 The nervous system uses messages from the
sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose etc..) and send
messages to muscle to coordinate the activities
of the body.
 The digestive system breaks down food so that
energy and material it contains can be used by
the body.
 The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the
air and releases CO2 (carbon dioxide).
 The excretory system removes poisonous liquid
wastes.
The skeleton
The skeleton has three functions
 Protection
-skull protects brain -rips protect heart and lungs
-vertebrae protect spinal column
 Support the bones provide a strong structure which
holds the organs up so they don’t squash one
another.
 Movement
Joint (the place where two bones meet up)
 Hinge joints (for example elbow) allow backward
and forward movement.
 Ball and socket joints (for example hip and
shoulder) allow side to side movement. ETC….
Some other joints.
- Ligaments, hold bones together
- Cartilage, which protects the end of bones.
- Synovial fluid, which reduces friction as the bone
move
Antagonistic muscle
 It contracts (get shorter) when it moves. A muscle
cannot make itself longer again so it needs another
muscle to pull it back to its original length.
 Most of the muscles are arranged in pairs so that
when one muscle contracts the other relaxes and
gets it back to its length, this action is called
antagonistic, these kinds of muscles are called
antagonistic pairs.
Nutrition and diets
A nutrient is a chemical which is needed by the body to
keep it in good health
nutrient
function
protein
Growth and repair of
tissues
Provide energy which is
stored in body.
Provide energy which can
be used quickly.
Wide range of function in
keeping the body healthy.
Wide range of functions in
keeping body healthy (for
example, iron needed for
bod to carry oxygen) and
maintaining its structure
fats
carbohydrates
Vitamins
minerals
Food’s rich in
nutrient
Meat, bean, milk
Cheese, butter,
peanuts
Bread, rice and pasta
Fruit and vegetables
Fruit and vegetable
The body needs water as all the chemical reactions
of life processes in the cell takes place in the water.
The body needs fiber too, fiber gives bulk to the
food so the alimentary canal can push it along more
easily and make digestion more efficient.
 A deficiency decease is a disease that can be
caused by lack of a nutrient.
Deficiency
disease
Night
blindness
(CANNOT SEE
IN DARK)
beriberi
scurvy
rickets
Anaemia
lack of
nutrient
Vitamin A
Food for prevention of
disease.
Milk, liver carrot
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
iron
Bread, milk, brown rice
Orange, lemon, kiwi
Egg yolk, butter, tuna
Meat egg watermelon
A balance diet
A balance diet is a diet in which all the nutrients are
present in the correct amount to keep the body
healthier.
Digestion
 Food is broken down physically by the teeth and
enzymes
 Food is broken down chemically by the enzymes.
They speed up the break down of large molecules in
food into smaller ones, which can be absorbed by
the body.
Food group
protein
fats
carbohydrates
Small molecules produced
Amino acids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Simple sugar
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 The heart blood is carried away from the heart
through the arteries, and get back to the heart
through the veins.
 Arteries have very thick walls to stand up to the high
pressure of the blood as it leaves the heart, while
veins have no thick walls as it doesn’t stand up to
the high blood pressure. Veins also have valves
which is used to prevent backflow of blood.
 Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the human
body. Capillaries are where oxygen and nutrients are
exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.
component
function
Red blood cell
Contains hemoglobin which carries blood from
the lungs to the tissues.
Destroy microorganisms which cause infectious
diseases.
Gathers around a damaged area to stop blood
leaking out.
Carries digested food and waste product such as
urea and CO2.
White blood cell
platelets
plasma
 red blood have a biconcave shape, to help it squeeze
through the capillaries, it also has no nucleus for more
oxygen to be stored, and has haemoglobin
 plasma is a yellow watery liquid in which makes about a
55% of the human blood.
Component
nose
Features and functions
Hairs filters dust; mucus traps bacteria and moistens air for
lungs; blood vessels in the lining warm air for lungs
Windpipe(trachea)
carry air in and out of your lungs.
Lung
Organs where gaseous exchange takes place; also contains
3 organs:
 bronchus
 bronchioles
 alveoli
Tube to each lung in which it carries air into it
Carries air into small sacs in the lungs
A very tiny structure in which gaseous exchange happens;
also, has very thin walls to allow exchange in blood to
happen quickly; it is in large amounts for the same reason.
bronchus
bronchioles
Alveoli
Chest wall
diaphragm
it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to
enter your body.
Contracts and lowers to increase the chest volume and
draw air in, relaxes and rises to decrease chest volume and
push air out.
Aerobic respiration
Glucose ------+----- oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Human reproduction
 Humans are capable of reproduction when they
have gone through the period of physical changes
which is called puberty during adolescence
 Adolescence is the time from the beginning of the
puberty to the end of emotional change.
Physical changes of puberty
Gender/sex
male
female
Both
Change
 Growth of penis and testis
 Deepening of voice
 Sperm production






Development of breast
Growth of vagina
development of uterus
Widening hips
Period starts
Hair growth under arm and in
pubic regions
 Growth spurt
 Hair grows on leg and on face
Male reproductive system
menstrual cycle
 The wall of the uterus thickens every month in case
a fertilized egg is received
 If no fertilized egg is received the wall breaks down
causing bleeding from the vagina
Fertilization
 The nucleus of the sperm is called the male gamete,
while the nucleus of the female egg is called the
female gamete.
 The sperm swims from the vagina through the
uterus into the oviduct if the egg is present in an
oviduct the head of the sperm breaks off and enters
the egg
 Fertilization occurs when the male gamete fuses
with the female gamete to form a fertilized cell.
 Once fertilization happens, the egg cell begins to
divide. Each cell divides into 2 and continues to do
this forming a hollow ball of cells. After day 7, the
ball of cell (called the embryo) implants into the
lining of the uterus.
The baby is surrounded by the amniotic fluid in the
uterus. The amniotic fluid allows:
 Help it practice movement
 Protects it from physical damage
 placenta is the organ which allows exchange of
substances between the mother and fetus’s blood by
bringing their blood close together.
characteristics
Nutrition
Excretion
movement
Respiration
Reproduction
Growth
irritability
Life process
Taking in nutrients
Getting rid of wastes
Changing position
Taking in O2 and releasing co2
Having young
Increasing in size
Sensing changes around them
 plants make their own food in their leaves by
photosynthesis in the daytime
 plants change position or move as they grow toward
the light
 plants respire both day and time
 animals take in food from plants or other animals.
They respire all the time ad are sensitive to their
surroundings and often respond my moving
 they grow into adults and reproduce once their
lifetime or keep reproducing regularly over a
number of years until near the end of their lifetime,
most animals excrete periodically during a day.
Microorganisms are an organisms with only one cell in
their body, microorganisms are important in many ways:
 decomposers
 food production
 diseases
characteristic
Plant
nutrition
photosynthesis
respiration
Respire all the
time
movement
As they grow
leaves follow
sun during the
day
Growth
Increase in size
excretion
In leaves at
certain time of
year
Reproduction May reproduce
once or may in
a lifetime
irritability
Sensitive to
changes and
respond by
moving slowly
Animal
Feeding on plants or
other animals
Respire all time
Can move freely
Increase in size
Regularly during the
day
May reproduce one or
most of adult life
Sensitive to changes
and respond quickly
Animal cell
 A cell has a control center called the nucleus
 A watery jelly is called cytoplasm surrounds the
nucleus and is the place where most life process take
place
 The cell membrane is a thin sheet of material which
surrounds the cytoplasm. It lets food and oxygen
pass in and co2 pass out. It can prevent some
harmful substances entering the cell
The parts of a plant cell
 A cell has a control center called the nucleus
 A watery jelly is called cytoplasm surrounds the
nucleus and is the place where most life process
take place
 The cell membrane is a thin sheet of material
which surrounds the cytoplasm. It lets food and
oxygen pass in and co2 pass out. It can prevent
some harmful substances entering the cell
 The cell wall is made from cellulose, a tough
material which supports the cell
 The chloroplast in the chloroplasm contains
chlorophyll which traps energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis.
 Vacuole containing a cell sap which contains sugar
and water, the water provides further support to
the cell