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Chapter 06 - PSY1000
Social Problems (The University of Western Ontario)
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Chapter 06
Multiple Choice Questions
1. __________ is any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.
A)
Adaptation
B)
Muscle memory
C)
Memory enhancement
D)
Learning
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-01
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Factual
Objective: Intro
Answer: D) Learning
2. Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because
A)
it is thought that learning changes the nerve fibre patterns in your muscles.
B)
once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action.
C)
it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes.
D)
memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-02
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: Intro
Answer: C) it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes.
3. Trevor is trying to study in the library and is distracted by students who are talking at nearby tables. After a
while, he does not notice them and is able to concentrate on his studying. What form of learning has Trevor
experienced?
A)
Sensitization
B)
Habituation
C)
Adaptation
D)
Conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-03
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: Intro
Answer: B) Habituation
4. __________ occurs when we respond more strongly over time to a repeated stimulus, and __________ occurs
when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus.
A)
Sensitization; habituation
B)
Habituation; adaptation
C)
Adaptation; sensitization
D)
Habituation; sensitization
Difficulty: 1
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QuestionID: 06-1-04
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: Intro
Answer: A) Sensitization; habituation
5. Which type of learning allows you to ignore irrelevant details about the world, in order to focus on what
matters?
A)
insight
B)
shaping
C)
sensitization
D)
habituation
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-05
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: Intro
Answer: D) habituation
6. The sound of an insect buzzing around your ear becomes more annoying over time and you just can't ignore it.
Which form of learning does this represent?
A)
habituation
B)
shaping
C)
latent inhibition
D)
sensitization
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-06
Topic: Learning—How Nurture Changes Us [Introduction]
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: Intro
Answer: D) sensitization
7. Sarah learned to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies. Which type of learning is this?
A)
classical conditioning
B)
sensitization
C)
operant conditioning
D)
habituation
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-07
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) classical conditioning
8. As an infant, Stephanie received many painful injections from a doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a
white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of
A)
instrumental learning.
B)
observational learning.
C)
classical conditioning.
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D)
habituation.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-08
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) classical conditioning.
9. Nic smiled when he heard a song that reminded him of a great summer, years ago. That song was very popular
that summer, so it became associated with a lot of fun events. Which type of learning does this represent?
A)
shaping
B)
habituation
C)
classical conditioning
D)
operant conditioning
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-09
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) classical conditioning
10. Which observation led Pavlov to begin studying the process of classical conditioning?
A)
Dogs salivate more to meat than to vegetables.
B)
Dogs salivate when they expect to get food.
C)
Dogs don't learn from punishment.
D)
Dogs become accustomed to certain sounds and are able to ignore them.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-10
Topic: Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) Dogs don't learn from punishment.
11. Which researchers is known for documenting and describing classical conditioning?
A)
Skinner.
B)
Thorndike.
C)
Pavlov.
D)
Watson.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-11
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) Pavlov.
12. Who was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning, while studying the
digestive process of dogs?
A)
John B. Watson
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B)
C)
D)
Albert Bandura
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-12
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) Ivan Pavlov
13. Some stimuli elicit responses from us very naturally. Other stimuli are neutral and don't elicit any meaningful
responses. If we learn to respond to a neutral stimulus because it has been paired with a meaningful stimulus,
which type of conditioning is that?
A)
Operant conditioning
B)
Classical conditioning
C)
Instrumental conditioning
D)
Reinforcement conditioning
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-13
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: B) Classical conditioning
14. Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called
A)
classical conditioning.
B)
operant conditioning.
C)
memory linkage.
D)
adaptation.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-14
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) classical conditioning.
15. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping
sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.
After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this
example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A)
sound of the pill bottle opening
B)
pill-taking
C)
cat running to John
D)
treat
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-15
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
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Answer: D) treat
16. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping
sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.
After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this
example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A)
sound of the pill bottle opening
B)
pill-taking
C)
cat running to John
D)
treat
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-16
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) sound of the pill bottle opening
17. John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day. He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping
sound) and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield, and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.
After a while, John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle, Garfield comes running to him right away. In this
example, the __________ is the conditioned response.
A)
sound of the pill bottle opening
B)
pill-taking
C)
cat running to John
D)
treat
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-17
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) cat running to John
18. Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help
with chewing and digestion. In Pavlov's description of learning, salivation is
A)
a digestive reflux.
B)
conditioned response.
C)
an unconditioned response.
D)
a voluntary response.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-18
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) an unconditioned response.
19. Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
A)
The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)
The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)
The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)
The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.
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Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-19
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.
20. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. In this example, what is the
food?
A)
unconditioned response
B)
unconditioned stimulus
C)
conditioned response
D)
conditioned stimulus
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-20
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: B) unconditioned stimulus
21. Which of the following would be an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in experiments like Pavlov's?
A)
dogs
B)
praise
C)
sounds
D)
food
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-21
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) food
22. Which of the following would be an unconditioned response (UCR) in an experiment like Pavlov's?
A)
praise
B)
food
C)
dogs
D)
salivation
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-22
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) salivation
23. Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room
and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys,
immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behaviour?
A)
Classical conditioning
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B)
C)
D)
Innate learning
Punishment by removal
Instinctive drift
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-23
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) Classical conditioning
24. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that
the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is
the unconditioned stimulus.
A)
presence of Alan near the aquarium
B)
fish swimming to the top
C)
aquarium light
D)
fish food
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-24
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) fish food
25. When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The
salivation was a(n)
A)
unconditioned response.
B)
unconditioned stimulus.
C)
conditioned response.
D)
conditioned stimulus.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-25
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) unconditioned response.
26. Sue noticed that whenever she opened the squeaky door to the pantry, where the dog food is kept, her dog
would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. In this example, what is the sound of the
squeaky door?
A)
unconditioned stimulus.
B)
conditioned stimulus.
C)
unconditioned response.
D)
conditioned response.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-26
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
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Answer: B) conditioned stimulus.
27. Paul's cat gets fed first thing in the morning, as soon as he gets up. As soon as she hears Paul's alarm clock,
the cat runs to the kitchen and waits for him by her bowl. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
A)
the cat
B)
the food
C)
the sound of the alarm clock
D)
Paul
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-27
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) the sound of the alarm clock
28. Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an
electric can opener. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
A)
can of cat food
B)
sound of the electric can opener
C)
taste of the food
D)
salivation
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-28
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: B) sound of the electric can opener
29. Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this
example, the sound of the can opener is the
A)
primary stimulus.
B)
positive reinforcer.
C)
conditioned stimulus.
D)
secondary reinforcer.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-29
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) conditioned stimulus.
30. Which of the following would be a conditioned response (CR) in an experiment like Pavlov's?
A)
dogs
B)
food
C)
salivation
D)
sounds
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-30
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Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) salivation
31. Which of the following would be the conditioned stimulus (CS) in an experiment like Pavlov's?
A)
food
B)
salivation
C)
dogs
D)
sounds
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-31
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: D) sounds
32. The conditioned stimulus is defined as
A)
a response that triggers another response by acting as a stimulus.
B)
the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.
C)
the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.
D)
the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-32
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response.
33. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A)
salivation.
B)
sounds.
C)
food.
D)
time.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-33
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) food.
34. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what was the unconditioned response (UCR)?
A)
salivation.
B)
biting.
C)
sounds.
D)
food.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-34
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Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) salivation.
35. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, what term is used for salivation that is triggered by sounds rather than
by the food itself?
A)
unconditioned response.
B)
conditioned response.
C)
unconditioned stimulus.
D)
conditioned stimulus.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-35
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: B) conditioned response.
36. According to the theory of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is
A)
the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented.
B)
the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
C)
the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
D)
the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-36
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: A) the stimulus that automatically triggers a response when presented.
37. In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentation of sounds along with the food was called the
__________ step of the classical conditioning process.
A)
spontaneous recovery
B)
extinction
C)
testing
D)
acquisition
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-37
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: D) acquisition
38. The conditioned response eventually disappears after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus
alone. What term is used to describe this loss of the CR?
A)
Acquisition
B)
Habituation
C)
Extinction
D)
Spontaneous recovery
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Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-38
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) Extinction
39. In classical conditioning, acquisition can be described as the process in which
A)
the CS produces the UCR.
B)
the CR is weakened.
C)
the CS is associated with the UCS.
D)
the UCS produces the CR.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-39
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: C) the CS is associated with the UCS.
40. In which of the following would the acquisition of a classically conditioned response be the fastest?
A)
Hugh rings a bell immediately after he gives his dog a treat.
B)
Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later.
C)
Hugh rings a bell often, and gives the dog a treat after every fifth ring.
D)
Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-40
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: D) Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat.
41. Extinction occurs when the __________ no longer produces the __________.
A)
UCS; CR
B)
UCS; UCR
C)
CS; CR
D)
CS; UCS
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-41
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) CS; CR
42. After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the
bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of
the bell. This represents the process called
A)
acquisition.
B)
testing.
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C)
D)
extinction.
spontaneous recovery.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-42
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) extinction.
43. When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will weaken in a
process called
A)
CR fading.
B)
extinction.
C)
habituation.
D)
generalization fading.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-43
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) extinction.
44. If your dog gets excited and barks each time you walk in the kitchen (because you usually give him a treat in
the kitchen) then which of the following processes could reduce your dog's excitement?
A)
Acquisition
B)
Spontaneous recovery
C)
Extinction
D)
Sensitization
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-44
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) Extinction
45. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't
follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell
rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance
of this response?
A)
Counterconditioning
B)
Instinctive drift
C)
Spontaneous recovery
D)
Stimulus discrimination
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-45
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
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Answer: C) Spontaneous recovery
46. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called
A)
counterconditioning.
B)
instinctive drift.
C)
spontaneous recovery.
D)
stimulus discrimination.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-46
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) spontaneous recovery.
47. An animal is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning
is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears.
Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, which of
the following would be evidence of spontaneous recovery?
A)
the animal doesn't seem to even notice the bell
B)
the animal only eats when the bell rings
C)
the animal salivates when the bell rings
D)
the animal becomes aggressive in the test chamber
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-47
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) the animal salivates when the bell rings
48. Which of the following is an example of the renewal effect?
A)
Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own
basement.
B)
Jack no longer craves alcohol, after several years of avoiding it.
C)
Mia always smiles whenever she walks into her grandmother's kitchen.
D)
Bo becomes more and more irritated by the sound of the neighbours' television.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-48
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: A) Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own
basement.
49. Tina thought that she was over her fear of dogs. When she was a child, she was bitten by her uncle's dog and
developed a serious phobia. Since then, she has learned to be calm around dogs and has even learned to like
some dogs. But yesterday, Tina visited her uncle's house and the fear all came back. According to the principles
of classical conditioning, this would be an example of
A)
latent inhibition.
B)
the renewal effect.
C)
extinction.
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D)
stimulus generalization.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-49
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) the renewal effect.
50. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called
A)
stimulus generalization.
B)
stimulus adaptation.
C)
higher-order conditioning.
D)
shaping.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-50
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: A) stimulus generalization.
51. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus, and this new neutral
stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called
A)
generalization.
B)
operant conditioning.
C)
higher-order conditioning.
D)
neoclassical conditioning.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-51
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) higher-order conditioning.
52. Ben's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day, a
slightly different song is heard in the distance, and Ben's mouth waters. Ben's behaviour illustrates
A)
stimulus discrimination.
B)
stimulus generalization.
C)
stimulus assimilation.
D)
stimulus recovery.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-52
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) stimulus generalization.
53. While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea
sickness led to a terrible vacation, and, consequently, Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships. Kevin's
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response to any cruise ship, and not just the one that he was on, illustrates the process of
A)
acquisition.
B)
generalization.
C)
discrimination.
D)
scapegoating.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-53
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) generalization.
54. Kyle and Ben were in a car accident. After the accident, Kyle feels some fear whenever he drives anywhere
whereas Ben only gets nervous when he is near the site of the original accident. In this example, Kyle seems to
have experienced ______ whereas Ben has experienced ________________.
A)
Stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization
B)
Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination
C)
Stimulus habituation; generalization gradient
D)
Generalization gradient; stimulus habituation
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-54
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination
55. Ursula is afraid of some rodents, after she was bitten by a rat. She is afraid of all rats, as well as mice and
hamsters, but is not afraid of guinea pigs or gerbils. Ursula's responses best demonstrate that
A)
stimulus generalization has occurred.
B)
stimulus discrimination has occurred.
C)
stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient.
D)
stimulus discrimination is unpredictable.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-55
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: C) stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient.
56. Andrew is a heroin addict, and he usually shoots up at his friend Dave's place. Following an intervention and
treatment, Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin but finds that when he goes over to Dave's place, his
craving for the drug is very strong. In this example, Dave's place serves as
A)
an unconditioned response.
B)
a conditioned stimulus.
C)
a source of stimulus generalization.
D)
a form of aversive conditioning.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-56
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
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Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) a conditioned stimulus.
57. If an advertiser wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get you to like a new product, what should the
advertiser pair with that new product?
A)
Something that naturally elicits positive feelings.
B)
Something that you've already learned to like.
C)
Uplifting music.
D)
Large discounts.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-57
Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) Something that you've already learned to like.
58. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS–UCS
linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the
bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an
example of
A)
spontaneous recovery.
B)
higher-order conditioning.
C)
stimulus generalization.
D)
extinction.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-58
Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) higher-order conditioning.
59. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another neutral stimulus into a second CS, the effect is
known as
A)
spontaneous recovery.
B)
higher-order conditioning.
C)
stimulus generalization.
D)
extinction.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-59
Topic: Higher-Order Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) higher-order conditioning.
60. Arthur learns to fear white rats, but he does not fear white rabbits or other small white animals. This example
illustrates
A)
spontaneous recovery.
B)
stimulus discrimination.
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C)
D)
acquisition.
stimulus generalization.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-60
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: B) stimulus discrimination.
61. Advertisers pair their products with things that most people enjoy, like pleasant music, beautiful scenery, or
pictures of attractive people smiling. If you think more positively about the advertised products as a result of
these pairings, then your positive feelings represent
A)
an unconditioned response.
B)
a conditioned response.
C)
an unconditioned stimulus.
D)
a conditioned stimulus.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-61
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) a conditioned response.
62. Darcy wants to change her image, so that people see her as more mature and professional now that she is an
adult with degree and a good job. She has changed the way she dresses, speaks more formally, and even started
wearing glasses to appear more serious. No matter what she tries, her friends and family still think of her as silly
and immature. Which conditioning phenomenon is most similar to this example?
A)
higher-order conditioning.
B)
latent inhibition.
C)
aversive conditioning.
D)
conditioned compensatory responses.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-62
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) latent inhibition.
63. In the "Little Albert" study that was intended to show how phobias develop, the fear-producing stimulus used
as a UCS was the
A)
white rat.
B)
loud noise.
C)
fear of the rat.
D)
fear of the noise.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-63
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1c
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Answer: B) loud noise.
64. In a famous study about fear conditioning, Dr. Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a
loud noise behind the baby's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________
in his study.
A)
discriminative stimulus
B)
counterconditioning stimulus
C)
conditioned stimulus
D)
unconditioned stimulus
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-64
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: C) conditioned stimulus
65. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be
somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is
Albert's fear of the other white fuzzy stimuli?
A)
an unconditioned response
B)
stimulus generalization
C)
stimulus discrimination
D)
an extinction effect
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-65
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) stimulus generalization
66. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be
somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is
the cute white rat?
A)
conditioned stimulus
B)
stimulus generalization
C)
an unconditioned stimulus
D)
a discriminative stimulus
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-66
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) conditioned stimulus
67. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be
somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is
Albert's fear of the frightening noise?
A)
an unconditioned response
B)
stimulus generalization
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C)
D)
a conditioned response
discrimination
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-67
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) an unconditioned response
68. Watson and his colleagues conditioned a fear of white rats in a young child named Little Albert, by pairing a
rat with a frightening noise. What could Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear of the
white rat?
A)
Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat
B)
Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard, or other white fuzzy stimuli, repeatedly
C)
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
D)
Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-68
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
69. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white
rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred.
A)
behaviour modification
B)
shaping
C)
extinction
D)
stimulus generalization
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-69
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: D) stimulus generalization
70. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
A)
Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back.
B)
After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C)
His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)
His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-70
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back.
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71. Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented together, Albert
may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rats would be the
A)
CR.
B)
UCR.
C)
UCS.
D)
CS.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-71
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: D) CS.
72. Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be
A)
based on classical conditioning.
B)
deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.
C)
based on the principle of observational learning.
D)
based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-72
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) based on classical conditioning.
73. Which of the following processes would be most helpful for treating a phobia or serious fear response?
A)
Instinctive drift
B)
Latent inhibition
C)
Punishment
D)
Extinction
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-73
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: D) Extinction
74. Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent graphic news coverage of people falling from a
collapsed bridge. In this example, which of the following is the CS?
A)
Fear
B)
People falling
C)
Graphic news coverage
D)
Bridges
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-74
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
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Answer: D) Bridges
75. Whenever Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. She was not afraid of the dentist on her
first visit, so her fear was a learned behaviour. The UCS in this case was probably
A)
an uncomfortable procedure.
B)
sweet toothpaste.
C)
the dentist's beard.
D)
small prizes given after the exam.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-75
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: A) an uncomfortable procedure.
76. Bennett cut his hand while washing dishes, and now he is nervous whenever he reaches into the soapy water.
His nervousness when reaching into the water is
A)
a conditioned stimulus.
B)
a conditioned response.
C)
an unconditioned response.
D)
an unconditioned stimulus.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-76
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) a conditioned response.
77. Based on the classical conditioning model of drug tolerance, which of the following situations should elicit
the largest conditioned compensatory response associated with alcohol tolerance?
A)
Drinking alcohol in a completely novel environment.
B)
Drinking a new flavor of alcohol.
C)
Drinking at a steady pace, not too fast and not too slow.
D)
Drinking a familiar alcohol in a familiar environment.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-77
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) Drinking a new flavor of alcohol.
78. Which of the following situations would most likely lead to heroin overdose, according to the conditioned
compensatory response model of drug tolerance?
A)
Using heroin in a familiar environment.
B)
Using heroin in an unfamiliar environment.
C)
Using heroin in conjunction with stimulants.
D)
Using heroin daily, for months at a time.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-78
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Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) Using heroin in an unfamiliar environment.
79. One of the effects of alcohol is to slow the heart rate. People who are addicted to alcohol may have an
increase in heart rate when they smell or see alcohol. What is the term for this learned reaction?
A)
habituation response
B)
conditioned compensatory response
C)
aversive conditioning response
D)
operant response
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-79
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) conditioned compensatory response
80. The typical effect of heroin is a decrease in blood pressure (the UCR), whereas the cues associated with
taking heroin, such as a bathroom stall in a seedy nightclub, will, through conditioning, come to elicit an increase
in blood pressure (the CR). This means that when the addict enters the bathroom stall, she will experience an
immediate increase in blood pressure, which then helps to prevent blood pressure from dropping too low when
the heroin is injected. This experience occurs due to
A)
pseudoconditioning.
B)
conditioned compensatory responses.
C)
classically conditioned fetishism.
D)
latent inhibition.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-80
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) conditioned compensatory responses.
81. Alan loves both doughnuts and sex and always eats a doughnut immediately before having sex. After a time
of engaging in frequent doughnut–sexual activity pairings, Alan finds that he becomes sexually aroused at the
mere sight of a doughnut. Alan's responses can be explained by
A)
pseudoconditioning.
B)
conditioned compensatory responses.
C)
classically conditioned fetishism.
D)
latent inhibition.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-81
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: C) classically conditioned fetishism.
82. Which of the following is associated with the development of both drug tolerance and fetishes?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent inhibition
extinction procedures
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-82
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: D) extinction procedures
83. If you wanted to condition someone to be disgusted by the sight of cake, or to be sexually aroused by the
sight of cake, which of the following methods would be most effective?
A)
extinction
B)
classical conditioning
C)
partial reinforcement
D)
operant conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-83
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: B) classical conditioning
84. Some learning is controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour. Which type of conditioning is
this?
A)
Respondent
B)
Pavlovian
C)
Classical
D)
Operant
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-84
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: D) Operant
85. Joan puts a toonie into a vending machine to get a bottle of water. In this example, the operant behavior is
A)
Joan.
B)
putting a toonie into a vending machine.
C)
receiving a bottle of water.
D)
satisfying the thirst.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-85
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: B) putting a toonie into a vending machine.
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86. What is the term for a behaviour that is voluntary, and done to achieve a goal or reward?
A)
antecedent
B)
stimulus
C)
conditioned
D)
operant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-86
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: D) operant
87. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A)
Feeling nervous when you hear spooky music during a horror movie.
B)
Learning to like a new band because your best friend likes it.
C)
Encouraging a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them.
D)
Reducing a patient's fear of spiders by associating spiders with relaxation.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-87
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: C) Encouraging a child to do his chores by giving him a cookie when he has completed them.
88. According to __________ theory, behaviour is said to be influenced by its consequences.
A)
cognitive learning
B)
classical conditioning
C)
observational learning
D)
operant conditioning
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-88
Topic: Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: D) operant conditioning
89. In operant conditioning, target behaviours are __________, whereas in classical conditioning they are
__________.
A)
elicited; emitted
B)
emitted; elicited
C)
reinforced; punished
D)
punished; reinforced
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-89
Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2a
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Answer: B) emitted; elicited
90. In ___________ conditioning, the focus is change to voluntary behaviours whereas in _____________
conditioning, the focus is change to _____________ behaviours.
A)
operant; observational
B)
respondent; classical
C)
operant; classical
D)
Pavlovian; Skinnerian
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-90
Page-Reference:
Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: C) operant; classical
91. Operant conditioning would be the best choice to modify which of the following responses?
A)
heart rate
B)
drug cravings
C)
disgust reactions
D)
doing homework
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-91
Topic: Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: D) doing homework
92. Which type of learning changes the likelihood of voluntary behaviour?
A)
operant conditioning.
B)
classical conditioning.
C)
Pavlovian conditioning.
D)
spontaneous recovery.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-92
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: A) operant conditioning.
93. Which researcher developed the Law of Effect, which forms the basis of operant conditioning?
A)
Bandura
B)
Watson
C)
Skinner
D)
Thorndike
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-93
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
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Objective: 6.2b
Answer: D) Thorndike
94. One of the early terms for behaviourism is 'S-R' psychology. What was the main theory of S-R psychology?
A)
Everything we do is based on the gradual buildup of associations between stimuli and responses.
B)
All of our voluntary behaviours are merely responses to classically conditioned stimuli.
C)
Responses are only meaningful if you can identify the triggering stimuli.
D)
Measurement of stimuli and responses is impossible, so we must build theoretical models to explain associations.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-94
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: A) Everything we do is based on the gradual buildup of associations between stimuli and responses.
95. According to the Law of Effect, which of the following behaviours should become more common?
A)
A child doing her homework after she was praised for her last homework assignment.;
B)
A child throwing a tantrum after being ignored for throwing a tantrum.
C)
A dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
D)
A rat eating after it got a shock for pressing a lever.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-95
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2a
Answer: C) A dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
96. Which of the following theorists believed that most of learning occurred by trial and error?
A)
Thorndike
B)
Tolman
C)
Breland
D)
Bandura
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-96
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: A) Thorndike
97. A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is best
described by
A)
social learning theory.
B)
biofeedback theory.
C)
classical conditioning.
D)
operant conditioning.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-97
Topic: The Law of Effect
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Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: D) operant conditioning.
98. "If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed
by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of
A)
Pavlov's classical conditioning.
B)
Tolman's latent learning.
C)
Kohler's insight learning.
D)
Thorndike's law of effect.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-98
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: D) Thorndike's law of effect.
99. Thorndike's research with cats in puzzle boxes led him to conclude that
A)
cats learn by insight and can grasp the nature of a problem.
B)
we all experience an "aha reaction" where we solve a problem and respond correctly after that point.
C)
all learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error.
D)
learning that is strongly reinforced occurs faster and is less subject to extinction.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-99
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: C) all learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error.
100. Which theorist, along with B.F. Skinner, laid the groundwork for the theory of operant conditioning?
A)
Thorndike
B)
Pavlov
C)
Bandura
D)
Watson
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-100
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: A) Thorndike
101. Thorndike's law of effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle?
A)
Premack principle
B)
Negative reinforcement
C)
Punishment
D)
Positive reinforcement
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-101
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Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: D) Positive reinforcement
102. What is the primary purpose of an operant chamber, or 'Skinner Box'?
A)
to prevent animals from interacting with each other
B)
to control the stimuli presented to animals
C)
to provide punishment for inappropriate behaviours
D)
to measure saliva production in classical conditioning trials
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-102
Topic: B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) to measure saliva production in classical conditioning trials
103. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on
A)
classical conditioning.
B)
operant conditioning.
C)
vicarious learning.
D)
cognitive learning.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-103
Topic: B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) operant conditioning.
104. In operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A)
A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness
B)
A student who completes all homework is allowed to skip a quiz.
C)
A student loses privileges for playing with lab equipment
D)
A student is sent to detention for fighting
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-104
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) A student who completes all homework is allowed to skip a quiz.
105. In operant conditioning, what is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition
of a voluntary response?
A)
the law of negative effect
B)
reinforcement
C)
conditional emotional linkages
D)
a long time delay
Difficulty: 2
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QuestionID: 06-1-105
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) conditional emotional linkages
106. A negative reinforcer is an aversive stimulus that is __________ and, thus, __________ the probability of a
response.
A)
removed; increases
B)
removed; decreases
C)
presented; increases
D)
presented; decreases
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-106
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) removed; increases
107. A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this
example?
A)
Punisher
B)
Positive reinforcer
C)
Negative reinforcer
D)
Conditioned response
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-107
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) Positive reinforcer
108. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he
finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the
following statements is most accurate?
A)
Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog, next time.
B)
Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
C)
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
D)
Bill will never bathe the dog again.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-108
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
109. Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a
spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of
spiders is being
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A)
B)
C)
D)
extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so.
recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better.
positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-109
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
110. Mark and Kathy take their two-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same
sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to
give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at
the top of their lungs, "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are
illustrated in this story?
A)
The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son's screaming.
B)
The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child's screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to
remain married.
C)
The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by
the cessation of screaming.
D)
Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a
negative reinforcement schedule.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-110
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively
reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
111. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behaviour
results from
A)
classical conditioning.
B)
shaping.
C)
generalization.
D)
negative reinforcement.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-111
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) negative reinforcement.
112. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
A)
Giving a child candy for completing their homework
B)
Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules
C)
Giving students a night off from homework if they work hard during class
D)
Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework
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Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-112
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) Giving a child candy for completing their homework
113. Wearing shorts on a hot summer day, because it helps you to feel less hot, is a behaviour that is established
by way of
A)
punishment.
B)
positive reinforcement.
C)
classical conditioning.
D)
negative reinforcement.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-113
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) negative reinforcement.
114. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A)
Getting a treat for doing dishes.
B)
Getting rid of a bad smell by taking out the trash.
C)
Feeling sick after eating too much.
D)
Losing a friend because you were mean to them.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-114
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) Getting rid of a bad smell by taking out the trash.
115. A behaviour is negatively reinforced when the consequence involves removing something __________ and
positively reinforced when the consequence involves presenting something __________.
A)
pleasant; pleasant
B)
unpleasant; pleasant
C)
unpleasant; unpleasant
D)
pleasant; unpleasant
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-115
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) unpleasant; pleasant
116. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A)
Cheyenne was a good girl at daycare, so she doesn't have to help set the table for dinner.
B)
Zane did his chores when he got home from school, so his mother let him play video games.
C)
Devin was crying because he wanted a treat, so his parents gave him a treat to stop his crying.
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D)
Kennedy was teasing her brother, so her mother gave her a time-out.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-116
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) Cheyenne was a good girl at daycare, so she doesn't have to help set the table for dinner.
117. If you put mittens on to reduce the discomfort of having very cold hands, then which of the following terms
describes this situation?
A)
positive reinforcement
B)
response cost
C)
punishment
D)
negative reinforcement
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-117
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) negative reinforcement
118. Jason had a lot of trouble finishing a research paper but worked really hard and got an A grade on the paper.
Getting an A for working hard is an example of
A)
positive reinforcement.
B)
response cost.
C)
punishment.
D)
negative reinforcement.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-118
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) positive reinforcement.
119. Ting washes the dishes every morning because he gets a lot of appreciation for doing that chore. This is an
example of which operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-119
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) positive reinforcement
120. Aron has stopped going to his local comic book store, because they stopped carrying his favourite comic.
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This is an example of which operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-120
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) negative punishment
121. Renata doesn't like to check her email because when she does there is usually a nasty message from her
coworker. This is an example of which operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-121
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) positive punishment
122. Ting washes his dishes every morning because then he doesn't have to deal with stinky dishes that are
harder to wash later in the day. This is an example of which operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-122
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) negative reinforcement
123. When Sherry has a shower in the morning, she is typically late for work and her boss takes away her coffee
break. As a result, Sherry has stopped showering in the morning. This is an example of operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-123
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
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Answer: B) negative punishment
124. Steve gets yelled at each time that he acts up in class. As a result, he has started acting up even more in
class. This is an example of operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-124
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) positive reinforcement
125. Carla asked a question in class, and her teacher made a fuss about what a great question it was. After that,
Carla never asked another question in class again. This is an example of operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
negative punishment
C)
positive reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-125
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) positive punishment
126. A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known
as
A)
punishment.
B)
negative reinforcement.
C)
extinction.
D)
positive reinforcement.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-126
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) punishment.
127. Punishment is defined as
A)
any consequence presented after behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
B)
any consequence presented before behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
C)
any consequence presented after behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
D)
any consequence presented before behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-127
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Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) any consequence presented after behaviour that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
128. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?
A)
Negative reinforcement
B)
Positive reinforcement
C)
Punishment
D)
Fixed ratio reinforcement
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-128
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) Punishment
129. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
A)
Punishment
B)
Positive reinforcement
C)
Negative reinforcement
D)
Appetitive conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-129
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) Punishment
130. Which of the following is an example of punishment?
A)
Nia yells at her boyfriend for talking during a TV show, and he continues to try to talk to her.
B)
Russ takes allergy medication before he goes hiking, so that he doesn't get red eyes and a runny nose.
C)
Shar stops paying attention to her whining dog.
D)
Raj makes fun of a girl on his team, and she stopped coming to the games.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-130
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) Raj makes fun of a girl on his team, and she stopped coming to the games.
131. To get back at her sister, Tess steals her sister's sweater. Unfortunately, her sister has so many clothes that
she didn't even notice. According to Skinner, is this an example of punishment?
A)
Yes, because the act of removing the sweater was intended to punish.
B)
Yes, because the sweater is still missing even if not noticed yet.
C)
No, because removal of a stimulus is negative reinforcement.
D)
No, because it didn't change the sister's behaviour.
Difficulty: 3
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QuestionID: 06-1-131
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) No, because it didn't change the sister's behaviour.
132. Which of the following is an advantage of punishment?
A)
Punishment teaches self-control.
B)
Punishment increases respect between a child and the caregiver.
C)
Punishment decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will recur.
D)
Punishment increases critical thinking and leads children to be more cautious.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-132
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) Punishment decreases the likelihood that a target behaviour will recur.
133. Researchers that have studied the relationship between physical punishment by parents and aggressive
behaviour in children have found that
A)
punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children.
B)
there is a causal relationship between parental punishment and childhood aggression.
C)
punishment is effective for reducing problem behaviour in children and decreases aggressive responses.
D)
children who have aggressive tendencies will behave aggressively, no matter how the parents deal with problem
behaviours.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-133
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) punishment is associated with more behavioural problems in children.
134. Which of the following statements is representative of general research on spanking and aggression?
A)
Increased spanking causes increased aggression in children.
B)
Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare.
C)
Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is
common.
D)
Increased spanking decreases aggression in children.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-134
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking
is rare.
135. Aimee is walking around the mall and sees her friend Jane waving at her, so she walks over to talk to Jane.
What is the discriminative stimulus in this example?
A)
Aimee
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B)
C)
D)
The mall
The wave
The conversation
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-135
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: C) The wave
136. Janet used to pout in order to get her own way, but her parents started ignoring that behaviour. Now she
rarely pouts to get her own way. Which process has occured?
A)
Extinction
B)
Spontaneous recovery
C)
Stimulus discrimination
D)
Negative reinforcement
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-136
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: A) Extinction
137. Which of the following processes occurs in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
A)
Positive reinforcement
B)
Spontaneous recovery
C)
Punishment
D)
Conditioned stimulus
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-137
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: B) Spontaneous recovery
138. Pavlov's dog salivates when the red light is on, but not when the green light is on. Skinner's cat runs away
from barking dogs, but snuggles with relaxed dogs. Which of the following terms describes both of these
behaviour patterns?
A)
Discriminative stimulus
B)
Stimulus generalization
C)
Extinction
D)
Stimulus discrimination
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-138
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: D) Stimulus discrimination
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139. Kristine gives her dog a treat each time he does a trick. Sarah gives her dog a treat only occasionally for
doing the same trick. Which of the following is most likely?
A)
Sarah's dog won't learn the trick very well.
B)
Kristine's dog won't learn the trick very well.
C)
If Sarah stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Kristine's.
D)
If Kristine stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Sarah's.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-139
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) If Sarah stops giving treats, her dog will continue to do the trick longer than Kristine's.
140. If a student earns a grade for every three books that they read, which schedule of reinforcement is that?
A)
Variable interval
B)
Variable ratio
C)
Fixed ratio
D)
Fixed interval
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-140
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) Fixed ratio
141. Which reinforcement schedule will result in the fastest initial acquisition of a behaviour?
A)
Fixed interval
B)
Continuous
C)
Variable ratio
D)
Variable interval
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-141
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: B) Continuous
142. Omar and Patrice sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Omar is paid $1.00 for every five calls he
makes, while Patrice is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells (which could take any number of calls). Omar is
paid on a __________ schedule, while Patrice is paid on a __________ schedule.
A)
fixed ratio; fixed interval
B)
variable ratio; fixed ratio
C)
fixed ratio; variable ratio
D)
fixed ratio; variable interval
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-142
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
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Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) fixed ratio; variable ratio
143. If you get paid as long as you show up to work each day at 8am, then which schedule of reinforcement is
that?
A)
variable ratio
B)
variable interval
C)
fixed ratio
D)
fixed interval
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-143
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: D) fixed interval
144. Letting a student leave class early if she completes five word problems during class represents both
__________ reinforcement and a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)
negative; variable ratio
B)
positive; variable ratio
C)
negative; fixed ratio
D)
positive; fixed interval
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-144
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) negative; fixed ratio
145. Which of the intermittent schedules produces the highest rates of responding?
A)
Variable ratio
B)
Fixed ratio
C)
Fixed interval
D)
Variable interval
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-145
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: A) Variable ratio
146. If parents want their kids to read more books, which schedule of reinforcement should lead to the greatest
rate of book reading?
A)
variable ratio
B)
fixed ratio
C)
variable interval
D)
fixed interval
Difficulty: 2
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QuestionID: 06-1-146
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: A) variable ratio
147. Julie works in a car dealership, and her job is to talk to people and convince them to buy a car. She talks to a
lot of people, but only makes a sale with approximately every fifth person. She only gets paid when she makes a
sale, so her salary reflects a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)
variable interval
B)
fixed interval
C)
variable ratio
D)
fixed ratio
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-147
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) variable ratio
148. Which of the following is true concerning intermittent schedules of reinforcement?
A)
All combinations of intermittent schedules yield similar rates of responding.
B)
Interval schedules yield higher rates of responding, compared to ratio schedules.
C)
Fixed schedules yield higher rates of responding, compared to variable schedules.
D)
Ratio schedules yield higher rates of responding, compared to interval schedules.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-148
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: D) Ratio schedules yield higher rates of responding, compared to interval schedules.
149. Which schedule of reinforcement is associated with slot machines and other forms of casino gambling?
A)
Fixed interval
B)
Fixed ratio
C)
Variable interval
D)
Variable ratio
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-149
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: D) Variable ratio
150. A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement involves
A)
giving reinforcement after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
B)
giving reinforcement after a varied number of behaviours have been produced.
C)
giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviours have been produced.
D)
giving reinforcement after a varied amount of time has elapsed.
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Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-150
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) giving reinforcement after a specific number of behaviours have been produced.
151. Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by __________ reinforcement.
A)
intermittent
B)
negative
C)
continuous
D)
delayed
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-151
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: A) intermittent
152. According to the principle of __________, if we want an animal to maintain a trick for a long time, we should
only reinforce correct responses every once in a while.
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
fixed reinforcement
C)
partial reinforcement
D)
positive punishment
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-152
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) partial reinforcement
153. Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the
lawn. Julie is being conditioned using a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)
fixed interval
B)
continuous
C)
intermittent
D)
fixed ratio
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-153
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: C) intermittent
154. Which of the following helps to explain the maintenance of problem behaviours, like staying in an abusive
relationship?
A)
spontaneous recovery
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B)
C)
D)
partial reinforcement
positive punishment
extinction
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-154
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: B) partial reinforcement
155. Operant conditioning would be the best approach when teaching a child to
A)
like broccoli.
B)
put away her shoes after school.
C)
be afraid of strangers.
D)
prefer science fiction movies.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-155
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: D) prefer science fiction movies.
156. Simone taught her dog to sit. She also taught her dog to drop anything that he was holding in his mouth.
Now, when they play fetch, she first gets her dog to sit, then she throws the ball and when he returns she tells
him to drop the ball. Then he sits again, and the game starts all over. Which operant conditioning procedure does
this represent?
A)
Negative reinforcement
B)
Chaining
C)
Fading
D)
Shaping
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-156
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) Chaining
157. Which of the following statements about operant conditioning is true?
A)
Chaining involves shaping behaviour by use of punishment and reinforcement.
B)
Fading involves gradually decreasing reinforcement once a behaviour is established.
C)
Shaping involves delivering punishment for unwanted behaviours.
D)
Chaining involves reinforcing behaviours that come closer to the target behaviour.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-157
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) Fading involves gradually decreasing reinforcement once a behaviour is established.
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158. Dan wants to teach his young son to help with chores. He knows that the little boy isn't ready to do a lot on
his own, so Dan just praises his son for small tasks like putting a toy in the toy box or helping to feed the cat.
Over time, Dan's standards will get higher as his little boy can handle more complex work. This is an example of
which operant concept?
A)
negative reinforcement
B)
extinction
C)
shaping
D)
fading
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-158
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: C) shaping
159. Which of the following terms represents the process of moving from a continuous reinforcement schedule to
partial reinforcement schedule?
A)
Shaping
B)
Chunking
C)
Extinction
D)
Fading
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-159
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: D) Fading
160. Which of the following is an example of the Premack principle?
A)
Getting to eat ice cream only if you eat your vegetables first
B)
Adding vegetables to your ice cream
C)
Removing all access to ice cream to increase the likelihood of eating vegetables
D)
Punishing someone by giving them vegetables instead of ice cream
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-160
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: A) Getting to eat ice cream only if you eat your vegetables first
161. Allison is trying to teach her cat to use the toilet rather than the litter box to go to the bathroom. She initially
moves the litter box into the bathroom and gives her cat a treat when she uses it. Then she moves the litter box
on top of the toilet and gives her cat a treat when she uses it. Next, she uses a toilet insert that has litter in it but
requires her cat to balance on the toilet seat to go to the bathroom. When her cat successfully does this, Allison
gives her a treat. Allison is using which of the following processes of operant conditioning?
A)
Fading
B)
Shaping
C)
Chaining
D)
Scalloping
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Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-161
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) Shaping
162. Sheldon is a psychology student and decides to conduct an experiment where he provides reinforcement to
his pet rat every so often, independent of its behaviour. After several days of his experiment, Sheldon notices
that his rat is engaging in strange behaviours, such as turning around in circles repetitively. Which of the
following is an explanation for what likely happened in Sheldon's experiment?
A)
Negative reinforcement
B)
Positive reinforcement
C)
Shaping of successive approximations
D)
Superstitious conditioning
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-162
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: D) Superstitious conditioning
163. Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as __________
reinforcers.
A)
primary
B)
secondary
C)
neutral
D)
negative
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-163
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) secondary
164. A __________ reinforcer is any reward that naturally increase the target behaviour, because it satisfies a
basic need.
A)
primary
B)
secondary
C)
neutral
D)
negative
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-164
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: A) primary
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165. Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer
to encourage her joke-telling, Kelsey's dad might
A)
offer her money.
B)
give her a gold star.
C)
tell her that she is an A+ comedian.
D)
offer her a piece of candy.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-165
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: D) offer her a piece of candy.
166. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary
reinforcer.
A)
A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
B)
Money; a kiss
C)
Water; food
D)
A gold star; a cupcake
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-166
Page-Reference:
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
167. A __________ reinforcer, such as money or a good grade, gets its value through an association with a
__________ reinforcer.
A)
positive; negative
B)
secondary; primary
C)
natural; artificial
D)
primary; secondary
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-167
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) secondary; primary
168. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
A)
Your favourite drink
B)
A tasty dessert
C)
A comforting hug
D)
Money
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-168
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
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Objective: 6.2e
Answer: D) Money
169. At Derek's school, students earn points for reading books and helping their classmates, and they lose points
for being late to class or leaving a mess in the lunchroom. Which procedure does this reflect?
A)
Token economy
B)
Chaining
C)
Shaping
D)
Extinction burst
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-169
Page-Reference:
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: A) Token economy
170. Use of operant conditioning techniques and applied behaviour analysis (ABA) have been applied extensively
to treating which disorder?
A)
Schizophrenia
B)
Phobias
C)
Autism
D)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-170
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: C) Autism
171. Two-process theory suggests that our fears can be strengthened or maintained when we avoid things that
scare us, in order to reduce our anxiety. Which process is it that maintains our fears?
A)
positive reinforcement
B)
positive punishment
C)
negative reinforcement
D)
negative punishment
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-171
Topic: Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: C) negative reinforcement
172. Parvinder has been afraid of cats ever since she was badly scratched as a child. Now, whenever she sees a
cat she panics but then when she avoids the cat she feels better. Her phobia was likely acquired through
__________ and is maintained through __________.
A)
operant conditioning; positive reinforcement
B)
classical conditioning; negative reinforcement
C)
instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
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D)
observational conditioning; avoidance conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-172
Topic: Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) classical conditioning; negative reinforcement
173. According to two-process theory, which of the following would be an effective method to reduce fears or
phobic reactions?
A)
use anxiolytic medication
B)
confront feared items
C)
completely avoid feared items
D)
gradual extinction processes
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-173
Topic: Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: B) confront feared items
174. The "O" in S-O-R psychology stands for
A)
operant.
B)
observational.
C)
organism.
D)
omniscient.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-174
Topic: S-O-R Psychology—Throwing Thinking Back into the Mix
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) organism.
175. Which of the following is an example of the S-O-R principle?
A)
A dog salivates when his owner opens a can of dog food.
B)
Children copy the actions of their parents.
C)
Two friends experience different emotions after getting exactly the same grades.
D)
A student studies harder after getting a C grade on an exam.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-175
Topic: S-O-R Psychology—Throwing Thinking Back into the Mix
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) Two friends experience different emotions after getting exactly the same grades.
176. The phenomenon of __________ suggests that conditioning is more than an automatic, mindless process,
and that our interpretation of a situation affects conditioning.
A)
extinction
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B)
C)
D)
shaping
the Law of Effect
cognitive conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-176
Topic: S-O-R Psychology—Throwing Thinking Back into the Mix
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: D) cognitive conditioning
177. S-O-R theorists were one of the first groups to point out the role of __________ in learning.
A)
observation
B)
expectation
C)
generalization
D)
recognition
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-177
Topic: S-O-R Psychology—Throwing Thinking Back into the Mix
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: B) expectation
178. Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzlik's classic study of latent learning in mazes?
A)
Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
B)
Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
C)
Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following behaviour.
D)
Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-178
Topic: Latent Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: D) Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement.
179. In Tolman's classic studies of latent learning by rats in mazes, which of the following groups of rats showed
evidence of latent learning?
A)
rats that were reinforced on every trial
B)
rats that were never reinforced
C)
rats that were initially not reinforced, then started getting reinforcement halfway through the study
D)
rats that had experience in a previous study
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-179
Topic: Latent Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) rats that were initially not reinforced, then started getting reinforcement halfway through the study
180. Which of the following phenomena provide evidence that we can learn new things even in the absence of
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reinforcement?
A)
generalization.
B)
extinction.
C)
latent learning.
D)
spontaneous recovery.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-180
Topic: Latent Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) latent learning.
181. Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of __________ on learning.
A)
the amygdala
B)
punishment
C)
reinforcement
D)
cognitive processes
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-181
Topic: Latent Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: D) cognitive processes
182. Tolman proposed that during learning trials, the rats in his experiments developed spatial representations of
the maze. Those representations are called
A)
token economies.
B)
shaping.
C)
learning histories.
D)
cognitive maps.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-182
Topic: Latent Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: D) cognitive maps.
183. Which of the following is a benefit associated with observational learning?
A)
It is efficient, because we don't have to experience everything for ourselves.
B)
It is fast, because it takes fewer trials than classical conditioning.
C)
It is durable, because it is more resistant to extinction than other methods.
D)
It is ethical, because it doesn't require any discomfort in order to learn.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-183
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: A) It is efficient, because we don't have to experience everything for ourselves.
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184. John sees others being praised for using good penmanship, and now he attempts to use good penmanship.
This behaviour is reflective of __________ learning.
A)
conditional
B)
stimulus-response (S-R)
C)
observational
D)
latent
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-184
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) observational
185. Which of the following theories provides the safest strategies for teaching a child to cross a busy street?
A)
Observational learning
B)
Chaining
C)
Operant conditioning
D)
Classical conditioning
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-185
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: A) Observational learning
186. Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" study?
A)
Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in preschool children.
B)
Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in preschool children.
C)
Exposure to nonaggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in preschool children.
D)
Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in preschool children.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-186
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in preschool children.
187. Which of the following pieces of evidence about media violence and violent behaviour has the best internal
validity?
A)
Laboratory studies demonstrate that exposure to violent media leads to increases in aggressive actions and
thoughts.
B)
Correlational evidence reveals that children who watch the most violent TV have more aggressive behaviours.
C)
Longitudinal studies show that kids who watch more violent media become more aggressive as they grow up.
D)
Field studies demonstrate that when a town gets access to TV, rates of aggression increase.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-187
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
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Objective: 6.3a
Answer: A) Laboratory studies demonstrate that exposure to violent media leads to increases in aggressive actions and
thoughts.
188. Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning?
A)
Sensory neuron
B)
Interneuron
C)
Mirror neuron
D)
Motor neuron
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-188
Topic: Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) Mirror neuron
189. Mirror neurons are a group of neurons in the __________ that become active when observing another
performing an action.
A)
motor cortex
B)
occipital lobe
C)
prefrontal cortex
D)
limbic system
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-189
Topic: Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: C) prefrontal cortex
190. You and your friends are watching a football game on television, and one of the players gets badly injured.
Each of you winces in pain almost as if you could feel or imagine the injury. Researchers have argued that
__________ are responsible for this type of observational learning.
A)
parietal lobe neurons
B)
temporospatial neurons
C)
somatosensory neurons
D)
mirror neurons
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-190
Topic: Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: D) mirror neurons
191. Which scholar and concept are correctly matched?
A)
Skinner and classical conditioning
B)
Kohler and insight learning
C)
Tolman and the law of effect
D)
Pavlov and instrumental conditioning
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Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-191
Topic: Insight Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3b
Answer: B) Kohler and insight learning
192. __________ is to the "aha reaction" as __________ is to positive reinforcement.
A)
S-O-R psychology; negative reinforcement
B)
Shaping; latent learning
C)
Insight learning; the law of effect
D)
Fixed interval; variable ratio
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-192
Topic: Insight Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.3b
Answer: C) Insight learning; the law of effect
193. Every time Charlie eats asparagus, she ends up feeling sick. After this happened a few times, Charlie starts
to feel ill even when she sees asparagus or people talk about it, and she avoids eating or being around it. Which
of the following reflects the specific type of conditioning Charlie has experienced?
A)
Operant conditioning
B)
Avoidance conditioning
C)
Conditioned taste aversion
D)
Instrumental conditioning
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-193
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: C) Conditioned taste aversion
194. In general, we develop associations best if stimuli or events occur close together. Which of the following
types of learning seems to happen easily, even if the events occur hours apart?
A)
Operant conditioning
B)
Conditioned taste aversion
C)
Punishment
D)
Negative reinforcement
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-194
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) Conditioned taste aversion
195. Which of the following is reflective of Seligman's research on conditioned taste aversion?
A)
Repeated pairings of the CS with the UCS are needed to produce a taste aversion.
B)
Once a taste aversion has been conditioned, it is relatively easily to extinguish this taste aversion.
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C)
Conditioned taste aversion occurs only if the illness occurs immediately after eating.
D)
Unlike most classically conditioned reactions, only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a taste
aversion.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-195
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) Unlike most classically conditioned reactions, only one pairing of the CS with the UCS is needed to produce a
taste aversion.
196. Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has
experienced
A)
blocking.
B)
conditioned taste aversion.
C)
operant taste conditioning.
D)
noncontingent conditioning.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-196
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) conditioned taste aversion.
197. Your friend Hannah is about to begin chemotherapy treatments for cancer. She read in an information packet
that chemotherapy patients often develop aversions to their favourite foods due to illness associated with the
treatments. Which of the following would you recommend to Hannah to help her avoid these aversions?
A)
Prior to her chemotherapy, Hannah should eat an unfamiliar 'scapegoat' food so that any aversions she develops
will be associated with the scapegoat and not her favourite foods.
B)
Hannah should continue to eat her favourite foods despite taste aversions as those will eventually go away and her
favourite foods will make her feel better.
C)
Taste aversions only occur to unfamiliar foods so she should eat familiar foods prior to chemotherapy.
D)
Taste aversions require repeated pairings to develop and as long as she eats something different prior to each
chemotherapy treatment, she shouldn't develop any taste aversions.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-197
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: A) Prior to her chemotherapy, Hannah should eat an unfamiliar 'scapegoat' food so that any aversions she
develops will be associated with the scapegoat and not her favourite foods.
198. Cancer patients may be asked to __________ prior to chemotherapy treatments to avoid conditioned taste
aversions.
A)
participate in aversive conditioning
B)
meditate
C)
make themselves vomit
D)
eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food
Difficulty: 2
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QuestionID: 06-1-198
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food
199. Which of the following people is most likely to develop a conditioned taste aversion?
A)
Someone who eats the same foods every day.
B)
Someone who likes to experiment with new foods regularly.
C)
Someone who is undergoing chemotherapy treatments.
D)
Someone who is recovering from addiction.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-199
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: A) Someone who eats the same foods every day.
200. Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of biological influences on conditioned taste
aversions?
A)
Thorndike
B)
Garcia
C)
Skinner
D)
Watson
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-200
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) Garcia
201. A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep
and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He
hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of __________ to
accomplish this.
A)
Skinner
B)
Bandura
C)
Tolman
D)
Garcia
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-201
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) Garcia
202. A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep
and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He
hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principles of __________ to
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accomplish this.
A)
observational learning
B)
latent learning
C)
instrumental conditioning
D)
classical conditioning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-202
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) classical conditioning
203. Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti. Later, the parakeet gets ill. Based on evidence about the
specificity of conditioned taste aversions, which of the following would your bird find most aversive in future?
A)
The location where the spaghetti was eaten.
B)
The sight of the pasta pot.
C)
The person who fed spaghetti to the bird.
D)
The smell or taste of spaghetti.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-203
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) The smell or taste of spaghetti.
204. John Garcia's research on conditioned taste aversions helped to disprove the concept of equipotentiality. He
exposed some rats to X-rays, which made them nauseated, all rats were exposed to flavoured water and specific
sounds. Which of the following results was critical as evidence against equipotentiality?
A)
After exposure to X-rays, rats develop an aversion to the sounds.
B)
After exposure to X-rays, rats develop an aversion to the flavours.
C)
After exposure to X-rays, rats develop an aversion to both sounds and flavours.
D)
After exposure to X-rays, some rats developed preferences for the flavours.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-204
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) After exposure to X-rays, rats develop an aversion to the flavours.
205. People are likely to develop phobias of things that are dangerous in the natural world, like snakes or bears,
even if they never encounter those things in their lives. People are unlikely to develop phobias of modern
equipment, like stoves or motorcycles, even if those items hurt them. Which of the following terms is used to
help explain this odd fact?
A)
preparedness
B)
latent inhibition
C)
instinctive drift
D)
equipotentiality
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-205
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Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: A) preparedness
206. Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is
because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find
these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of
A)
classical conditioning.
B)
vicarious conditioning.
C)
conditioned emotional response.
D)
biological preparedness.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-206
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: D) biological preparedness.
207. In laboratory experiments, monkeys have an easier time learning to fear pictures of snakes than pictures of
flowers. Which principle does this evidence support?
A)
equipotentiality
B)
preparedness
C)
extinction
D)
latent learning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-207
Topic: Preparedness and Phobias
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) preparedness
208. Research on phobias has suggested that the stimuli that people are most commonly afraid of may have an
evolutionary basis, and were stimuli that posed a threat to our early human ancestors. Which of the following
concepts fits with this explanation?
A)
Insight learning
B)
Latent learning
C)
Preparedness
D)
Discrimination learning
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-208
Topic: Preparedness and Phobias
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: C) Preparedness
209. Some researchers have suggested that it is easier to develop a fear or phobia of things that we don't see
very often (like snakes or cliffs) but difficult to develop a fear of things we see every day (like knives or electrical
outlets). Which term is used for this concept?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
Instinctive drift
Latent inhibition
Spontaneous recovery
The law of effect
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-209
Topic: Preparedness and Phobias
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) Latent inhibition
210. Tina trained her dog to fetch her slippers, and would give him a treat each time he did it. She's noticed that
recently her dog has started chewing on her slippers instead of bringing them to her. Which of the following
describes this sort of situation?
A)
Discrimination learning
B)
Instinctive drift
C)
Latent inhibition
D)
Insight learning
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-210
Topic: Instinctive Drift
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) Instinctive drift
211. The tendency for animals to return to innate or instinctive behaviours following repeated reinforcement is
called
A)
equipotentiality.
B)
instinctive drift.
C)
latent inhibition.
D)
insight learning.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-211
Topic: Instinctive Drift
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: B) instinctive drift.
212. Which of the following statements concerning sleep learning is most accurate?
A)
Sleep learning tapes work because we actively process information while we sleep.
B)
Sleep learning studies confirm that we can learn languages while we sleep.
C)
Most evidence from studies on sleep learning suggests that it is an effective learning strategy.
D)
Sleep learning tapes may work because we are likely not asleep when we listen to the tapes.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-212
Topic: Sleep-Assisted Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.5a
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Answer: D) Sleep learning tapes may work because we are likely not asleep when we listen to the tapes.
213. Darcy is trying a new method to improve his memory, and it claims to allow students to learn twice as much
material in half as much time. Darcy tries out the new methods for a few days and feels like he was really focused
and productive. He tells his friend that he knows that he'll do better on the exam now because this new method
has really improved his learning. Which of the following has likely influenced Darcy's experience of the new
method?
A)
Changes to the strength of classical conditioning.
B)
Engagement of mirror neurons
C)
Benefits associated with biological preparedness.
D)
Changes that can be attributed to the placebo effect.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-213
Topic: Accelerated Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.5ap
Answer: D) Changes that can be attributed to the placebo effect.
214. Which of the following is an example of discovery learning?
A)
A teacher individually assisting a student with a problem set
B)
A student working independently on a science project
C)
A student serving as a skilled assistant who teaches another student
D)
A student scoring well on a re-test after scoring low the first time
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-214
Topic: Discovery Learning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.5a
Answer: B) A student working independently on a science project
215. Research on learning styles has demonstrated that
A)
individuals tend to learn best via one of four specific learning styles (e.g., visual, holistic).
B)
tailoring teaching methods to students' learning styles significantly improves their learning.
C)
there is little scientific evidence for learning styles and assessment of learning styles has not been reliable.
D)
individuals have a predominant learning style, or preferred mode of learning, as well as a secondary learning style,
and teaching tailored to both of these dramatically increases performance.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-215
Topic: Learning Styles
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.5a
Answer: C) there is little scientific evidence for learning styles and assessment of learning styles has not been reliable.
216. Which of the following is most representative of research concerning learning styles?
A)
Most students have a specific learning style and teachers should tailor instruction to the individual student based on
their learning style.
B)
Visual learners are not likely to enjoy tasks that involve analytical skills.
C)
Learning style inventories lack validity and reliability, so it is difficult to predict how a certain student will learn best.
D)
Linguistic learners are likely to struggle with tasks that involve mathematical skills.
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Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-216
Topic: Learning Styles
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.5a
Answer: C) Learning style inventories lack validity and reliability, so it is difficult to predict how a certain student will learn
best.
Fill-in-the-blank
1. Pavlov developed the theory of __________ conditioning.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-01
Page-Reference:
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective:
Answer: a. classical
2. In Pavlov's classic salivating dog experiment, food is the __________ stimulus.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-02
Page-Reference:
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: a. unconditioned
3. In classical conditioning, after repeated learning trials the conditioned stimulus will come to elicit a
__________ response.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-2-03
Page-Reference:
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: a. conditioned
4. In classical conditioning, the CR and the __________ are usually the same, or very similar.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-04
Page-Reference:
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1a
Answer: a. UCR
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5. The learning phase when the CS becomes associated with the UCS is known as __________ and can happen
fast or slow.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-05
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: a. acquisition
6. The process by which the CS no longer produces the CR is called __________ .
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-06
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: a. extinction
7. If a white rat is conditioned to produce fear in a child and soon all white furry animals are feared by the child,
stimulus __________ is said to occur.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-07
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: a. generalization
8. Marketing executives use __________ conditioning when they employ celebrities to sell products.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-08
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: a. classical
9. In Watson's study involving "Little Albert," a white rat was the __________ in the aversive conditioning trials.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-09
Page-Reference:
Topic: Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: a. CS
10. According to Thorndike's __________ , behaviour that is followed by rewards should become 'stamped in' and
will increase in the future.
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Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-10
Page-Reference:
Topic: The Law of Effect
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2b
Answer: a. law of effect
11. Skinner is most closely associated with developing the theory of __________ conditioning.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-11
Topic: B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: a. operant
12. If students with "A" averages don't have to do a final exam, then that is an example of __________ for getting
good grades.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-12
Page-Reference:
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: a. negative reinforcement
13. One of the side effects of __________ is that people may just get sneakier about their behaviour, so that they
don't get caught.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-13
Page-Reference:
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: a. punishment
14. A teacher states that all students who complete five word problems by the end of class will be exempt from
homework. The teacher is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-14
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: a. fixed ratio
15. If you are paid every Friday, regardless of how much work you've done, then you've been paid on a
__________ schedule of reinforcement.
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Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-15
Page-Reference:
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: a. fixed interval
16. The schedule of reinforcement described as being most resistant to __________ is variable ratio, because
people seem to get 'hooked' on that type of schedule.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-16
Page-Reference:
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: a. extinction
17. The procedure of __________ trains a new behaviour by initially rewarding any behaviour that is similar to the
target behaviour.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-2-17
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: a. shaping
18. Most token economy conditioning strategies use chips, tokens, or points as __________ reinforcers, instead
of naturally rewarding items.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-18
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: a. secondary
19. A reinforcer that naturally rewards a behaviour is considered to be a __________ reinforcer.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-19
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: a. primary
20. If Sam is afraid of spiders, it is likely that his fear of spiders is maintained by __________ reinforcement when
he avoids spiders to reduce his fear.
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Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-2-20
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: a. negative
21. Tolman demonstrated __________ learning by showing that rats learn mazes even in the absence of
reinforcement.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-21
Topic: Cognitive Models of Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: a. latent
22. Bandura's Bobo-doll studies demonstrated that __________ learning can lead to increased aggression in
children.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-22
Page-Reference:
Topic: Observational Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: a. observational
23. One of the problems with interpreting the research on media violence is that most of the research is
correlational and therefore is lower in __________ validity.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-2-23
Topic: Media Violence and Real World Aggression
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: a. internal
24. When one monkey watches another monkey perform an action, cells called __________ neurons become
active.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-24
Topic: Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.3a
Answer: a. mirror
25. Conditioned taste aversions and instinctive drift both likely result from biological __________ .
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Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-2-25
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: a. preparedness
Critical Thinking
1. What conditioning technique would be best if you wanted to make your roommate enjoy your favourite music
more? Be specific and describe the steps, using appropriate terminology.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-3-01
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: Answers will vary, but for full marks the answer should have the following components:
The technique should be classical conditioning, because you are attempting to change a reaction to a stimulus, and not a
voluntary behaviour (which would be operant conditioning).
The music (CS) should be paired with something your friend already likes (UCS) which will elicit positive feelings (UCR).
After repeated pairings of the CS with UCS, then the music (CS) should elicit positive feelings (CR).
2. Imagine that your friend has told you a joke. Provide examples of how you could apply positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Indicate also what effect each of those
four consequences would have on your friend's likelihood of telling jokes.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-3-02
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: Answers will vary, but for full marks the answer should have the following components:
Positive reinforcement will add something 'nice' like giving praise or candy. This should increase the likelihood of telling
more jokes.
Negative reinforcement will take away something unpleasant, like telling your friend that they don't have to pay for coffee
or don't have to do chores. This should increase the likelihood of telling more jokes.
Positive punishment will add something unpleasant, like hitting your friend or yelling at them. This should decrease the
likelihood of telling more jokes.
Negative punishment will take away something nice, like removing your attention (walking away) or taking away cookies.
This should decrease the likelihood of telling more jokes.
3. Use the two-process model to describe how phobias develop, and how they are maintained. Be specific and
use the appropriate terminology for both classical and operant conditioning.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-3-03
Topic: Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: The two process model specifies that phobias are developed through classical conditioning and maintained
through operant conditioning.
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Specifically, a stimulus like a dog (CS) is paired with a frightening event like a bite (UCS) which elicits fear (UCR).
Afterward the dog (CS) elicits fear (CR).
Once you're afraid of a stimulus, you try to avoid it and this reduces your fear through negative reinforcement. This
negative reinforcement makes it more likely that you will avoid the stimulus again in the future, so your fear is
strengthened.
4. Describe how conditioned taste aversions develop, how this type of conditioning is different from typical
classical conditioning, and how principles of learning are being used to avoid or reduce aversions in cancer
patients.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-3-04
Topic: Conditioned Taste Aversions
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.4a
Answer: Answers will vary but the following points are required
The CS (taste/smell) is paired with the UCS (illness) which elicits the UCR (nausea/discomfort) and then afterward the CS
(taste/smell) will elicit the CR (nausea/aversion).
Does not require multiple pairings (unlike most classical conditioning)
Does not require the CS and US to occur close together in time (unlike most classical conditioning).
Conditioned taste aversions are a particular problem among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, which frequently
induces nausea and vomiting. As a result, they often develop an aversion to any food that preceded chemotherapy, even
though they realize it bears no logical connection to the treatment.
Capitalizing on the specificity of conditioned taste aversions, they ask cancer patients to eat an unfamiliar scapegoat food
—a novel food of which they aren't fond—prior to chemotherapy. In general, the taste aversion becomes conditioned to
the scapegoat food rather than to patients' preferred foods
Essay
1. Benny is three years old and he is very afraid of traffic. One time when he was waiting with his Dad to cross the
street, a car drove through the red light, honking the horn very close to Benny. Benny started crying. Ever since
then, Benny is very nervous at crosswalks and holds onto his parents' hands very tightly. Identify the CS, UCS,
UCR and CR for this example of classical conditioning.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-4-01
Topic: Principles of Classical Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1b
Answer: Answers should contain the following for full credit.
UCS: loud horn/dangerous car
UCR: fear/crying
CS: street/traffic/crosswalk
CR: nervous/fear/holding on tight to parents
2. Describe how you would use the principles of classical conditioning to condition a child who is afraid of cats
to be comfortable with a neighbour's cat. Describe a procedure similar to the one used by Mary Cover Jones.
Difficulty: 2
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QuestionID: 06-4-02
Topic: Pavlov's Discoveries
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.1c
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following for full credit.
- The cat is the CS and CR is fear.
- To establish a new CR to replace fear, you need to provide a new UCS.
- One can use ice cream (a UCS) or something else that the child likes.
- Start by associating the idea or thought of the cat with ice cream.
- Work up to having the cat in the same room while the child gets ice cream.
- move the cat closer and closer over time
- Eventually, the child should be able to experience the CS (cat) without fear (CR) or even to experience pleasure (new
CR)
3. Distinguish between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative
punishment. Provide an example of each.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-4-03
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit.
- Positive reinforcement: presenting a desirable stimulus; increases target behaviour; gold star on homework
- Negative reinforcement: removing an undesirable stimulus; increases target behaviour; static on phone that subsides
when you move to a different spot in your room
- Positive punishment: presenting an undesirable stimulus; decreases target behaviour; scolding by parents
- Negative punishment: removing a desirable stimulus; decreases target behaviour; taking away a child's dessert
4. What are the four main disadvantages of punishment?
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-4-04
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2c
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following information for full credit.
(1) Punishment only tells the organism what not to do, not what to do. A child who's punished for throwing a tantrum won't
learn how to deal with frustration more constructively.
(2) Punishment often creates anxiety, which in turn interferes with future learning.
(3) Punishment may encourage subversive behaviour, prompting people to become sneakier about the situations in which
they can and can't display forbidden behaviour. A child who's punished for grabbing his brother's toys may learn to grab
his brother's toys only when his parents aren't looking.
(4) Punishment from parents may provide a model for children's aggressive behaviour. A child whose parents slap him
when he misbehaves may "get the message" that slapping is acceptable.
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5. Describe how parents could use operant conditioning to motivate their child to move from a "C" student to an
"A" student. Discuss positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, and the schedule(s) of reinforcement that
you would employ.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-4-05
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following for full credit.
- Must be a description of the operant behaviour. Is it studying behaviour? Is it the grades themselves? Is it evidence of
completed homework? Something must be described as the operant behaviour.
Must be at least one example of each of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment
- Positive reinforcement would consist of increased allowance or the promise of new electronic games or CDs and
presents in the form of gift cards for improved grades.
- Negative reinforcement would consist of periodic removal of chores and early bedtimes and periodic removal of
restrictions on television viewing during the week.
- Punishment in the form of increased restrictions placed on television viewing, increased chores, suspended allowance,
and restrictions placed on electronic games. Punishments will occur if grades fall under a C average or if appropriate
studying behaviours were skipped.
Must be at least one example of a schedule of reinforcement
- Must be accurate use of terms (e.g., VR schedule reinforced for an average amount of work, not specific amount, or FI
schedule reinforced for turning in homework each day)
6. If you owned a business and needed to increase worker productivity, describe how you would do so using
operant conditioning. Outline at least two reinforcers that you would employ and the ideal schedule or schedules
of reinforcement that you would use.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-4-06
Page-Reference:
Topic: Terminology of Operant Conditioning/Schedules of Reinforcement
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2 c and 6.2d
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following for full credit.
- must be at least two reinforcers, and should specify whether it is positive or negative
- payment would be positive reinforcement, as would bonuses, praise, privileges
- extra time off would be negative reinforcement, as would getting to avoid a hated part of the job
- must be at least one schedule of reinforcement, and the same schedule could be used for each reinforcer
- should be accurately represented, e.g., payment on Fixed Ratio schedule, so that workers must make 10 products to
earn $$
- note that textbook doesn't clarify that working for an hourly wage isn't Fixed Interval (it's actually fixed duration, which
isn't discussed in the text) so it is possible that students will indicate increased FI schedules for payment (e.g., $25/hr) to
motivate workers
- note that VR schedules result in the highest rate of work, at least in skinner boxes and at slot machines, so some
mention of providing a bonus or praise after random amounts of work would be an ideal answer
7. What are the four schedules of reinforcement? Describe each and provide an example.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-4-07
Topic: Schedules of Reinforcement
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Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2d
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following concepts for full credit.
(1) In a fixed ratio (FR) schedule, we provide reinforcement after a regular number of responses. For example, on an FR
15 schedule, we give a rat a food pellet for every 15 lever presses. Likewise, you might earn a dollar for every three
bushels of apples you pick in an orchard.
(2) In a fixed interval (FI) schedule, we provide reinforcement for the first response after a specified amount of time has
passed. For example, on an FI two-minute schedule, we give the rat a food pellet for the first lever press it makes after
two minutes have elapsed since the last food pellet. Any lever presses that it makes during the two-minute period will be
ineffective. Likewise, we will get to talk to a customer service representative when we call the store after it opens one hour
from now, but any phone calls before it opens will be ineffective.
(3) In a variable ratio (VR) schedule, we provide reinforcement for a variable number of responses, with the number
varying randomly around some average. A pigeon on a VR 10 schedule might receive a piece of bird feed after six pecks,
then after 12 pecks, then after one peck, then after 21 pecks, with the average ratio being 10.
(4) In a variable interval (VI) schedule, we provide reinforcement for the first response after a variable time interval, with
the actual intervals varying randomly around some average. For example, on a VI 60-second schedule, we could give the
rat a food pellet for the first response after a 20-second interval, then after an 80-second interval, then after a 50-second
interval, then after a 90-second interval, with the average interval being 60 seconds.
8. Describe how operant conditioning helps to explain how people develop superstitions?
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-4-08
Page-Reference:
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Factual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the points that reflect the following for full credit.
- reinforcement is delivered randomly, independent of behaviour
- some aspect of behaviour is perceived as 'causing' the reinforcement
- that behaviour becomes more likely in future
- a relevant example should be provided, like winning a hockey game while wearing new socks, the socks are then
perceived as lucky, so they are worn more in future (and future wins are attributed to the socks).
9. Explain how classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and biological preparedness relate to phobias.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-4-09
Topic: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skill: Applied/Conceptual
Objective: 6.2e
Answer: Answers will vary but should contain the following for full credit.
- Acquisition with classical conditioning: Classical conditioning: a previously neutral stimulus—say, a dog—is paired with
an unpleasant stimulus (the UCS)—a dog bite—resulting in the dog becoming a CS that elicits a CR of fear.
- Maintenance with negative reinforcement: Once someone is phobic, they start to avoid their feared stimulus whenever
they see it. And because they avoid the feared stimulus whenever they see it, they don't allow sufficient opportunity for
their fear response to extinguish. For example, if they have a dog phobia, they may cross the street whenever they see
someone walking toward them with a large German shepherd. When they do, they experience an immediate reduction in
anxiety—a surge of relief—which negatively reinforces their tendency to avoid dogs in the future.
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- Preparedness: We're evolutionarily predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others. According to Seligman, that's
because certain stimuli, like steep cliffs and poisonous animals, posed a threat to our early human ancestors. In contrast,
household items and appliances didn't, because they weren't around back then. In the words of Susan Mineka and
Michael Cook (1993), prepared fears are "evolutionary memories": emotional legacies of natural selection.
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