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Making Accurate Master Impressions | Volume 8, Issue 6 | Inside Dentistry
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Inside Dentistry
June 2012
Volume 8, Issue 6
Noteworthy Categories
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Making Accurate Master Impressions
Guidelines for predictably capturing the detail and occlusal morphology the
laboratory needs to create successful crown-and-bridge restorations.
By John C. Cranham, DDS
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CAD/CAM
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Every practicing den­­tist has experienced it. The proper steps are taken in a typical crown-and-bridge
appointment: An­esthesia adminis­tration, careful preparation, and retraction. The tray is selected, the
impression material is mixed, the low-viscosity material is injected, and the tray is seated. The
appropriate amount of time is allowed for the material to set. However, upon removal and inspection of
the final impression, the dentist finds it falls short of clinical expectations. Worse, sometimes the clinician
may think he has made a nice impression, only to receive the dreaded phone call from the dental
laboratory, telling him that the impression lacks the necessary detail for the laboratory to proceed with the
case.
While dentists have a myriad of excellent material options today, making optimal final impressions is still
a challenging task. Any laboratory will confirm that technicians are routinely challenged by final
impressions that lack either the detail necessary for them to see the marginal areas or the necessary
occlusal morphology required to accurately mount the casts. While every dentist will occasionally miss an
impression, the purpose of this article to is to review a specific protocol that will create a predictable path
to taking accurate master impressions.
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The Goal of an Accurate Master Impression
It is important to remember that the purpose of a master impression is to create a master model on which
qualified laboratory technicians will fabricate restorations to serve the esthetic, functional, and biologic
requirements of the patient. With that in mind, it is critical that upon removal of the impression, it be
closely evaluated. The final impression should capture all the surfaces of all the teeth and extend to the
mucobuccal fold (Figure 1). If a maxillary impression is made, a good representation of the palate is also
important. The occlusal surfaces of all the teeth should be captured in detail (Figure 2). The impression
should be free of pulls, voids, and air bubbles (Figure 3). The preparations should be clean, crisp, and
free of contamination; in addition, the impression material should have flowed 0.5 mm past the margin
circumferentially around the tooth (Figure 4 through Figure 7).
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It is important for dentists to remember that the more information the laboratory technician has, the better
job he or she can do. When working on a case such as a simple lateral incisor, the technician wants to
see a clean, crisp, ideal preparation, as well as the entire contour of the opposite side of the dentition. A
good ceramist will study both the shape of the tissue and the specific contours of the contralateral tooth.
Studying the specific shape of the root at the margin makes it possible to create an emergence profile
that will mimic a natural, self-cleansing form, but only if the details have been captured in the impression
itself.
Start with Healthy Tissues
Nothing makes the job of the restorative dentist easier than taking the time necessary to create a healthy
environment prior to the restorative phase. Inflammation of the gingival tissues is the enemy of the
restorative process. Bleeding and contamination from the crevicular fluid will compete for space with the
impression material within the sulcus, leading to indistinct preparations and lack of detail at the margin.
Further, inflamed tissue is unstable tissue that will likely recede. Simply put, trying to proceed with
restorative dentistry in an unhealthy environment is one of the biggest compromises a dentist can make.1
Making sure the root surfaces are free of plaque-related etiologies, that the tissues have had time to
respond to initial therapy, and that the patient has been instructed on appropriate home care modalities is
critical to the success of this endeavor.2
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Patients with old restorations or caries at or below the gingival margin should be closely scrutinized.
Often these deficient areas are within the biologic width, making it nearly impossible to impress these
areas. Furthermore, even if an accurate impression is captured in this scenario, the long-term health of
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Making Accurate Master Impressions | Volume 8, Issue 6 | Inside Dentistry
the patient will be compromised. In these situations, it is wise to eliminate the defective areas, as well as
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to create an optimum periodontal environment (through periodontal surgery), prior to the restorative
phase.3
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Lastly, taking time to get the occlusion ideal prior to the restorative phase is also important for tissue
stability. Traumatic occlusion schemes can lead to wear, mobility, and migration of the dentition. These
signs of instability in the presence of bacteria can lead to the kinds of tissue problems previously
described. Following a comprehensive approach to provide occlusal stability, as well as optimum
periodontal health prior to the restorative process, is critical for predictable long-term success.
Create an Impressible Preparation
While the nuances of tooth preparation go beyond the scope of this article, the better the tooth is
prepared, the better the final restoration will be upon completion. Laboratories struggle—even with
perfect impressions—when the prepared teeth are rough, irregular, and lack a consistent marginal design
(Figure 8 through Figure 13). It is important to take the time to properly build teeth up; create an optimum
amount of buccal, interproximal, lingual, and occlusal reduction; and provide a clean, crisp margin.
Dentists who are consistent in this process will quickly learn to read their own impressions to see if they
have met the aforementioned requirements. Additionally, the laboratory technicians upon whom dentists
rely so heavily will also be able to predictably determine if the master impression/cast is clinically
acceptable to enable them to proceed.
Retract with Intention
If care has been taken to get the mouth healthy, tissue retraction should not be difficult. The goal is to
provide circumferential access to the root surface of the prepared tooth 0.5 mm apical to the definitive
margin. This requires mechanical displacement of tissue in a manner that will not cause bleeding or
seeping of the crevicular fluid. The following options are used in restorative dentistry.
Retraction Cords
These have been used in dentistry to mechanically displace the periodontal tissues for decades. Many
have used the two-cord technique with great success. The cords can be used plain or soaked in
hemostatic agent. The first, smaller cord is placed carefully into the base of the sulcus to eliminate the
seeping of crevicular fluids. A second, larger cord is placed on top of the first, with the purpose of
mechanically displacing the sulcular tissues. Five to 10 minutes is required for retraction to be
accomplished; after that, the top cord is removed, and the impression can be made.1,4
Electrosurgery
This technique has also been used to create a trough around the tooth into which impression material
can be flowed. While this modality allows for efficient removal of the soft tissue, care must be taken to not
cause irreversible harm. The tips of a standard electrosurgery unit cut at the tip as well as the sides. This
design can create a broad zone of necrosis, and can contribute to the loss of tissue height in thinner
periotypes.5
Microlaser Retraction
Various laser wavelengths are used for the purpose of retraction, but most common among them is the
diode. The benefit of the laser is that the energy levels can be set to remove very small amounts of tissue
at a time. This, in combination with the fact that the laser will only cut on the tip and not on the sides,
allows for a great deal of control. The author has found that the use of laser energy—in conjunction with
high magnification through a dental microscope—allows the creation of an ideal and conservative trough
in which impression material can flow.
Chemical/Mechanical Options
There are several materials that provide a displacing agent (clay or putty) combined with hemostatic
agents to inject into the sulcus. These materials are best used as an adjunct to the previous techniques.
Tray Selection
While some dentists routinely use custom trays, many restorative dentists successfully use stock trays.
The key is to fit the tray to ensure that there is a minimum of 2 mm to 3 mm between the tray and the
areas to be impressed. All trays should be rigid and have the capacity to support the impression
material.6 Additionally, if an adhesive is required, it should be carefully painted onto the tray and be
completely dry prior to mixing the impression material.7 Unstable impression materials lead to inaccurate
dies.
Material Choices
The two most frequently chosen impression materials are vinyl polysiloxanes (VPS) and polyethers.
While both can be used with success, dentists should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of
each material.
Polyethers
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Many dentists have had great success with polyether impression materials because of their physical
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properties, which include hydrophilicity, lower polymerization shrinkage, long-term dimensional stability,
highly accurate surface detail, minimal distortion on removal, and adequate tear strength. There are
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several polyether impression material products from various manufacturers for clinicians to choose from.
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However, some of the disadvantages of this category include rigidity (hard to get out of the mouth, and
difficulty with cast separation) and expense. It is also important to remember that these materials will
absorb water if left immersed in disinfectants for long periods, which could lead to dimensional instability.
Vinyl Polysiloxane
Addition-reaction silicones, also known as vinyl polysiloxanes, are the most popular final impression
material in dentistry. These materials exhibit superior tear resistance, neutral taste, variable working and
set times, and less rigidity than polyethers (enabling ease of removal from the mouth and cast
separation). This last characteristic is particularly important, as removing an impression from the mouth
can pose a strong risk of distortion and tearing.
VPS impression materials are better able to handle the stretching and compressive forces that
impressions are subject to during this step, with evidence showing them to exhibit better elastic recovery
than other elastomers, as well as less permanent deformation (Figure 14).8 These materials also exhibit
less polymerization shrinkage (the least of any elastomeric material) and increased dimensional stability.
This dimensional stability is due to the fact that the materials are not affected by changes in humidity, and
they do not produce any byproducts or undergo further chemical reactions after setting.8 This
characteristic makes a VPS impression dimensionally stable for up to 7 days.9 Vinyl polysiloxanes are
also easily disinfected in any solution without loss of accuracy.8
The disadvantage of this type of material is that it is less hydrophilic than polyethers, and latex
contamination can be an issue. As with any type of material, performance can vary by formulation, so
dentists should consider the available data on any product’s toughness and resistance to distortion.
Material Characteristics
Dentists should consider some additional physical properties that, when understood, can increase the
success of this process. This knowledge will also assist in aligning physical properties with the specific
clinical challenge that presents.
Viscosity
Viscosity describes the flow characteristics of an unset impression material. Materials with low viscosity
have high flow and those with high viscosity have low flow. Low-viscosity material can be referred to as
light-body, syringe, or wash material. These materials tend to flow easily and record fine details. Using a
low-viscosity material alone is not indicated as it will run down the patient’s throat, and not have enough
support to stay in the areas where it is desired. By contrast, a highly viscous material will be extremely
stable, but will not have the capability to flow and capture intricate details. While the viscosity preference
may vary from dentist to dentist, it is the author’s choice to use as low a viscosity material as possible to
syringe, then to support this with material with a high-viscosity tray material to hydraulically push it into
the anatomically critical areas. Medium-viscosity materials are ideal for impressions for removable
prosthodontics, as they will not run like a low-viscosity product, but will still have enough body to give the
clinician the ability to border-mold the peripheral areas as the material sets.
Rigidity
While the rigidity of a polyether can be an issue, there are times it is desirable. Open-tray implant
prosthodontic impressions provide an example. When taking a fixture-level impression of multiple
implants, any play of the implant impression coping (and implant analog), will lead to inaccuracy.
Polyether is an excellent material choice for this restorative challenge. By contrast, if a crown-and-bridge
impression is to be made with older bridgework in place, or there are undercuts from buccal exostoses, a
polyether is at risk of becoming stuck in the patient’s mouth; a polyvinyl may be indicated in such
situations.
Setting Time
The setting time for an impression material is the total time from when the assistant begins mixing the
material to when it is completely set and may be removed from the mouth. The working time is measured
from the start of the mix until the impression material can no longer be manipulated without distortion.
There is a trend in dentistry to move toward faster and faster set times. Generally, the working time
corresponds to the setting time. While set times range from 2 to 6 minutes (fast and regular set), a fastsetting material will have a short working time, and a slow-setting material will have a long working time.
The key is to align the working time required with the task at hand. If the clinical team is making a master
impression for a single crown, faster-setting materials are certainly possible. When the procedure is 6 to
14 units on a crown and bridge, or involves a patient who is particularly challenging, maximizing the
working time is prudent. Therefore, while shortening the working time may seem desirable, dentists run
the risk of compromising the accuracy of the master model. Always align the working time of the material
with each clinical reality.
A Note on Digital Impressions
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There is no question that dentistry has moved into the digital age. Many dentists have purchased
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intraoral scanners, which allow them to create chairside CAD/CAM restorations, as well as use a variety
of modalities to better create beautifully fitting laboratory-fabricated restorations. It is important to
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understand that regardless of the method used to create the master model, the criteria for success
remain the same. Careful manipulation of healthy soft tissues is a requirement prior to the intraoral scan.
Having the ability to carefully check the virtual master model at high magnification on a high-resolution
monitor enables the restorative dentist to verify accuracy on the spot (Figure 15). While these and other
benefits of digital impressioning exist, it is still unclear when this technology will completely penetrate the
market.
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Conclusion
Crown-and-bridge procedures are a daily occurrence within most restorative practices. The success of
these procedures hinges on the precise preparation of the teeth involved, along with the capturing of
these details to accurately create the master cast. This article has discussed some specific criteria to
consider in order to improve the predictability of creating optimum master impressions.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Bayview Dental Laboratory for providing the photographs for this article.
Disclosure
The author has received material support from 3M ESPE.
References
1. Christensen GJ. Laboratories want better impressions . J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(4):527-529.
2. Caffesse RG, Guinard EA. Treatment of localized gingival recession. Part IV Results after three years .
J Periodontol. 1960;51(3):167-170.
3. Hess L. The biologic and restorative interface: improving periodontal health with contemporary
materials and sound restorative dentistry . Contemporary Esthetics and Restorative Practice.
2005;9(3):46-51.
4. Cloyd S, Puri S. Using the double-cord packing technique of tissue retraction for making crown
impressions . Dent Today. 1999;18(1):54-59.
5. Radz GM. The key to perfect impressions . Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2010;31(6):463-465.
6. Hoyos A, Soderholm KJ. Influence of tray rigidity and impression technique on accuracy of polyvinyl
siloxane impressions . Int J Prosthodont. 2011;24(1):49-54.
7. Cho GC, Donovan TE, Chee WW, White SN. Tensile bond strength of polyvinyl siloxane impressions
bonded to a custom tray as a function of drying time: Part I . J Prosthet Dent. 1995;73(5):419-423.
8. Mandikos MN. Polyvinyl siloxane impression materials: an update on clinical use . Aust Dent J.
1998;43(6):428-434.
9. American Dental Association. Vinyl polysiloxane impression materials: a status report. Council on
Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment . J Am Dent Assoc. 1990;120(5):595-600.
To read additional content on Impression Techniques, visit:
dentalaegis.com/go/id258
For product information on Impression Materials, visit:
dentalaegis.com/go/id259
About the Author
John C. Cranham, DDS
Private Practice
Chesapeake, Virginia
Clinical Director
The Dawson Academy
Table 1
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