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BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY
FULLY ILLUSTRATED
Aggregates
Batter Pile
Beam & Girder Slab
Materials used in construction, including
sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or
recycled crushed concrete
A pile driven at an angle to the vertical.
A one-way slab supported by secondary beams which in tune are supported
by primary beams or girders
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Beam & Beam Details
Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between one or more supports, and carrying vertical loads across (transverse to) its
longitudinal axis, as a girder, joist, purlin, or rafter. Three basic types of beams are: Simple span, supported at both ends, Continuous, supported
at more than two points, and Cantilever, supported at one end with the other end overhanging and free.
Concrete Cover
in reinforced concrete,
the thickness of
protective concrete
between a reinforcing
bar and the exterior
surface of the
concrete.
Concrete Cover
Bar Spacing
Depth
Embedement Length
Top Bar
Longitudinal Reinforcements
Bent Bar
Bar Spacing
- The center-tocenter distance
(perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis)
between parallel
reinforcing bars.
Bent Bar
End Anchorage
Hook
Span Of Supports
Stirrups / Web Reinforcement
Development Length
Bottom Bar
Bent Bar
A longitudinal
reinforcing bar which
is bent to pass from
one face of a structural
member
to the other face.
Hook
in reinforced concrete,
a reinforcing bar whose
end has been bent
back on itself around a
thick pin
in order to provide
anchorage.
Stirrup
A bent rod, usually U-shaped or W-shaped;
used in reinforced brick or concrete
construction. A reinforcing
device to resist shear and diagonal tension
stresses in a beam. A metal seat, attached to
a wall beam or post or hung from a girder, to
receive and support a beam or joist.
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Anchorage
a metal fixing for connecting a structural
member or secondary component firmly to a
main structure or to fix something firmly in place;
often called an anchorage
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Beam
Bleeding - Laitance
Bolster
A rigid structural member designed
to carry and transfer transverse loads
across space to supporting elements
The emergence of excess mixing water
on the surface of newly placed concrete
caused Dy settlement of solids within
the mass.
A cold chisel having a broad blade
splayed towards the cutting edge, used
for cutting stone slabs, etc
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Braced Cofferdam
Caisson
Cantilever Beam
A temporary braced damlike structure
constructed around an excavation to
exclude water.
A watertight retaining structure used, for
example, to work on the foundations of
a bridge pier, for the construction of a
concrete dam, or for the repair of ships.
A beam which is supported only at one
end.
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Cantilever Footing
Cased Pile
Cast-In-Place
Concrete
A footing having a tie beam to another
footing to balance a structural load not
symmetrically located with respect to
the footing.
A concrete pile made by casting
concrete within a steel casing placed
into the ground; a cast-in-place pile.
Concrete which is deposited in the
place where it is required to harden
as part of the structure, as opposed to
precast concrete.
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Cast-In-Place
Pile
Cellular Cofferdam
Cellular Diaphragm Type
Cofferdam
A concrete pile which is concreted
either with a casing or without a casing
at its permanent location, as opposed to
a precast concrete pile.
A self-sustaining cofferdam fabricated
of interlocking steel sheet piling; has
separate inside and outside walls.
A cofferdam slab, metal wall panel, roof
panel, or the like, having a sufficiently
large in-plane shear stiffness and
sufficient strength to transmit horizontal
forces to resisting systems.
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Cellular Mat
Cement
Chair / High Chair
Any material that contains many
cells (either open or closed, or both)
dispersed throughout the mass.
A material or a mixture of materials
(without aggregate) which, when in
a plastic state, possesses adhesive
and cohesive properties and hardens
in place. Frequently, the term is used
incorrectly for concrete, e.g., a “cement”
block for concrete block
A horizontal strip usually of wood,
affixed to a plaster wall at a height
which prevents the backs of chairs from
damaging the wall surface.
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Cofferdam
Column
Combined Footing
A temporary watertight enclosure
around an area of water or waterbearing soil, in which construction is to
take place, bearing on a
stable stratum at or above the
foundation level of new construction.
The water is pumped from within to
permit free access to the area.
In structures, a relatively long, slender
structural compression member such
as a post, pillar, or strut; usually vertical,
supporting a load which acts in (or near)
the direction of its longitudinal axis.
A footing which supports more than one
column load.
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Composite Pile
Continuous Beam
Continuous Footing
A pile comprised of different materials,
e.g., concrete and wood. A pile
comprised of steel members which are
fastened together, end-to-end, to form a
single pile.
A beam which extends over three or
more supports, joined together so
that, for a given load on one span,
the effect on the other spans can be
calculated.
A combined footing, of prismatic or
truncated shape, which supports two or
more columns in a row.
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Continuous Slab
Corner Footing
Damp-Proofing
A slab which extends as a unit over
three or more supports in a given
direction.
A corner portion of the foundation of a
structure which transmits loads directly
to the soil; may be the widened part of
a wall or column, the spreading courses
under a foundation wall, a foundation
of a column, etc.; used to spread the
load over a greater area to prevent or
reduce settling.
Damp proofing in construction is a type
of waterproofing applied to building
foundation walls to prevent moisture
from passing through the walls into
interior spaces. Damp problems are
one of the most frequent problems
encountered in homes.
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Deformed Bar
Direct Placement
Double Tee
A steel reinforcing bar which is
manufacturedwith surface deformations
to provide a locking anchorage with
surrounding concrete.
The placing and consolidation of
concrete.
A piece of lumber cut thicker than a
board that is shaped like two “T” ‘s.
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Double Wales
Double Wall Cofferdam
Drop Hammer
A timber placed horizontally across a
structure to strengthen it. A Horizontal
bracing used to stiffen concrete form
construction and to hold studs in place
A cofferdam formed by a double wall
of sheeting (such as interlocking steel
sections) and backfilled with soil or
crushed stone.
A heavy weight for driving a pile into the
ground; dropped by gravity along a set
of guide rails onto the head of the pile.
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Earth Embankment
End Bearing Pole
Environmental &
Dead Loads
A mound of earth or stone built to hold
back water or to support a roadway.
A pole used to gauge height (in stories)
during masonry construction.
Environmental Loads
These are loads that act as a
result of weather, topography and other
natural phenomena.
Dead Load
The dead load includes
loads that are relatively constant
over time, including the weight of the
structure. Dead loads are also known
as Permanent loads.
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Fender Pile
Ferrocement
Flat Plate
An upright, usually freestanding, pile
driven into the sea bed or a riverbed
beside a berth to protect the dock wall
or wharf from the impact of vessels
A composite material consisting
of a number of layers of wire mesh
embedded and interlayered with
a cement,sand mortar; provides a
relatively thin, flexible, tough membrane;
has been used in experimental
structures and in fabricating
complicated formwork for repetitive
concrete pours.
A flat concrete slab having no column
capitals or drop panels.
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Flat Slab
Floating Foundation
Footing Tie Beam
A concrete slab which is reinforced in
two or more directions, usually without
beams or girders to transfer the loads to
supporting members.
A reinforced concrete slab used to
support and distribute the concentrated
load from columns in a soil having low
bearing capacity; also called a raft
foundation or
mat foundation.
On individual pile caps or spread
footings which are eccentrically loaded,
a beam (usually of reinforced concrete)
used to distribute horizontal forces to
other pile caps or footings.
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Formworks
Foundation
Friction Pole
A temporary construction to contain
wet concrete in the required shape while
it is cast and setting.
Any part of a structure that serves to
transmit the load to the earth or rock,
usually below ground level; the entire
masonry substructure.
A long slender usually round piece of
wood, metal, or other material that is
used for friction purposes.
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Grade Beam
Grillage
Guide Pile
That part of a foundation system
(usually in a building without a
basement) which supports the exterior
wall of the superstructure; commonly
designed as a beam which bears
directly on the column footings, or may
be self-supporting, as a long strap
footing.
A framework of heavy timbers, steel,
or reinforced concrete beams laid
longitudinally and crossed by similar
members laid upon them to spread a
heavy load over a larger area, esp. for
use where the ground is not firm. A
series of steel beams, bolted together
and placed over a footing; used to
distribute a concentrated column
load over the top of the footing.
A heavy, square timber which is
driven vertically downward to guide
steel sheetpiling.
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H Pile
H Section Pile
Hollow Core Slab
Any steel H-section used as a bearing
pile. A steel H-beam used as a pile.
The basic plan of a building having the
shape of a capital letter H, with two
open courtyards.
A hollow core slab, also known as a
voided slab or hollow core plank, is a
precast slab of prestressed concrete
typically used in the construction of
floors in multi-story apartment buildings.
The slab has been especially popular
in countries where the emphasis of
home construction has been on precast
concrete, including Northern Europe
and socialist countries of Eastern
Europe.
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Inverted Tee &
Ledger Beam
Isolated Footing
L Beam
A reinforced-concrete beam having
projecting ledges for receiving the ends
of joists or the like.
A concrete slab or block under an
individual load or column.
A beam whose section has the form of
an inverted L; usually placed so that its
top flange forms part of the edge of a
floor.
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Live Load
Major Excavation
Mat Footing
The moving or movable external load
on a structure; includes the weight of
furnishings of a building, of the people,
of equipment, etc., but does not include
wind load.
A major cavity formed by cutting,
digging, or scooping
A large, thick, usually reinforced
concrete mat which transfers loads from
a number of columns, or columns and
walls, to the underlying rock or soil. Also
known as raft foundation.
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Metal Rebar Hook
Minor Excavation
Non-Prestressed Beams
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar) is a
common steel bar that is commonly
used as a tensioning device in
reinforced concrete and reinforced
masonry structures, to strengthen and
hold the concrete in compression. It
is usually in the form of carbon steel
bars or wires, and the surfaces may
be deformed for a better bond with the
concrete. It is also known as reinforcing
steel and reinforcement steel.
A minor cavity formed by cutting,
digging, or scooping
To remove internal stresses into (as
a structural beam) to counteract the
stresses that will result from applied
load (as in incorporating cables under
tension in concrete)
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One Way Slab
Open Caisson
Pier
A rectangular reinforced concrete
slab which spans a distance very much
greater in one direction than the other;
under these conditions, most of the load
is carried on the shorter span.
An open watertight structure or
chamber, within which work is carried
on in building foundations or structures
below water level. A sunken panel, esp.
in a vaulted ceiling or the inside of a
cupola; a coffer.
A column designed to support
concentrated load. A member, usually
in the form of a thickened section,
which forms an integral part of a wall;
usually placed at intervals along the
wall to provide lateral support or to take
concentrated vertical loads.
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Pile Cap
Pile Driver
Pile Foundation
A slab or connecting beam which
covers the heads of a group of piles,
tying them together so that the structural
load is distributed and they act as
a single unit. A metal cap which is
placed, as temporary protection, over
the head of a precast pile while it is
being driven
A machine for delivering repeated
blows to the top of a pile for driving it
into the ground; consists of a frame
which supports and guides a hammer
weight, together with a mechanism
for raising and dropping the hammer or
for driving the hammer by air or steam.
A system of piles, pile caps, and straps
(if required) that transfers the structural
load to the bearing stratum into which
the piles are driven.
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Pipe Pile
Pneumatic Caisson
Pre-Cast Concrete Pile
A pipe section heavy enough to be
driven without a mandrel, 1 having its
lower end either open or closed; after
the pipe is driven to its final position, it is
filled with concrete. A pipe (either closeended or open-ended) which serves as
a pile.
A pneumatic watertight structure or
chamber, within which work is carried
on in building foundations or structures
below water level. A sunken panel, esp.
in a vaulted ceiling or the inside of a
cupola; a coffer.
A slender, precast concrete- reinforced
member that is embedded in the soil
by driving, jetting, or insertion into a
predrilled hole. May or may not be
prestressed.
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Pre-Cast Pile
Pre-Cast Socket
Foundation
Raft Foundation
Any reinforced concrete pile which is
not cast in its final position.
A pre-cast foundation in which the
structure on which the base of a
machine rests or to which the feet are
fastened.
A large, thick concrete slab that
sustains the load imposed by a number
of columns and/or walls.
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Rectangular Footing
Reinforced Concrete
Column
Reinforced Concrete
That portion of the foundation of a
structure which transmits loads directly
to the soil; may be the widened part of
a wall or column, the spreading courses
under a foundation wall, a foundation
of a column, etc.; used to spread the
load over a greater area to prevent or
reduce settling.
A column containing reinforcement
designed on the assumption that
the concrete and reinforcement act
together in resisting forces.
Concrete containing reinforcement
designed on the assumption that the
concrete and reinforcement act together
in resisting forces.
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Reinforcement
Ribbed Mat Foundation
Rock Caisson
Metal bars, rods, wires, or other slender
members which are embedded in
concrete in such a manner that the
metal and the concrete act together
in resisting forces. Material added to
provide additional strength.
In batching concrete, the loading of all
the solid ingredients (and sometimes
water) into the mixer at the same time
A watertight structure or chamber,
within which work is carried on in
building foundations or structures below
water levelthat is made out of rock.
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Scaffolding
Segregation
Semi-Continuous Beam
A temporary metal or wooden
framework that is used to support
workmen and materials during the
erection, repair, etc., of a building or
other construction
The differential concentration of
the components of mixed concrete.
A beam which partially extends over
three or more supports, joined together
so that, for a given load on one span,
the effect on the other spans can be
calculated.
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Shallow & Deep
Foundation
Sheet Pile
Sheeted Caisson
Any part of a structure that serves to
transmit the load to the earth or rock,
usually below ground level; the entire
masonry substructure. The soil or
rock upon which the structure rests.
The structure on which the base of a
machine rests or to which the feet are
fastened.
One of a number of piles, interlocked
or meshed with similar units, to form a
barrier to retain soil or to keep water out
of a foundation.
A sheeted watertight structure or
chamber, within which work is carried
on in building foundations or structures
below water level.
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Shoring
Simplex Pile
Single Tee
installed during construction, to support
a member or a portion of the structure;
removed prior to the completion
of construction. temporary stress In
A bearing pile formed by driving a steel
shell with a specially designed point
into the ground and filling the hole with
concrete as the shell is withdrawn
A piece of lumber cut thicker than a
board that is shaped like one “T”.
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Slurry Wall
Socketed Caisson
Soldier Pile & Lagging
A slurry wall is a technique used to build
reinforced concrete walls in areas of
soft earth close to open water or with a
high ground water table. This technique
is typically used to build diaphragm
(water-blocking) walls surrounding
tunnels and open cuts, and to lay
foundations.
A caisson that is socketed into rock.
In excavation work, a vertical member
which takes the side thrust from
horizontal sheeting or from walings and
which is supported by struts across the
excavation. A vertical member used to
prevent the movement of formwork; is
held in place by struts, bolts, or wires.
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Solid Flat Slab
Spiral Reinforcement
Square Sloped Footing
A concrete slab which is reinforced in
two or more directions, usually without
beams or girders to transfer the loads to
supporting members.
A column whose vertical reinforcing
bars are enveloped by spiral
reinforcement.
A footing which has sloping top or side
faces.
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Steel Pipe Pile
Stepped Footing
Stratification
A steel pipe section heavy enough to be
driven without a mandrel, having its
lower end either open or closed; after
the pipe is driven to its final position,
it is filled with concrete. A pipe (either
close-ended or open-ended) which
serves as a pile.
A footing consisting of a series of
concrete prisms of progressively smaller
lateral dimensions, one above the other,
to distribute the load of a wall or column
to the subgrade.
The separation of overwet or
overvibrated concrete into horizontal
layers with increasingly lighter material
toward the top; water, laitance, mortar,
and coarse aggregate tend to occupy
successively lower positions in that
order. A layered structure in concrete
resulting from the placement of
successive batches that differ in
appearance.
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Strip Footing
Substratum
Superstructure &
Substructure
A continuous foundation in which all
loads occur in a straight line.
A underlying layer of earth beneath the
surface soil; subsoil.
The foundation or understructure of a
building; supports the superstructure.
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T-Beam
Tapered Flute Pile
Tension & Compression
Reinforcement
A reinforced concrete beam or rolled
metal shape having a cross section
resembling
the letter T.
A pipe section heavy enough to be
driven without a mandrel, 1 having its
lower end either open or closed; after
the pipe is driven to its final position,
it is filled with concrete. A pipe (either
close-ended or open ended) which
serves as a pile.
Tension reinforcement
On the top face of a beam
or slab, the tension reinforcement that
resists the negative bending moment.
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Compression reinforcement
Structural reinforcement which
is designed to carry compressive
stresses.
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Tie Beam
Tiebacks
Timber Pole
On individual pile caps or spread
footings which are eccentrically loaded,
a beam (usually of reinforced concrete)
used to distribute horizontal forces
to other pile caps or footings; a strap
In roof framing, a horizontal timber
connecting two opposite rafters at their
lower ends to prevent them from
spreading; also see collar beam.
A tension element used to resist the
lateral force on a retaining structure.
A long, slender, tapering piece of wood;
a pale, prop, stake, or stay.
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Trapezoidal Footing
Two Way Slab
Uncased Pile
A trapezoidal portion of the foundation
of a structure which transmits loads
directly to the soil; may be the widened
part of a wall or column, the spreading
courses under a foundation wall, a
foundation of a column, etc.; used to
spread the load over a greater area to
prevent or reduce settling.
A concrete floor slab in which the main
reinforcement runs in two directions. A
rectangular, reinforced concrete slab
having a span on the long side that is
less than twice the span on the short
side.
A concrete pile made by pre-casting
concrete within a steel casing placed
into the ground; a pre-cast pile.
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Underpinning
Waffle Slab
Wale
The rebuilding or deepening of the
foundation of an existing building to
provide additional or improved support,
e.g., additional support required as a
result of a new excavation in adjoining
property which is deeper than the
existing foundation.
A concrete slab which is reinforced
by ribs in two directions, forming a
waffle-like
pattern.
A horizontal timber or beam used to
brace or support an upright member,
as sheeting, formwork for concrete, etc.
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Wall Footing
Water
Wood Pile
A wall footing or strip footing is a
continuous strip of concrete that serves
to spread the weight of a load-bearing
wall across an area of soil. It is the
component of a shallow foundation.
Water is a chemical compound
consisting of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen. The name water
typically refers to the liquid state of the
compound. The solid phase is known as
ice and gas phase is called steam.
The rebuilding or deepening of the
foundation of an existing building to
provide additional or improved support,
e.g., additional support required as a
result of a new excavation in adjoining
property which is deeper than the
existing foundation.
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Wood Formwork Detail
Spreader
a rubber or plastic hand-held implement with a
bevelled edge, used by a painter and decorator
for applying and spreading glue and filler, smoothing
and shaping etc.
Form Liner
A board or a sheet of wood used in formwork.
Bulk Head
A structure on the roof of a building covering a water
tank, shaft, or service equipment. A structure, as
on a roof, covering a stairwell or other opening, to
provide adequate headroom. A retaining structure
to prevent earth movement into a dredged area.
Waler
in timber construction and
formwork, a horizontal timber member which binds
together vertical boards or sheet material.
Strongback
a structural member used as a spreader beam,
soldier or as waling in formwork.
Keyway
The aperture in a lock cylinder which receives
the key and closely engages with it throughout its
length. A slot used to interlock slabs of masonry
walls built at different times.
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Slope Protection
Sloped that are subject to erosion from the runoff of
surface water require some means of stabilization. The
need for stabilization can be reduced by diverting the
runoff at the top of the slop, or by creating a series of
terraces to reduce the velocity of the runoff.
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The principal mechanical means of protecting an
embankment against erosion is a revetment of riprap
or gabions
A Riprap is a layer of irregularly broken and random
sized stones placed on the slop of an embankment to
prevent erosion
Depth of layer should be greater than the maximum
size of stone
Filter fabric or graded sand and gravel for drainage
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Slope Protection
Gabions are galvanized or PVC-Coated wire baskets filled
with stones and stacked to form an abutment or retaining
structure, or as riprap to stabilize and embankment
Filter fabric or graded sand and gravel for drainage
Natural means of stabilization includes soil binders-plant
materials that inhibit or prevent erosion by providing a
ground cover that inhibit or prevent erosion by providing
a ground cover and forming a dense network of roots
that bind the soil.
Cribbing or bin walls may also be used to hold back and protect steep embankments
Cribbing is a cellular framework of squared steel, concrete, or timber members,
assembled in layers at right angles, and filled with earth or stones.
A bin wall is a type of gravity retaining wall formed by stacking modular, interlocking
precast concrete units and filling the voids with crushed stone or gravel.
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Retaining Wall
T-Type Cantilevered Wall
Gravity Wall
Cantilevered wall of reinforced concrete
are used for retaining walls up to 20 feet
high. Above this height, counterfort
walls are employed
A gravity retaining wall resists
overturning and sliding by the sheer
weight and volume of it’s mass. Gravity
walls may be used for retaining
structures less than 10 feet.
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Retaining Wall
Counterfort Wall
L-Type Cantilevered Wall
A counterfort wall utilized triangulatshaped cross walls to stiffen the vertical
slab and add weight to the base. The
counterforts are spaced at regular
intervals equal to one half the wall
height
This type of retaining wall is used when
the wall abuts a property line or other
obstruction
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Retaining Wall
Batter refers to the backwards
sloping face of a wall as it
rises, which can offset the
illusion of the face leaning
forward.
Drainage system may be required to
relieve the buildup of water pressure
behind the wall.
Temperature steel for wall are
more than 10inches thick.
Drainage mat w/filter fabric or porous
gravel backfill
Structural steel reinforcement
2 inch diameter weepholes @ 4-6 feet
o.c., or perforated drainpipe sloped to
outlet away from wall
2 inches minimum
Footing should extend below
frostline or 2 feet below the
lower grade level, whichever
is greater
3 inches minimum
Provide vertical control joints @ 25 feet o.c. and
vertical expansion joints every fourth control
joint.
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Retaining Wall
Timber and concrete, brick, or stone
masonry be used for relatively low
retaining walls.
Horizontal Tile
4x6 or 6x6 pressure-treated timbers
laid w/ overlapping joints and spiked
together or ties w/ galvanized steel
rods @ 4feet o.c.
Deadman is a timber, stone, or
concrete mass buried in the ground
as an anchor; used for wall over 3 feet
high and placed 6 feet - 0 inches o.c.
Horizontal Timber Wall
Gravel drain for wall over 2 feet high
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46
Retaining Wall
Brick or stone coping
Weepholes @ 4-6
feet o.c.
Galvanized wall tiles
4 Inch brick veneer
Perforated drainpipes
sloped to outlet away
from wall
8 Inch concrete masonry units
12 Inch concrete masonry units
Frostline
Concrete footing
Brick Veneer Wall
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY FULLY ILLUSTRATED
47
Retaining Wall
Batter
Tilt stones into slope for stability
Provide a well-drained compacted
granular subbase; base need not Bottom of mortared stone walls
extend frostline. should extend below frostline.
Dry Stone Wall
CENTENO | CHOI | GUANZON | HORNILLA | LEWIS
48
FIN
This book si submitted to
Architect Clarissa Lorenzo
In partial fulfillment
of the course BT4
by the following:
Centeno , Mikele
Choi , Edward
Guanzon , Paolo
Hornilla , Jerome
Lewis , Philip