A book of practice
Ex.1, p.13. ALLITERATION. ASSONANSE. ONOMATOPOEIA.
Examples
1. Streaked by a quarter moon, the
Mediterranean shushed gently into the beach
(onomatopoeia).
2. He swallowed the hint with a gulp, and a
gasp, and a grin (alliteration).
The cases and effects of the examples
Onomatopoeia is used here to convey and imitate the
sounds of the sea, waves. Shush - to be quiet; to ask
someone to be quiet, especially by saying shh
Repetition of the sound ‘g’ is used here for
transmitting the internal state of the hero. The author
regards it as a musical support of the author’s idea.
3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and
horrible (alliteration).
The author conveys the double-nature character of
the woman, using a certain hardness here as
alliteration.
4. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
the furrow followed free (alliteration onomatopoeia)
The repetition of the sounds f, s and b reproduces the
noise of waves running away from the sides of a
moving vessel. Used to describe the wind blowing,
foam movement
Tut-tut is used here to express disapproval of
something, especially by making a sound with a
tongue touching the top of a mouth.
Alliteration (repetition of the sound ‘t’ here) creates
a melodic musical effect and expressiveness. It
amplify the feeling of strong judgment or
nonacceptance
This is an example of alliteration used by the author
to make the reader share his indignation with his
hero, and to create the effect of irritability when
reading. Lean, long, lanky are adjectives used to
describe a skinny elongated build person.
The repeated sound‘s’ conveys the sound of silence
as in these words themselves.
The sounds ‘d, b and p’ create harsh and violent
tone, they sound like an injection here, like
something frightening and inevitable.
‘s, ch’ sound soft & gentle though also potentially
hissing in context.
The sound ‘l’ could emphasize weakness or create a
sense of dreariness.
Alliteration here gives us a sort of sharp effect
amplifying the feeling of dissatisfaction, used to
describe idleness.
The onslaught of alliteration on the “l” sound makes
the sentence feel musical but also makes us see her
as an intriguing and mysterious woman.
Here the author creates a sound picture of a train
arriving at the station using similar sounds. Sludgepuff- to emit smoke noisily when moving.
The author uses this sd to convey the sound of the
whisper.
5. The Italian trio tut-tuted their tongues at me
(onomatopoeia-alliteration)
6. You lean, long, lank lath of a lousy bastard
(alliteration)
7. To sit in solemn silence in a dull dark dock,
In a pestilential prison, with a life-long lock,
Awaiting the sensation of a short, sharp shock
From a cheap and chippy chopper On a big
black block (alliteration)
8. They all lounged, and loitered, and slunk
about, with as little spirit or purpose as the
beasts in a menagerie (alliteration).
9. Luscious, languid and lustful, isn t she?
(alliteration)
10. Then, with an enormous, shattering
rumble, sludge-puff, sludge-puff, the train
came into the station (onomatopoeia)
11. Sh-sh." "But I am whispering." This
continual shushing annoyed him.
(onomatopoeia)
12. Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
This use of the sound ‘t’ has enhanced the musical
quality of the lines.
The repeated sounds ‘a’ and ‘o’ give us the
Like a diamond in the sky. (assonance and
alliteration)
13. Dreadful young creatures – squealing and
squawking(onomatopoeia and assonance)
14. The quick crackling of dry wood aflame
cut through the night (alliteration and
onomatopoeia)
15. Here the rain did not fall. It was stopped
high above by that roof of green shingles.
From there it dripped down slowly, leaf to
leaf, or ran down the stems and branches.
Despite the heaviness of the downpour which
now purred loudly in their ears from just
outside, here there was only a low rustle of
slow occasional dripping. (alliteration)
expression of wonder.
It’s both assonance and onomatopoeia. It helps us
feel the named things/emotions and amplifies the
interesting melodic effect also.
The repeated words in this example of alliteration are
used to create the sound of the wood.
The function of using these sounds is to convey the
whole picture, its atmosphere, so that the reader can
feel the difference between a quiet rain and a
downpour. Drip-down - If a liquid drips (here rain),
it falls in drops, or you make it fall in drops down;
Ex.2, p.14 GRAPHON
Examples
1. “Where's the heart section?" "Heart, Man,
pictures. "Yea, they's them."
2. “It don't take no nerve to do somepin when
there ain't nothing else you can do. We ain't
gonna die out. People is goin' on – changin' a
little may be – but goin' right on”
3. And remember, Mon-sewer O'Hayer says you
got to straighten up this mess sometime today.
4. "I even heard they demanded sexual liberty.
Yes, sir, Sex-You-All liberty."
5. "Ye've a duty to the public don'tcher know
that, a duty to the great English public?" said
George reproachfully. "Here, lemme handle this,
kiddar," said Tiger. "Gorra maintain strength,
you," said George. "Ah'm fightin' fit," said
Tiger.
6. "i was afeerd, from his manner, that he might
ha' forgotten to take pepper with that 'ere last
cowcumber, he et. set down, sir, ve make no
extra charge for the settin' down, as the king
remarked when he blowed up his ministers."
7. “Well, I dunno. I’ll show you summat.”
8. “De old Foolosopher, like Hickey calls yuh,
ain’t yuh?”
The kinds of additional information about the
speaker
Graphon is used here to convey features of territorial
dialect of the speaker.
The use of double negation(“don’t take no nerve”,
etc.), incorrect use of person and number forms(“it
don’t”), a popular colloquial abbreviation (“ain’t’) and
the colloquial form (gonna) and the substandard
pronunciation of the word “something”, going,
changing rendered in writing by the graphon
“somepin”, "goin'", "changin' - all this shows the low
educational and cultural level of the speaker
Graphon is used here in spelling changes and serve to
convey irony in the written form, the character's
cultural development: the use of the word ‘monsewer’
instead of r and monsieur, conveys the speaker's
marked lack of knowledge.
Negative and ironical attitude to the speaker's speech
defect
Additional information: using of colloquial words.
They convey the atmosphere of authentic live
communication, of the informality of the speech act
(these words are the result of strong assimilation, that
became cliches in contemporary dialogue
Graphon is used here to convey that the person is
speaking some dialect
From this example, we can assume that the hero of the
story speaks very quickly using the informal form of
speech. It conveys the atmosphere of authentic live
communication
The author uses graphon to convey the character's
cultural development. The use of the word
‘foolosopher’ instead of philosopher, conveys the
9. “I had a coach with a little seat in fwont with
an iwon wail for the dwiver”.
10. "The Count," explained the German officer,
"expegs you chentlemen at eight-dirty."
11. “Said Kipps one day, "As'e - I should say,
ah, has'e... Ye know, I got a lot of difficulty with
them two words, which is which." "Well, "as" is
a conjunction, and "has" is a verb." "I know,"
said Kipps, "but when is "has" a conjunction,
and when is "as" a verb?"
12. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he
told him. "Ah may not be able to read eve'thin'
so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah
set mah mind to it."
speaker's marked lack of knowledge and using the
word ‘yuh’ as slang.
The author shows the peculiarities of the hero's speech,
his physical speech defects.
The function of graphon here is to reflect individual
phonetic irregularities of the character’s speech that
serves to convey features of foreign accent
Incorrect use of the pronoun ‘them’, ‘ye’ instead of
‘you’ say about the low educational and cultural level
of the speaker.
The use of these words shows that the speaker uses a
colloquial form of speech, slang, or he is the speaker of
some dialect.
Ex.3, p.16 GRAPHON
Examples
1. “Ah-ee last mah-ee hawrt een ahn Angleesh
gawrden,Jost whahr thah rawzaz ahv Angland
graw.”
2. “I don’t weally know wevver I’m a good girl.
The last thing he’ll do would be to be mixed with a
howid woman”
3. "All the village dogs are no-'count mongrels,
Papa says. Fish-gut eaters and no class a-tall; this
here dog, he got insteek."
4. "My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairiplane"
5. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a
song, the dahay would nehever end."
6. "Oh, well, then, you just trot over to the table
and make your little mommy a gweat big dwink."
7. "I allus remember me man sayin' to me when I
passed me scholarship - "You break one o'my
winders an' I'll skin ye alive."
8. “All right, I’ll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing.”
9. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said.
"Meetcha at the corner. Wuddaya think she's doing
out there?
10. "Look at him go. D'javer see him walk home
from school? You're French Canadian, aintcha?"
The causes originating graphons
The author uses here affectation(imitation of Welsh
pronunciation)
Physical defect of speech
Tender age
The speaker is probably of a young age
The influence of dialectal norms
A physical defect of speech
The author conveys here carelessness of the
speaker’s speech.
Dialect norms, lack of education (mimicking the
Boston Irish accent)
Colloquial speech, the use of slang
Colloquial speech, the use of slang. Shorthand for
“aren’t you?”
Ex.6, p.17 GRAPHICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS
Examples
1.Piglet, sitting in the running Kanga’s pocket,
substituting the kidnapped Roo, thinks: this shall
take. “If is I never to. flying really it.”
2. Kiddies and grown-ups too-oo-oo,
If we haven't enough to do-oo-oo,
The type and the functions of the GEM
Spacing of lines(steps,graph.image). The author
uses this type of GEM in order to depict the speech
of the hero sitting in the pocket of running Kanga
Multiplication of vowel sounds. The author used
multiplication in order to give melody to the poem,
3. Hey," he said "is it a goddamn cardroom" or a
latrine? Attensh - - HUT! Da-ress right! DHRESS!"
4. When Will’s ma was down here keeping house
for him- she used to run in to see me, real often!
5. He missed our father very much. He was s-l-a-in in North Africa.
6. His voice began on a medium key, and climbed
steadily up till it reached a certain point, where it
bore with strong emphasis upon the topmost word,
and then plunged down as if from a spring board:
beds
flowery
on
skies
the
to
carried
be
I
Shall
of
ease,
to make it easier to read
Capitalization, hyphenation. The function of using
these GEM is to indicate highly emotional speech.
Italics. The author wants the reader to emphasize
these words.
Hyphenation. The author highlights this word to
show that the hero is serious about his words.
Spacing of lines(steps,graph.image).The author has
depicted the way the reader should pronounce this
line
Seminars in style
Ex.1, p.107 GRAPHICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS
Examples
1. I ref-use his money altogezzer.
2. “…on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most
of the remaining twilights that summer sitting with
Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch”.
3. Adreu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you.
4. He missed our father very much. He was s-l-a-in in North Africa.
5. We’ll teach the children to look at things. Don’t
let the world pass you by, I shall tell them. For the
sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge
sun.
6. “I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a
Ladyship so infame!”
7. “You have no conception, no conception of what
we are fighting over there.
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I
want to know.
Graphical expressive means
Hyphenation, slang. The author uses this Gem to
emphasize this word, to show its importance in the
sentence. Maybe he wanted to show that he didn't
need his money at all.
Hyphenation. The function is to make the reader
emphasize this word.
Hyphenation is used here to enhance the
emotionality of the word
Hyphenation. The author highlights this word to
show that the hero is serious about his words.
Multiplication is used here to indicate the
additional stress on the emphasized word. It may
convey the importance of being open to the world
Multiplication. The author uses multiplication in
this example to show character’s stammer.
Bold type. This type of GEM is used here to draw
the reader’s attention to the character’s words.
Bold type. This type of gem in mother’s speech
shows the concern of her daughter, while in
Muriel's speech we meet either some kind of
objection or indifference to what is happening.
9. “And it's my bounden duty as a producer to resist Capitalization is used here to convey very
every attack on the integrity of American industry
emotional state, a loud soldiers’ response.
to the last ditch. Yes--SIR!"
10. “Now listen, Ed, stop that, now. I'm desperate. I Italics. The person’s desperate emotional state is
am desperate, Ed, do you hear?”
expressed with the help of italics
11. It was almost three o’clock when Mary Jane
finally found Eloise's house. She explained to
Eloise, who had come out to the driveway to meet
her, that everything had been absolutely perfect,
that she had remembered the way exactly, until she
had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said,
"Merritt Parkway, baby," , Eloise asked Mary Jane
how it happened she had the day
off. Mary Jane said she didn't have the whole day
off; it was just that Mr. Weyinburg had a hernia
and was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring
him his mail… She asked Eloise, "Just exactly
what is a hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her
cigarette on the soiled snow underfoot, said she
didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one.
"No," Eloise was saying. "It was actually red
"I heard it was blond," Mary Jane repeated.
"Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost
in the room with her when she dyed it.
12. “When Will’s ma was down here keeping
house for him- she used to run in to see me, real
often!|
Italics. Italics are used here to give emphasis to
words and phrases in a sentence; they also add
logical or emotive significance to the words.
Italics. The function of italics in this example is to
notice that these words should be pronounced with
stress.
Ex. 2, p.108-109 ALITERATION
Examples
1. “Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by
the late scuffle.”
2. “The moan of doves in immemorial elms, and
murmuring of innumerable bees”
3. “His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and
horrible”
4. “He swallowed the hint with a gulp, and a gasp,
and a grin.”
5. “You lean, long, lank lath of a lousy bastard…”
6. “Luscious, languid and lustful, isn t she?”
7. “The wicky, wacky, wocky bird,
He sings a song that can not be heard,
He sings a song that can not be heard,
The wicky, wacky, wocky bird.
The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse,
He built himself a little house…
But snug he lived inside his house,
The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse.”
The causes and effects of these examples
The author uses repeated letters in order to make
the sound of the sentence more melodic.
The author tries to make the harmonious effect
when the sounds of the words connect with the
meaning in a way that is pleasing to the ear and
mind.
The author conveys the double-nature character of
the woman, using a certain hardness here as
alliteration.
Repetition of the sound ‘g’ is used here for
transmitting the internal state of the hero. The
author regards it as a musical support of the
author’s idea.
This is an example of alliteration used by the
author to make the reader share his indignation
with his hero, and to create the effect of irritability
when reading.
The onslaught of alliteration on the “l” sound
makes the sentence feel musical but also makes us
see her as an intriguing and mysterious woman.
The author uses alliteration, repeating the letter “w”
to create a musical effect, to make a melodic tone.
Ex.3, p.109 ONOMATOPOEIA
Examples
1.”Then, with an enormous, shattering rumble,
sludge-puff, sludge-puff, the train came into the
station”
2. “I hope it comes and zzzzz everything before it”
3. “I had only this one year of working without
shhh”
4. “Cecil was immediately shushed”
5. “Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean
shushed gently into the beach”.
The part of speech of onomatopoeia its function.
An adverbial participle/interjection. The function is
to create a sound picture of a train arriving at the
station using similar sounds.
An interjection. “Zzzzz” stands for “sleeping”
An interjection. The function is to produce an
exclamation to request silence or quiet.
A verb. The function is to tell someone to be quiet.
A verb. The function of onomatopoeia here is to
convey and imitate the sounds of the sea, waves.
6. “Sh-sh." "But I am whispering." This continual
shushing annoyed him.”
7. “The Italian trio…tut-tuted their tongues at me”
The author uses this sd to convey the sound of the
whisper.
Tut-tut is used here to express disapproval of
something, especially by making a sound with a
tongue touching the top of a mouth.
Ex. 4, p.109 GRAPHON
Examples
1“What is that?”
“A ninsek, the girl said.
2. "My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairiplane"
3. “Why doesn’t he have his shirt on?" the child
asks distinctly. "I don't know," her mother says. "I
suppose he thinks he has a nice chest." "Is that his
boo-zim?" Joyce asks. "No, darling: only ladies
have bosom"
4. “After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without
a song, the dahay would nehever end."
5. “He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot
interior starts to murmur: “Ev, reebody loves the,
cha cha cha.”
6. He spoke with the flat ugly “a” and withered “r”
of Boston Irish, and Levi looked up at him and
mimicked “All right, I’ll give the caaads a break
and staaat playing.”
7.” … Ford automobile … operates on a rev-rev-alush unary principle.”
8. …she returned to Mexico City at noon. Next
morning the children made a celebration and spent
their time writing on the blackboard, “We lov ar
ticher”.
9. “I don’t weally know wevver I’m a good girl.
The last thing he’ll do would be to be mixed with a
howid woman”
10. “Who are they going to hang for it?” he asked
Tom. “Probably the Vicar. They know that Tte last
time he’ll do would mixed up with a howwid
woman”
The causes of mispronunciation (or
misinterpretation)
The cause of mispronunciation is produced by a
younger age.
The cause of mispronunciation is produced by a
younger age.
A young age.
The influence of dialectal norms.
There is intoxication, carelessness in speech
Dialect norms, lack of education (mimicking the
Boston Irish accent)
The author probably wanted to convey the
character’s defect of speech (stammer)
It’s caused by a young age.
It’s caused by a physical defect of speech
It’s caused by a physical defect of speech
Ex,5, p.110 GRAPHON
Examples
1.” “I got to meet a fella,” said Joe. Alf pretended
not to hear him…He saw with satisfaction that the
fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long
time.”
2. “He’s the only one of your friends who’s worth
tuppence anyway.”
3. “Now pour us another cuppa. “
4. “How are you, Dullin?”
5. “Come on. I’ll show you summat.”
6. “Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him”
7. “…I declare I don’t know how you spend it all.
Aw, Ma — I gotta lotta things to buy.”
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life.
They say my old lady must of been scared by a cat
when she was having me."
9. “Hope you fellers don’t mind. Gladys, I told you
we oughtn’t to of eaten them onions, not before
comin’ on the boat.” “Gimme a kiss an’ I'll tell ye
if I mind or not,” said Ike.
10. “Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I
think we oughta go down on the boat to Seattle,
Wash., like a coupla dude passengers.”
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told
him. "Ah may not be able to read eve'thin' so good,
but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah
mind to it."
Fella is slang for fellow, which refers to a male. It’s
a non-standard spelling of fellow, used in
representing speech in various dialects. It says
more about the educational background of a
speaker,
This sentence is an example of permanent graphon
of territorial status. It’s a British slang.
A variant spelling of "two pence," it can refer to
two pennies, or to a British coin with a value of
two pennies. Primarily heard in UK.
An insignificant amount of something. Typically
used in negative sentences.
Cuppa is British slang for “cup of” that says about
educational background of a speaker.
Dullin is a British pronunciation of a word
‘darling’. It has educational and territorial status.
Educational status
Slang for "something."
Can also, more specifically, mean "something like
that."
From this example, we can assume that the hero of
the story speaks very quickly using the informal
form of speech. It conveys the atmosphere of
authentic live communication. (Educational status)
Dunno - don’t know; kinda – kind of
A colloquial phrase that is often used in a hurry, in
an emotional mood (educational status)
This example conveys the speaker’s educational
background
This example shows the speaker's educational
status by writing the following words in this way:
“Comin” instead of “coming”, “gimme” instead of
“give me”.
The author wants to depict the speaker’s
educational status by using the following words:”
oughta, coupla”
The use of these words shows that the hero of the
story is the speaker of some dialect. Territorial
status
Ex. 6, p.111 GRAPHON
1.” You remember him at all?” “Just sort of. Little
ole private? Terribly unattractive?
2. “You're one that ruint it."
3. “You ast me a question. I answered it for you”
“Little old private?” “Ole” is an informal way of
saying and writing "old"
Ruined. Country slang. Past tense of “ruin” uneduc.
Asked. Past tense of “ask”. The speaker pronounces
the word “ast”, which sounds similar to ”ask” in
rapid speech.
4. “You’ll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills.”
5. Marrow said: “Chawming climate out heah in the
tropics, old chap.”
6. “What this place needs is a woman's touch, as
they say in the pitchers.”
7. “You ain’t invited,” Doll drawled. “Whada you
mean I ain’t invited”.
8. “I’ve never seen you around much with the rest of
the girls. Too bad! Otherwise, we mighta met. I’ve
met all the rest of ‘em so far”.
9. “You're French Canadian, aintcha? I bet all the
girls go for you. I bet you’re gonna be a great
success”
10. “You look awful - whatasmatter with your
face?”
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?"
12. Wuddaya think she's doing out there?
13…”for a helluva intelligent guy you’re about as
tactless as it’s humanly possible to be”
14. “Ah you guys whattaya doin?”
15. “How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy’s this
morning?”
16. “You been in the army what now? Five years?
Fivenahalf? It’s about time for you to get over bein a
punk ree-croot”.
17. “What you gonna do, Mouse?”
18. “Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell
whosis to give her her dinner early. Willya?”
19. “Don’cha remember me?” he laughed.
20. .. “looking him straight in the eye, suggested,
'Meetcha at the corner?”
21. “Whatch'yu want? This is Rome”
22. “Whereja get all these pictures?” he said.
“You’ll probably be sick as a dog tomorrow, Tills.”
|Probly”, slang means: Diminution of 'probably.
“tomorra” Is a colloquial form of “tomorrow”
(uneduc.)
Charming. Here. The author used the way the British
pronounce these words, territorial status
Pictures. Pitcher and picture are two words that are
close in spelling and pronunciation.
“You are not invited,” Doll drawled. “What are you
mean I am not invited”. These are colloquial forms
of “am not, are not, what are” (uneducated status)
Otherwise, we might have met. I’ve met all the rest
of ‘em so far”. These are shorthands for the
expressions "might have" and “them”
You're French Canadian, aren’t you? I bet all the
girls go for you. I bet you’re going to be a great
success” Collooq. form, the use of slang.
“Whatasmatter” is a quick colloquial form of the
expression “what’s the matter?”
The phrase "Goddamnit" is a vulgarity used to
express frustration. “Godmnit” is a quick colloquial
form of the expression “god damn it”
Colloquial speech, the use of slang. A colloquial
form of the expression “What do you”
Short for “hell of a”( means “extremely”) slang
“What are you doing?” Colloquial form that shows
uneducated status.
Cupsofcoffee is assimilation of “cups of coffee” due
to rapid colloquial speech.
Assimilation of “five and half” which is caused by
rapid colloquial speech. Bein – being.
“What are you going to do, Mouse? “
“Gonna” is short for “going to”. It shows
educational status of the speaker.
The author uses colloquial forms of “will you” and
quick way to pronounce “who is”.
Don’cha is “Don't you”, but for the folksy people.
Meetcha. (colloquial) meet you.
“What do you want”. Whatch’yu is an expression
used in rapid colloquial speech.
Colloquial speech, use of slang
Ex.6, p.55 EPITHET
Examples
Vehicle
10.Her painful shoes slipped off
(simple)
11. She was a faded white rabbit
of a woman.(reversed)
Painful - causing emotional or
physical pain
A rabbit is a small animal with
long ears and large front teeth
that moves by jumping on its
long back legs, or the meat of
this animal eaten as food
12. And she still has that look,
that don’t-you-touch-me look,
that women who-were beautiful
carry with them to the
grave.(phrase)
13. Ten-thirty is a dark hour in a
town where respectable doors
are locked at nine.(simple)
Not to cause or permit a part of
the body to come into contact
with someone
16. “Thief!” Pilon shouted.
“Dirty pig of an untrue
friend!”(reversed)
Tenor
This means that the character's
feet hurt in these shoes.
The author meant a person who
is in a hurry and complaining of
being late, like the White Rabbit
character in the children's story
'Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland' by Lewis Carroll
A dismissive, arrogant, repulsive
look.
Respectable considered to be
socially acceptable because of
your good character, appearance,
or behavior:
A friend who is not faithful,
untrustworthy
Dignified, venerable
representative buildings,
institutions.
Vehicle
Dungarees - a pair of trousers
with an extra piece of cloth that
covers the chest and is held in
place by a strap over each
shoulder
Convulsion - a sudden movement
of the muscles in your body that
you cannot control, caused by
illness or drugs:
Oasis - a place in a desert where
there is water and therefore
plants and trees and sometimes a
village or town; Destroyer - a
person or thing that destroys
something.
Friction - the force that makes it
difficult for one object to slide
along the surface of another or to
move through a liquid or gas
Tenor
The author meant the limbs
(human legs)
Destroyer - a person or thing that
destroys something.
The author uses periphrases “the
destroyer of her figure” instead
of “husband”.
A vile, unreliable, and
treacherous person
Ex.5, 95 PERIPHRASES
Example
1. Gangartuan soldier named
Dahoud picked Ploy by the head
and scrutinized this convulsion
dungarees and despair whose
feet thrashed a yard above the
deck.(meton.log.)
4. “But Pickwick, gentlemen,
Pickwick, this ruthless destroyer
of, this domestic oasis in the
desert of Goswell
street!”(logic.metaph.)
6. The villages were full of
women who did nothing but fight
against, dirt and hunger and
repair the effects of friction on
clothes.(logical)
15. She was still fat after
childbirth; the destroyer of her
figure sat at the head of the
table.(figure.)
Ex.3, p.44 PLAY ON WORDS
посмотреть
“Repair the effects of friction on
clothes “ means here “to sew up
holes in clothes”
Examples
2. There are two things I look for in a man. A
sympathetic character and full lips.
The type and effects of these cases
Zeugma. The author uses zeugma in order to
convey the light, maybe a bit careless or trifling
attitude of the hero to what she is looking for in
men.
7. Most women in London nowadays seem to furnish Zeugma (with semantically false chains). The
their rooms with nothing but orchids, foreigners and author combines orchids, foreigners and French
French novels.
novels, showing the most popular interests among
London women of his time. which can also reflect
the author's attitude to this.
9. Bren, I’m not planning anything. I haven’t planned Pun. The character of the story meant that he was
a thing in three years… I’m – I’m not planner. I’m a just going with the flow, using the word "liver",
liver». “I’m a pancreas,” she said. “I’m a —” and
which also means “a large organ in the body that
she kissed the absurd garnet way.
cleans the blood”, so the girl says that she is a
"pancreas", which is also an organ in our body,
thereby creating a pun
10. "Someone at the door," he said, blinking.
Pun. "Someone" is used to refer to a single person
"Some four, I should say by the sound," said Fili.
when you do not know who they are or when it is
not important who they are. Here the author
creates pun be saying "some four" to show that
the knock at the door was too loud for only one
person.