Presentation on Turbine & Pump Presented by Abrar Adib ID : 1802019 Course no : ME-241 Submitted to Sourav Paul sir 1.Turbine Turbine What is a turbine? A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a generator. Turbine Construction of turbine Turbine Working principle of turbine The basic construction of turbine has a rotor, which is shaft with blades attached on it. A casing enclose to rotor, and it contain as well as controls the flow fluid.The working fluid maybe gas, steam or liquid. When the fluid directed to the rotor by nozzles, due shapes of blades, fluid imparts a rotational energy to the rotor. The rotational energy of shaft is then used to do useful work.For example the turbine is combined with generator to produce electrical energy in steam power plant. Turbine Types of turbine Water turbine Steam turbine Gas turbine Wind turbine Impulse turbine Reaction turbine Francis turbine Kaplan turbine Turbine Water turbine Turbines are usually fixed in place, so when a fluid flows through it there is a drop in pressure at the back edge of each blade that causes the turbine to turn. The principle is the same for air or water and the faster the medium is moving, the greater the pressure drop, and the faster the turbine spins.It’s a much more efficient method than water wheels that yields greater hydraulic head(the amount of force the water can generate) with smaller apparatus. Historically turbines directly drove the huge factories of the 19th century, but since the dawn of electricity, they’re used to generate power that can be stored or passed on to the national electrical grid for a clean and renewable source of power. Turbine Steam turbine In simple terms, a steam turbine works by using a heat source (gas, coal, nuclear, solar) to heat water to extremely high temperatures until it is converted into steam. As that steam flows past a turbine’s spinning blades, the steam expands and cools. The potential energy of the steam is thus turned into kinetic energy in the rotating turbine’s blades. Because steam turbines generate rotary motion, they’re particularly suited for driving electrical generators for electrical power generation. The turbines are connected to a generator with an axle, which in turn produces energy via a magnetic field that produces an electric current. Turbine Gas turbine Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine. A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections a compressor, a combustor, and a power turbine. The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the Brayton cycle, where compressed air is mixed with fuel, and burned under constant pressure conditions. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand through a turbine to perform work. Turbine Wind turbine Wind turbines work on a very simple principle. The wind turns the blades, which causes the axis to rotate, which is attached to a generator, which produces DC electricity, which is then converted to AC via an inverter that can then be passed on to power your home. The stronger the wind, the more electricity is generated from the motion Turbine Impulse turbine In these turbines, the static pressure inside the runner is constant, and the turbine runner is at atmospheric pressure. The runner spins in the air, and the fluid is sprayed to the blades through the nozzle to exchange energy with the turbine. A jet nozzle or a series of nozzles directs the high-speed flow to the blades, which are usually in the shape of buckets or cups. Therefore, only pressure changes occur in the nozzles. Turbine Reaction turbine The working of the reaction turbine can be well understand by taking a rotor having moving nozzles and water of high pressure is coming out of the nozzle. As the water leaves the nozzle, a reaction force is experienced by the nozzle. This reaction force rotates the rotor at very high speed. In the same way in reaction turbine, a reaction force is generated by the fluid moving on the runner blades. The reaction force produced on the runner blades makes the runner to rotate. Fluid after moving over the runner blades enters into draft tube and finally to the trail race. Turbine Francis turbine Francis turbine blades are designed in such a way that one portion of the blade design creates the pressure difference between the opposite faces of the blade when water flows through it, and the remaining portion’s blade design use the impulse force of water hitting it and this combined action of pressure difference and impulse force generates enough power to get turbine moving at a required speed.Thus there would be a decrease in both kinetic energy and potential energy of water at exit, then what it has when it enters the turbine. Turbine Kaplan turbine Kaplan Turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. In axial flow turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. The water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for effective rotation the blades in a hydro-power station. Turbine Applications of turbine Electric power generation. Locomotive propulsion. Gas turbine is used in aircrafts. Hydraulic power generating plants. Steam turbines help generate the power needed to harness energy from wastes. Steam turbines are used to produce green carbon-dioxide energy from bagasse. Cooling system,gear box,hydraulic systems etc. Wind power conversion. 2.Pumps Pumps What is a pump? A pump is a device that moves fluids, or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement,and gravity pumps. Pumps Construction of pump Fig:centrifugal pump Fig:Engine water pump Pumps Working principle of a centrifugal pump The working principle of a centrifugal pump can be broken down to a few stages: Liquid enters the pump casing at the impeller eye. Velocity energy is imparted to the liquid by means of the centrifugal force produced by rotation of the impeller and the liquid is radially pushed out towards the impeller periphery. The velocity energy of liquid is converted to pressure energy by directing it to an expanding volute design casing in a volute type centrifugal pump or diffusers in a turbine pump. Pumps Types of pumps Positive-displacement pumps Impulse pumps Velocity pumps Gravity pumps Steam pumps Valveless pumps Gear pump Hydraulic pumps Screw pumps Pumps Positive-displacement pump A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount of the fluid and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into a discharge pipe or discharge system. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume remains constant through each cycle of pump operation. Pumps Impulse pump Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards. Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. Pumps Gravity pump A gravity pump also known as a ram pump use the water kinetic energy to create high pressure pulses and pump water above the level of the stream. It uses a long rigid pipe to accumulate a big mass of water and actuate periodically a valve to stop abruptly all the flow, this generates a high pressure wave that opens a valve creating a small flow that can raise water due to the high pressure pulses. When the high pressure is relieved the pressure valve is closed again, and the stream valve (acted by flow) opens again cause there is no flow and high pressure,once the flow regain velocity the cycle is repeated with a characteristic sound on the valve. Pumps Gear pump This type of pump includes two or more gears that create vacuum force to drive the liquid within the pump. This pump can be built with different parts like shaft, rotors, and casing. These pumps have high-pressure and are available in tiny sizes to supply constant liquid flow & a pulseless as contrasted to other types of pumps such as diaphragm & peristaltic pumps. The main benefits of using these pumps are superior like it can drive high thickness fluids, easy to use, operate and also maintain. Pumps Hydraulic pump The working principle of hydraulic pump is the same for all the other pumps. Due to mechanical action, the pump creates a partial vacuum at the inlet. This causes the atmospheric pressure to force the fluid into the inlet of the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system. The pump contains two check valves. Pumps Screw pump Screw pumps operate using two counter-rotating screw rotors which are engineered so that they rotate towards each other. This traps the gas in the space between the screws of their rotors. As the screws rotate, this trapped volume decreases which not only compresses the gas but moves it towards the exhaust. Pumps Applications of pumps Pumping water from the wells. Aquarium and pond filtering. Water cooling and fuel injection in automobiles. Pumping oil or gas and operating cooling towers in energy industry. waste water recycling,pulp and paper,chemical industry etc. Industrial and mobile applications. Fuel and lubrication. Precise metering and hydraulic applications. Low volume transfers. Thank you so much!
