TIME RELATED ACTIVE VERB CONSTRUCTIONS
FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE
The simple form is used for facts,
truths, verbs of state, mind related
verbs (like, hate, doubt)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
John had already seen the film so he didn’t
come with us.
Had you ever visited a museum before you
went to Rome?
We had lived in London for years before we
could afford to buy a house.
PAST SIMPLE
I visited London last year.
Did you see John yesterday?
I didn’t buy the green dress, I bought the red
one.
Where were you when it started raining?
John arrived ten minutes ago.
Related to a fact
(simple)/the
duration of an action
(continuous) which
precedes a point of
time in the past
Related to a
discernible point of
time in the past.
The continuous form is used for
actions in course at a given
moment/period in time
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
There was a hole in John’s trousers because
he had been fighting.
I had been waiting for the bus for an hour
when it finally arrived.
How long had they been playing tennis
when it started raining?
PAST CONTINUOUS
I wasn’t watching TV when you called me.
What were you doing when the accident
occurred?
Mary fell off the ladder while she was
painting the ceiling.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Have you ever been to London?
I have seen this film three times.
John hasn’t finished his homework yet.
I haven’t been to the cinema this week.
Related to a fact
(simple)/the
duration of an action
(continuous) which
precedes the
present time
(before now)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
How long have you been waiting for me?
My hands are dirty because I have been
repairing my bicycle.
You look tired! Have you been working
hard?
PRESENT SIMPLE
I live in London.
Where does John live?
We don’t know the answer.
John hasn’t got a dog.
Who are you?
Water boils at 100°C.
They usually go to the cinema once a week.
Simple: something
which is always true,
frequency, habits,
facts
Continuous: Action
now/ at the moment of
speaking. Actions
which disturb us.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
What is John doing? – He’s washing the car.
Be quiet! I’m studying for my exams.
Excuse me. Is anybody sitting here?
I don’t like him, he’s always smoking when
I see him.
PRESENT SIMPLE (FUTURE)
When does school start this year? It starts
in September.
What time is the meeting? It’s at 3 p.m.
Does this shop open today?
No, but it is open tomorrow from 8 a.m. to 5
p.m.
What time does your flight leave?
It doesn’t leave until 9.00.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
Come to my office at 8.00 tomorrow. I will
have finished my project by then.
I’m not sure that I will have read all these
books before the exam.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (FUTURE)
Simple: timetable of
things and events.
Continuous: People’s
actions arranged for
the future/programs
A fact/action takes
place before, and is
related to, a future
point in time.
What time is John leaving? He is leaving on
the midnight train.
John is coming to visit us next week.
What are you doing on Saturday morning?
I’m going to the park.
I’m sorry! I can’t help you. I’m playing
tennis with John this afternoon.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
When I retire next June, I will have been
working for this company for twenty-five
years.
When the ceremony finishes those soldiers
will have been standing to attention for two
hours.
FUTURE SIMPLE – Will
Will you help me(to) open the window?
I promise I won’t go there.
I like it! I’ll buy it.
It will rain in London tomorrow
John will be 27 in June.
When you arrive, I’ll meet you.
I don’t think it will rain.
If it rains I will cancel the event.
Simple: ‘Will’ takes
the verb associated
to it into the future.
Continuous: at a
future point in time
this action will be
ongoing.
IN ADDITION:
Future clauses with simple present
When I arrive I will phone you.
As soon as I arrive I’ll call.
Before I leave I’ll call you.
If it stops raining we can go to the shops.
I hope to see John while I am in London
next week.
Future clauses with present perfect
After I have phoned John, we can have
lunch.
When you have finished with the
newspaper, may I borrow it?
GOING TO
I’m going to watch TV.
John says he is going to visit Italy sooner or
later.
Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain.
ABOUT TO
The Queen is about to present the soldier
with his medal.
You are about to see something very
unusual.
John is about to go to a meeting. He hasn’t
got time to talk to you now.
FUTURE IN THE PAST
I knew John would arrive on time.
He promised he would send us some money
as soon as he could.
I knew he wouldn’t keep the secret.
I thought John was going to make a mistake.
On Monday I was told they were going to
give me some money.
Future clauses with
‘when, as soon as,
until, till, before,
after, as long as,
providing, while ‘
No specific future
time is mentioned.
Sequence of events
where the first
event is completed
before the second
takes place.
People’s intentions
Predictions based on
the present
Immediate future
Expresses the idea
that at a point of
time in the past
something
would/might happen
in the future
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Don’t phone me this evening. I’ll be
watching the Cup Final on TV and I don’t
want to be disturbed.
This time next week I’ll be lying on a
beach in Italy.
John won’t be coming with us because he is
ill.
In a few years’ time a lot of people will be
working from home.
INFINITIVE
(PRESENT)
st
1
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
TRANSLATION
Group: IMPORTANT VERBS
BE (AM-ISARE)
DO (DOES)
HAVE (HAS)
COME (COMES)
GET (GETS)
GO (GOES)
MAKE (MAKES)
SAY (SAYS)
TELL (TELLS)
WAS /
WERE
DID
HAD
CAME
GOT
WENT
MADE
SAID
TOLD
BEEN
DONE
HAD
COME
GOT
GONE
MADE
SAID
TOLD
2nd Group: PERCEPTION VERBS
HEAR (HEARS)
SEE (SEES)
SMELL
(SMELLS)
HEARD
SAW
SMELT
HEARD
SEEN
SMELT
3rd Group: NO CHANGE
COST
(COSTS)
CUT (CUTS)
HIT (HITS)
HURT
(HURTS)
LET (LETS)
PUT (PUTS)
READ*
(READS)
SHUT
(SHUTS)
COST
COST
CUT
HIT
HURT
CUT
HIT
HURT
LET
PUT
READ*
LET
PUT
READ*
SHUT
SHUT
4TH Group: I – E / O – E / I – EN and
others
BITE
(BITES)
BREAK
(BREAKS)*
CHOOSE
(chooses)*
DRIVE
(DRIVES)
EAT
(EATS)*
FALL
(FALLS)*
GIVE
(GIVES)
FORGET
(forgets)*
FORGIVE
BIT*
BITTEN
BROKE
BROKEN
CHOSE
CHOSEN
DROVE
DRIVEN
ATE*
EATEN
FELL*
FALLEN
GAVE*
GIVEN
FORGOT*
FORGOTTEN
FORGAVE*
FORGIVEN
(forgives)
FREEZE
(FREEZES)*
HIDE
(HIDES)
RIDE
(RIDES)
RISE
(RISES)
SHAKE
(SHAKES)*
SPEAK
(SPEAKS)*
STEAL
(STEALS)*
TAKE
(TAKES)*
WAKE(UP)
(WAKES)*
WRITE
(WRITES)
FROZE
FROZEN
HID*
HIDDEN
RODE
RIDDEN
ROSE
RISEN
SHOOK*
SHAKEN
SPOKE
SPOKEN
STOLE
STOLEN
TOOK*
TAKEN
WOKE
WOKEN
WROTE
WRITTEN
5th Group : I / U*-A / U
BEGIN
(BEGINS)
DRINK
(DRINKS)
RING
(RINGS)
SING
(SINGS)
SWING
(SWINGS)
SWIM
(SWIMS)
BEGAN
BEGUN
DRANK
DRUNK
RANG
RUNG
SANG
SUNG
SWUNG*
SWUNG
SWAM
SWUM
6th Group: AW-OW / EW / OWN
BLOW
(BLOWS)
DRAW
(DRAWS)
FLY* (FLIES)
GROW
(GROWS)
KNOW
(KNOWS)
THROW
(THROWS)
BLEW
BLOWN
DREW
DRAWN
FLEW
GREW
FLOWN
GROWN
KNEW
KNOWN
THREW
THROWN
7th Group: -AUGHT / -OUGHT
BRING
(BRINGS)
BUY
(BUYS)
CATCH
(CATCHES)
FIGHT
TEACH
(TEACHES)
BROUGHT
BROUGHT
BOUGHT
BOUGHT
CAUGHT
CAUGHT
FOUGHT
TAUGHT
FOUGHT
TAUGHT
THINK
(THINKS)
THOUGHT
THOUGHT
WEAR (WEARS)
WIN (WINS)
WORE
WON
WORN
WON
PRESENT SIMPLE
INFINITIVE
(PRESENT)
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
TRANSL
ATION
8TH Group: -STAND / -STOOD / -STOOD
STAND
(STOODS)
UNDERSTAND
(UNDERSTANDS
)
STOOD
STOOD
UNDERS
TOOD
UNDERSTO
OD
9th Group: -EE- / -E- / -E- /
BLEED (BLEEDS)
FEED (FEEDS)
FEEL (FEELS)
KEEP (KEEPS)
MEET (MEETS)
SLEEP (SLEEPS)
SWEEP (SWEEPS)
BLED
FED
FELT
KEPT
MET
SLEPT
SWEPT
BLED
FED
FELT
KEPT
MET
SLEPT
SWEPT
10th Group : -D / -T / -T
BUILD (BUILDS)
LEND (LENDS)
SEND (SENDS)
SPEND
(SPENDS)
BUILT
LENT
SENT
SPENT
BUILT
LENT
SENT
SPENT
Examples: They play tennis
They don’t play tennis.
Do they play tennis? Yes, they do /
No, they don’t.
 Affirmative: 3RD person singular adds –S/-ES.
He plays tennis
 Negative: Don’t add –s/-es.
He doesn’t play tennis.
 Interrogative: Don’t add –s/-es.
Does he play tennis? Yes, he does / No, he
doesn’t
PAST SIMPLE
 Regular verbs in the past simple and past
participle end in –ed. Example: He played
tennis yesterday.
 Both Irregular verbs and regular verbs form
negatives and questions in the same way: did /
didn’t + infinitivo.

11th Group : -T / -T
BURN (BURNS)
DREAM
(DREAMS)
LEARN
(LESRNS)
LEAVE (LEAVES)
LIGHT (LIGHTS)
LOSE (LOSES)
MEAN (MEANS)
SHOOT
BURNT
DREAMT
BURNT
DREAMT
LEARNT
LEARNT
LEFT
LIT
LOST
MEANT
SHOT
LEFT
LIT
LOST
MEANT
SHOT
SAT
SPELT
SAT
SPELT
(SHOOTS)
SIT (SITS)
SPELL (SPELLS)
12th Group : MISCELLANEOUS
BECOME
BECAME
BECOME
FOUND
HUNG
HELD
LAID
LAY
PAID
RAN
SOLD
SHONE
SHOWED
FOUND
HUNG
HELD
LAID
LAIN
PAID
RUN
SOLD
SHONE
SHOWN
(BECOMES)
FIND (FINDS)
HANG (HANGS)
HOLD (HOLDS)
LAY (LAYS)
LIE (LIES)
PAY (PAYS)
RUN (RUNS)
SELL (SELLS)
SHINE (SHINES)
SHOW
(SHOWS)
Examples: He didn’t go to Benidorm last Sunday.
Did he go to Benidorm last Sunday?
He didn’t play tennis yesterday.
Did he play tennis yesterday?
PAST SIMPLE OF TO BE
I WAS / I WASN’T
/ WAS I ?
YOU WERE / YOU
WEREN’T / WERE
YOU?
HE/SHE/IT WAS
/WASN’T / WAS
HE/SHE/IT ?
WE WERE / WE
WEREN’T / WERE
WE?
YOU WERE / YOU
WEREN’T / WERE
YOU?
THEY WERE / THEY
WEREN’T / WERE
THEY?
PHRASAL VERBS
Get on well
Jump up
Tell sb off
Run off
Take after
Leap over
Grow up
Jump into
Look after
Hop off
Skip off
Plod along
GET:
1. To get + P2
- Get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.
Chỉ việc chủ ngữ tự làm lấy hoặc trạng thái mà chủ ngữ đang ở trong đó.
You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (Em có 5 phút để mặc quần áo)
Run away
Look into
Get away with
Break into
Lock up
2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bắt đầu làm gì
- We’d better get moving, it’s late.
3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Làm cho ai/ cái gì bắt đầu.
- Please get him talking about the main task. (Làm ơn bảo anh ta bắt đầu đi vào vấn đề chính)
4. Get + to + verb
• Tìm được cách.
- We could get to enter the stadium without tickets.(Chúng tôi đã tìm được cách lọt vào…)
• Có cơ may
- When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi nào tôi có cơ may được tăng lương đây)
• Được phép
- At last we got to meet the general director. (Cuối cùng thì rồi chúng tôi cũng được phép gặp)
5. Get + to + Verb (về hành động) = Come + to + Verb (về nhận thức) = Gradually = dần dần
- We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.
6. Get sb to V : Nhờ ai làm gì (= have sb V)
Get (have) st V-pp: có việc gì, cái gì được làm (nhờ người khác làm)
He got someone to cut his hair
He got his hair cut
7. Get + adj = a change in sth/sb
LINKING WORDS/PHRASES
Too
Both
Whereas
so that
so as not to
in order to
so
but
because
and
as well
although
if
also
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Where and When: talk about place and time
Who or That: talk about people
That or Which: talk about things

Beginning: In the beginning, first of all, once upon a time, one day, First, Firstly, To begin, To start,

Middle: Soon, Meanwhile, Then, After that, Later, After awhile, Next, Second, Third, Secondly, Thirdly,


Interruption (something unexpected): Suddenly, All of a sudden, But then, …
Ending: Finally, At last, In conclusion, To summarise, At the end, Afterward, In the end, Lastly, After
Once, …
And, Furthermore, Further, Moreover, Another, In addition, Also, Subsequently, After, Before, …
all, By the end, By this point, Eventually, In a nut shell, …
USE OF VERB
1. Bare Verb
Can, could, will, shall, would, may, might, ought to, must, had better, would like to, needn't, would rather,
would sooner, be supposed to
+V-bare
Ex: Cara can draw.
2. Verb + to + infinitive
i. [công thức: S+V+ to V]: afford, appear, ask, bear, begin, choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hesitate,
intend, like, manage, neglect, prefer, pretend, propose, regret, seem, swear, try, wish, agree, arrange,
attempt, beg, care, consent, determine, fail, happened, help, hope, learn, love, mean, offer, prepare,
promise, refuse, remember, start, trouble, want, would like prefer.
Ex: Cara love to draw
ii. [công thức: S + V + O + to V]: advise, ask, be, command, encourage, forbid, get, help, intend, leave,
mean, oblige, permit, prefer, recommend, remind, tell, allow, bear, cause, compel, expect, force, hate,
instruct, invite, like, need, order, persuade, press, request, teach, tempt, trouble, warn, want, wish.
Ex: Mom hopes Cara to do her laundry.
3. Verb + -ing
admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider, deny, delay, detest, dislike, enjoy,
escape, excuse, face, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, involve, justify, keep on, leave off, mention, mind, miss,
permit, postpone, quit, recommend, resent, resist, resume, risk, save, tolerate, suggest, recollect, stop, pardon,
can't resist, can't stand, can't help, understand
ngoài ra theo sau: be worth, it is no use, there is no, it is no good cũng là V-ing
Ex: Cara can’t help cuddling Silver because she’s so cute.
4. + to + verb and "V-ing":
advise, attempt, commence, begin, allow, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, leave, like, love, mean,
permit, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, study, try, can't bear, recommend, need, want, require.
Đa số những động từ trên khi theo sau là "to verb" hoặc "V-ing" sẽ có nghĩa khác nhau.
Ex: I stop to eat fast food (Tôi dừng lại để ăn thức ăn nhanh)
I stop eating fast food (Tôi ngừng ăn thức ăn nhanh)
COLLOCATIONS: DO, PLAY OR GO WITH SPORTS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
-
Go is used with activities and sports that end in -ing. The verb go here implies that we go somewhere to
practice this sport: go swimming.
Do is used with recreational activities and with individual, non-team sports or sports in which a ball is not
used, like martial arts, for example: do a crossword puzzle, do athletics, do karate.
Play is generally used with team sports and those sports that need a ball or similar object (puck, disc,
shuttlecock...). Also, those activities in which two people or teams compete against each other: play
football, play poker, play chess.
In this table there is a list of sports and activities that collocate with these verbs:
Go
Do
Play
riding
aerobics
badminton
jogging
gymnastics
table-tennis
hitch-hiking
taekwondo
football
fishing
judo
basketball
sailing
karate
chess
windsurfing
kung-fu
cricket
skiing
ballet
board games
snowboarding
exercise
snooker
swimming
yoga
hockey
dancing
athletics
baseball
skating
archery
rugby
cycling
a crossword volleyball
puzzle
running
tai chi
squash
Exception:
You use do with three activities that end in -ing: do boxing, do body-building and do weight-lifting
Golf: if there is an idea of competition, you use the verb play. However, you can say go golfing if you do it for
pleasure:
- Tiger Woods plays golf.
- We'll go golfing at the weekend.
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
The Question Form
To make questions about frequency, we normally use ‘How often…?’. For example:
 How often do you watch films?
 How often does he play tennis?
 How often do the trains arrive late?
But it’s also possible to ask questions simply with an adverb of frequency. For example:
 Do you often come here?
 Does she always work so hard?
 Do they ever pay on time? (‘ever’ instead of ‘never’ for questions)
Adverbs of Frequency with Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs
If there is a modal verb in the sentence, we put the adverb of frequency after it and before the main verb. For
example:
 You must always try your best.
 We can usually find a seat on our train.
 They should never be rude to customers.
The same rule applies for an auxiliary verb – the adverb of frequency goes between the auxiliary verb and the
main verb. For example:
 I have never visited Turkey.
 He’s always taking things from my desk. It’s really annoying.
 You had rarely arrived late at work until yesterday.
EXPRESSING TIME
TIMES OF THE DAY
in the morning …
In the evening …
SPECIFIC TIMES
At 10 a.m
At midnight
DAYS OF THE WEEK
On Monday
On Thursday
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Comparative:
We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons:
- This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive.
We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:
- She is two years older than me.
When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can use two comparatives with and:
- The balloon got bigger and bigger.
We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing depends on another:
- The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.
(= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.)
Superlative:
We use the with superlative adjectives:
- It was the happiest day of my life.
How to form comparative and superlative adjectives
We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make comparatives and superlatives:
old
older oldest
long longer longest
If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st:
nice
nicer nicest
large larger largest
If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant:
big
bigger biggest
fat
fatter fattest
If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i and add –er or –est:
happy happier happiest
silly sillier silliest
However, with these common two-syllable adjectives, you can either add –er/–r and –est/–st or use more and
most: common, cruel, gentle, handsome, likely, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple, stupid
- He is certainly handsomer than his brother.
His brother is handsome, but he is more handsome.
- She is one of the politest people I have ever met.
She is the most polite person I have ever met.
The adjectives good, bad and far have irregular comparatives and superlatives:
good better best
bad
worse worst
far
farther/further farthest/furthest
1
NUMBER
2
OPINION
A
An
Three
Fabulous
Interesting
Beautiful
ADJECTIVE ORDER
3
4
5
6
7
8
SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOR ORIGIN MATERIAL
Big
Huge
Small
Old
Antique
New
Fat
Square
Brown
Red
Blue
Vietnam
Usa
Furry
Wooden
Feather
EXAMPLE:
1. I love that beautiful old big green antique car. [quality – age – size – color – proper adjective]
2. My sister has a big beautiful tan and white bulldog. [size – quality – color – color]
3. A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
MODAL VERBS
QUESTION TAG
ZERO CONDITIONAL
QUANTATIVE PRONOUNS
Verb
No-one/nobody
Nothing
Nowhere
Everybody
Everthing
Everywhere
Someone/somebody
Something
Somewhere
Anybody
Anywhere
To be
+s
+es
~(singular)
is
Bare verb
~(plural)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Parts of sentences which need to be connected to the main part to make senses
- Think/know/believe + that + clause