Logic & Reasoning
3rd Semester
Advocate Syed M. Jamal
Institute of Legal &
Management Sciences
Islamabad
What is Logic?
Study of
methods and
principles
used to
Correct
Reasoning
Distinguishing
Incorrect
Reasoning
Proposition
Proposition
A
statementTrue
(unknown)
Assertion (‫)دعوی‬
for a Case-using
a declarative
sentence
Assertion (‫)دعوی‬
for a Case-using
a declarative
sentence
A proposition asserts that something is
the case or it asserts that something is not
Proposition – Statement-Declarative Sentence
There is life on some other planet in our galaxy.
(proposition)
Neither is a
command a
proposition
nor is an
exclamation a
proposition
Question: Do you know how to play chess?
Proposition-Internal Structure
Context
Simple
Compound
conjunctive
DisjunctiveAlternative
HypotheticalConditional
Arguments-Group of Proposition
Proposition
Proposition
Proposition
Argument
Inference(‫) اندازہ‬
Proposition
Process=
Inference
Affirming
on basis of
Proposition
Affirming
on basis of
Proposition
Proposition (‫) تجویز‬+ Inference(‫)اندازہ‬+
Conclusion+ Premise(‫ =) بنیاد‬Argument
Argument=Any group of proposition of which one is claimed
to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing
support or grounds for the truth of that one
A proposition asserts that something is the case, or it asserts
that something is not
Inference=A process by which one proposition is arrived at
and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or
propositions
Conclusion=In any argument, the proposition to which one
is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as
providing support or grounds for the truth of that one
Premise=In an argument, the propositions upon which
inference is based; the propositions that are claimed to give
support, or for which they are given as reasons