure substance can be broken
down into simpler forms using chemical
means, you are dealing with a
compound.
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If it cannot be simplified, then it is an
element.
Comparison between Substances and
Mixtures
Criteria
Substances
Mixtures
1. Melting temperature range
Sharp
Wide
2. Boiling temperature range
Constant
Varying
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
4. Distilling property
Cannot be distilled
Can be distilled
5. Separation into
components or constituents
By chemical means
By mechanical means
(physical)
3. Physical Appearance
Mixtures
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Mixtures are forms of matter with no
definite properties and are not
combined chemically. This means that
the materials in a mixture retain their
characteristics, or they have no uniform
composition.
Mixtures
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Homogeneous Mixture is a mixture
that has uniform composition. (i.e
dextrose or glucose solution)
Mixtures
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Heterogeneous Mixture has at least
two different phases of matter or visible
components.
Elements and Compounds
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An element, the simplest pure
substance that make up matter, is
made up only one kind of atom. An
element cannot be broken down into a
simpler type of matter by either
physical or chemical means.
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An atom, which means indivisible
particle, is the basic unit of an element.
Elements and Compounds
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A compound, on the other hand, is
made up of two or three more different
kinds of atoms chemically combined.
Elements can be classified into three
according to their properties: metals,
non-metals, and metalloids. Each
type has its own characteristics and
uses.
Differences in the properties of metals, nonmetals, metalloids
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Metals
Good electrical conductors
and heat conductors.
Malleable- can be shaped
into thin sheets.
Ductile- can be stretched
into a wire
Possess metallic luster
Opaque as thin sheets
Solid at room temperature
(except Hg)
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Nonmetals
Poor conductors of heat and 
electricity
Brittles (in solids only)
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Nonductile
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Do not possess metallic
luster
Transparent as a thin sheet
Solids, liquids, or gases at
room temperature
Metalloids
Intermediate between metal
and non-metal
Can be shiny or dull
Excellent semiconductors
Elements and Compounds
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When elements chemically combine in
a fixed proportion, you call the product
a compound. An example of compound
is water. Water is made up of the
chemical combination of hydrogen and
oxygen, resulting H2O.
H2 + O2 = 2H2O
Common compounds at home
Common Name
Chemical Name
Chemical Formula
Table salt
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Sugar
Sucrose
C12H22O11
Vinegar
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
Baking soda
Sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO3
Ethyl alcohol
Ethanol
C2H6O
Separation of
Mixtures
1. Chromatography
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is the separation of a mixture by passing it
in solution or suspension or as a vapor (as
in gas chromatography) through a
medium in which the components move at
different rates.
Thin-layer chromatography is a special
type of chromatography used for
separating and identifying mixtures that
are or can be colored, especially
2. Distillation
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is an effective method to separate
mixtures comprised of two or more pure
liquids.
Distillation is a purification process where
the components of a liquid mixture are
vaporized and then condensed and
isolated. In simple distillation, a mixture is
heated and the most volatile component
vaporizes at the lowest temperature.
Distillation
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The vapor passes
through a cooled
tube (a condenser),
where it condenses
back into its liquid
state. The
condensate that is
collected is called
distillate.
3. Evaporation
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is a technique used to separate out homogenous
mixtures where there is one or more dissolved
solids.
This method drives off the liquid components from
the solid components.
The process typically involves heating the mixture
until no more liquid remains, Prior to using this
method, the mixture should only contain one liquid
component, unless it is not important to isolate the
liquid components.
Evaporation
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This method is suitable to separate a
soluble solid from a liquid.
In many parts of the world, table salt is
obtained from the evaporation of sea
water. The heat for the process comes
from the sun.
4. Filtration
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is a separation method used to
separate out pure substances in
mixtures comprised of particles some
of which are large enough in size to be
captured with a porous material.
Particle size can vary considerably,
given the type of mixture.
Filtration
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For instance, stream water is a mixture that
contains naturally occurring biological
organisms like bacteria, viruses, and
protozoans.
Some water filters can filter out bacteria, the
length of which is on the order of 1 micron.
Other mixtures, like soil, have relatively large
particle sizes, which can be filtered through
something like a coffee filter.
5. Decantation
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is defined as the separation process in
which two immiscible liquids are
separated.
This is done by pouring out the clear
upper layer of liquid.
Separation of a mixture of oil from water
is an example of decantation.
6. Sedimentation
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is the tendency for particles in suspension to
settle out of the fluid in which they are
entrained and come to rest against a barrier.
ARIGATOUU 