TENSES , REPORTED
SPEECH, ACTIVE &
PASSIVE VOICE,
PUNCTUATIONS
Perfect your
Punctuations
Punctuations
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Forms of Verbs in English
The 12 Tenses In English Language
Number of tenses in English
Grammar
3
Time
4 =12
Work
or action
Let’s make the table and learn the names of the tenses!
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
PRESENT INDEFINITE
PAST INDEFINITE
FUTURE INDEFINITE
CONTINOUS
PRESENT CONTINOUS
PAST CONTINOUS
FUTURE CONTINOUS
PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
PERFECT CONTINOUS
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS
PAST PERFECT CONTIMOUS
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS
INDEFINITE
Now let’s move to the ‘work’ or ‘Verb’
▫ Action words are the verbs in English language and
have basically five forms like
(Base and third
person singular
(Past)
(Past participle)
(Present participle)
WALK/ WALKS
WALKED
WALKED
WALKING
RUN/ RUNS
RAN
RUN
RUNNING
RIDE/ RIDES
RODE
RIDDEN
RIDING
FIGHT/ FIGHTS
FOUGHT
FOUGHT
FIGHTING
JUMP/JUMPS
JUMPED
JUMPED
JUMPING
SIT/SITS
SAT
SAT
SITTING
▫ ACTION/WORK
▫ TIME
▫ Present – Action that
happens in the present.
▫
▫
▫
▫
I go to school
I am eating my food.
I have eaten my food.
My brother has been eating
his food for the past 30
minutes.
▫
TIME
▫ Past- Action that happened
in the past.
▫
WORK
▫ I went to school.
▫ I was going to school.
▫ I had gone to school before
my mom woke up.
▫ I had been studying hard
for exams at that time.
▫ TIME
▫ Future- Action that will
happen in future.
▫ WORK
▫ I will go to school
▫ I will be going to school
once the pandemic is over.
▫ I will have gone to school
before my mom comes.
▫ My mom will have been
shopping for the whole day.
PRESENT
INDEFINITE/SIMPLE V1
Do/Does+V1
CONTINOUS
PAST
FUTURE
V2
Will/shall+V1
Did not+V1
Was/were+V4
Will be/shall be+V4
Had+V3
Will have/shall
have+V3
Had been/Have
been+V4
Will have
been/shall have
been +V4
Is/am/are+V4
PERFECT
Has/Have+V3
PERFECT
CONTINOUS
Has been/Have
been+V4
REPORTED SPEECH
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Active & Passive Voice
Active & Passive Voice
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'When to use the active and passive voice in writing'
• It may sound strange to hear that written sentences have voices, and even stranger
to know that there are debates on which of the two – passive and active – is the
better option when it comes to writing. This article gives a definition of both voices,
as well as examples of situations when each can be used properly.
• What's the difference between the active and passive voice?
• "Voice" refers to the connection between the subject and the object of a sentence,
which is linked through a verb.
• The active voice is so called because the subject of the sentence is the doer of an
action that affects the sentence's object.
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'When to use the active and passive voice in writing'
• The passive voice, on the other hand,
• e.g. Julie baked a cake.
is when the object is acted upon by
the subject of the sentence.
• In the above example, the
• e.g. The cake was baked by Julie.
subject/actor (Julie)
performed the action
(baked) on an object
(cake).
One indicator that a
The object (cake) was
sentence is written in
the recipient of an
the passive voice is that
action (baked), which
it comes with a "be"
was performed by the
verb followed by a past
subject (Julie).
participle.
However, it is still
For instance, "I am
possible for a sentence
to be in the active voice
despite having a form
eating a pie" is in the
active voice despite the
"be" verb ("am").
of the "be" verb in it.
• which can indicate that
• Another clue to look
this is written using the
out for is the absence
passive voice, although it
of an object in the
is possible to have an
sentence,
active sentence without
an object
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When should I use active & passive voice in writing?
When should I use active & passive voice in writing?
Sentence Structure (SVO)
The police arrested the
robbers.
(subject)
(verb)
*A verb is an action. The performer of that
action is called the subject, and the one on
whom that action is performed is called
the object.
(object)
Millions of viewers watched the World Cup.
(Subject)
(verb)
(object)
Passive Voice
The World Cup was watched by millions of viewers.
(object)
(verb)
(subject)
Changing Active to Passive Voice
▫ Positions of the subject and the object are switched.
▫ Auxiliary verbs and prepositions are added where
necessary.
▫ The verb is converted to its 3rd form.
The storm caused the delay of the flight
(subject)
(verb)
(object)
Passive Voice
The delay of the flight was caused by the storm
(object) (h.verb) (m.verb) (preposition) (subject)
Some sentences cannot be converted to the passive voice.
Sentences containing intransitive verbs cannot be converted
to the passive voice.
For example: ‘The lion roared’, ‘the glass cracked’
(since these sentences do not contain an object, they cannot
be converted to the passive voice)
When to use what & why ?
▫
The active voice is used when:
•
The sentences need to be kept short and
simple.
•
The focus is on the subject.
The passive voice is used when :
• The subject is unknown or irrelevant.
• The subject is obvious.
• The focus is on the verb or object rather than the subject.
The passive voice should be generally avoided :
• When writing news articles and stories.
• When the subject of the sentence is more important than the object.
• When there needs to be a direct relationship between the subject and the
verb.
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Note :

We can't make the
passive voice of the
Future Continuous
Tense and the
Perfect Continous
tenses of the
Present, Past and
Future.
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SUMMARY
 Continuous Tense - action is going on
 Perfect continuous - action started in the past and
is going on
 Perfect continuous - not that common
 Present & past - Common






Active and Passive
- You cannot change the tense
Passive :1. V3
2. Add 'by' or 'is'
3. Swapping of the subject and object - We need
both of these elements
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