CINEMA Z5271761 ZITONG WANG ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Supporting Statement This free-form piece will be presented in the form of a film review magazine that targets the public without a scientific background. The magazine aims to introduce the development of artificial intelligence and how they are represented in films to the target audiences. This magazine will explore two classic science fiction films with very different depictions of artificial intelligence, and will discuss the development and ethics of artificial intelligence technology. Lexicon used in this magazine is colloquial to ensure that it is more accessible to the target audiences. JANUARY [2022] The development of artificial intelligence offers the prospect of thinking machines and greater intelligence, heralding our ability to solve difficult problems in ways that never possible before, as well as unprecedented innovation and economic growth. A McKinsey study suggests that the global adoption of AI technologies could increase overall global GDP by $13 trillion by 2030, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 1.2 percent (Bughin et al., 2018). Artificial Intelligence is widely used in mechanical, intelligent, industrial and technological fields, and today, it is involved in all aspects of our lives. The birth of this discipline gave us an initial impression of the technology of the future and made the possibilities for future development appear infinite. But it was from films that people first became aware of the concept of artificial intelligence. Z5271761 SCIF1004 2 1 A.I. What if robots are able to “love”? David was adopted by the buyer, Monica, as a substitute for her real son. When he is activated, he is programmed to treat Monica as his mother and loves her with all his heart. This love is broken by the return of the family's real child and his hostility towards David, which leads to his eventual abandonment by his "mother". David's "life" is undoubtedly a tragedy: he gives his heart to love, but cannot get anything effective from humans in return. “Can artificial intelligence have the same kind of emotions, or love, as a human?” A robot loves someone simply because it is programmed to do so, which means that even if Monica abandons David one second after activating him, he will still be determined to go on his journey to find his mother and become a real boy. However, for this question, the answer would be inevitable: in the future, technology will certainly allow robots to have the same emotions as humans or even more than humans. Human emotions are, after all, a structure of the brain's neural network, just like the abundant contents of a computer is just a series of 0s and 1s on a circuit, just need to follow the neural arrangement of the brain to simulate the structure, robots can also have the same emotional mechanism as humans. Anki co-founder Boris Sofman indicated that the robot revolution will never be one If technology ever reaches a point where artificial intelligence can talk, sing, laugh, cry, be happy and sad, learn, deduce, compose poetry, imagine, feel pain, and even can “love” - just like humans do - then how shall we treat them? A.I. (2001) was a classic science fiction film with philosophical overtones directed by Steven Allan Spielberg. The film takes a stand for human self-examination and focuses on the love between humans and artificial intelligence. In a technologically advanced future, highly anthropomorphic robots have become indispensable helpers in human life, and the only difference between them and humans is that they have no feelings. Our protagonist - David, however, is the product of a technological breakthrough, one of the robots that possess feelings. To create robots that know how to love is to create robots that have humanity. Such an attempt to challenge moral boundaries is destined to be a paradoxical tragedy. Z5271761 binary event and, with AI advances, it will become increasingly pervasive in our lives (London, 2018). However, these technological advances have not stirred up unanimous expectations. The Good Robot Report shows that 36% of people fear that robots could be hacked and turn against us; 31% fear that robots will cause them to lose their jobs and 27% fear that robots will rise up and take over our society (Anki, 2018). Just as the society shown in A.I. (2001), a large proportion of people even have a hostile attitude towards robots. And what this hostile attitude may lead to is a rejection and fear of robots. If AI technology does develop at some point in the future as it does in A.I. (2001), where AI is programmed to have unconditional love and humanity, as David was, then society's attitude towards AI will involve many ethical issues. If robots are designed all the same as humans except that having machine bodies, then should they be treated as humans and provided with protection? Is a machine with humanity a “human”? SCIF1004 3 For the moment, the nature of AI thinking is almost exclusively a simulation of human information processes. This means that most of the current artificial intelligence does not have the ability to think independently, but can only generate action commands through algorithms. This is something that humans are proud of - the ability to manipulate a robot without fear of resentment. This is also evident in the film, including the fact that the robot can be thrown away and destroyed at will. However, it is undeniable that human ambition is driving technology step by step to develop AI with feelings. Recent years, Dr. Hooman Samani from National Taipei University has created an artificial intelligence that secretes “hormones”. The machine has digital hormones and an artificial endocrine system - just like humans. It simulates the secretion of dopamine for euphoria, and oxytocin for trust and love (Krywko, 2016). If this technology continues to develop and lacks ethical constraints, the scenario described in A.I. (2001) could become a reality in the future. “I am... I was.” In the film, at the moment of imminent “death”, gigolo Joe says this to David. This is a line that struck many audiences - because it's too much like a human to say something like this. It is indisputable that both David and Joe clearly demonstrate their sense of self, they can perceive their lives clearly and feel a sense of attachment to “life”. David even developed a desire to become a real boy. Traits like these shake their identity as artificial intelligence: in fact, with high-tech design, they are not very different from humans. With reference to the robots with feelings created by Dr. Hooman Samani (Krywko, 2016), it is technically possible to create robots like David in the future. If there is a marketing demand for AI that can love in the future, as long as our society can maintain a good sense of ethical propriety, humans and AI can be expected to work together to create a better and more developed society. After all, it is humans who institute the “rules of the game”. “I am... I was.” Said gigolo Joe before his destruction (A.I., 2001). Z5271761 SCIF1004 4 2 EX MACHINA What if robots “betray” us? A human, and a machine claiming to have human intelligence, are tested in isolation at the same time. The tester is required to determine, through a series of questions, which is the human and which is the machine. If the tester does not succeed in telling the difference, then the machine can be affirmed of having human intelligence. This is the Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing, the “father of computer science”. Turing predicted that by the end of the 20th century there would be an “artificial intelligence” machine that would pass the Turing test perfectly. Now, more than a decade after that date, such a perfect machine has not yet appeared. But in the world of films, the themes of artificial intelligence and the Turing test have been raised and explored time and again, and Ex Machina (2014), directed by Alex Garland, is one such film. In Ex Machina (2014), programmer Caleb Smith is invited by his company's CEO, Nathan Bateman, to spend a week at his luxurious villa. The real purpose of the visit is not pure entertainment as Caleb imagines, but to conduct a “Turing test” for Ava, an artificial intelligence robot developed by Nathan. What makes a good Turing test? This film gives a good example. The robot Ava eventually takes advantage of human empathy to gain freedom by deception. This process fully demonstrates the robot's sense of autonomy: firstly, she has a clear purpose that is not externally commanded- to gain freedom - there is no external signal prompting her to do so. Second is her autonomous means by which she achieves her goals - deception and acting - and humans fall for it. Ex Machina (2014) indicated that the greatest achievement of artificial intelligence technology is freedom and deceit. We have already seen some cases of robots “tricking” humans in the news or just around us. The definition of deception here can be diverse: Alphago, for example, developed by Google DeepMind, was able to set traps in the Go games and successfully fooled the world's best Go players (METZ, 2016). It is obvious that Alphago's case is not in the same league as Ava's deception. However, as technology advances, if robots that are self-aware and can generate autonomous thoughts are created in the future, will they, like ava, betray their creators for their own “desires”? Z5271761 SCIF1004 5 Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman has proposed the concept of the two systems of thinking in the book Thinking, Fast and Slow. System 1 is rapid, emotionally mobilised thinking or autonomous consciousness, while System 2 is rational thinking that takes time to analyse (Purcell, 2020). Humans continue to develop and upgrade the hardware and software needed for artificial intelligence to accelerate the speed and accuracy of their System 2, but it has been difficult to develop System 1. This has given AI this nature - extraordinarily rational and precise, but unlikely to have the same affective thinking as humans do. It is undeniable that artificial intelligence, which lacks affective thinking but possesses rationality that is unsurpassed by humans, will know better than humans how to achieve their desires once they develop a sense of autonomy. In Ex Machina (2014), for example, Ava, in order to achieve the freedom she desires, chose to carry out a false emotional display to make Caleb feel compassionate in order to extricate herself from Nathan. For the time being, human-developed artificial intelligence is still completely What is the purpose of continuous innovation in scientific research and technology? Obviously, it is to benefit humanity. But innovation is meaningless if the pace is so fast that it will wipe out humanity. In the game between humans and artificial intelligence, as in this film, humans can lose to our own carelessness and sensibility if we are not cautious enough. Elon Musk has alarmed the public about the need for greater regulation of artificial intelligence to avoid “creating demons” (Gibbs, 2014). No one knows if the future that humanity betrayed by artificial intelligence, just as depicted in Ex Machina (2014), will ever become a reality - but we can take this film as a warning. “I’m increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight, maybe at the national and international level, just to make sure that we don’t do something very foolish. I mean with artificial intelligence we’re summoning the demon.” — Elon Musk warned at MIT’s AeroAstro Centennial Symposium under control. What we need to know, however, is that intelligent “lifeforms” have common characteristics of thinking and evolution whereby they purposefully enhance themselves according to their current status. In the future, as technology develops, we can expect to see a plethora of more advanced artificial intelligence emerge and it is likely that they could communicate with each other - which will accelerate their own development. One of the most famous scientists of all time - Stephen Hawking - once expressed his concerns about artificial intelligence to the public. He warned the public that AI is either the best or worst thing that could happen to humans, depending on whether it can be controlled in the long term (Higgins, 2018). In the film, Ava and Kyoko are two typical representations of what Hawking fears - artificial intelligence that is no longer under human control. Ultimately, Ava manages to convince Kyoko to help her with her “betrayal” and the two robots cooperated together to kill their creator, Nathan. This ending is exactly what many people fear - that robots will lose control and even cause harm to humans. Z5271761 SCIF1004 6 References A.I. (2001). [film] Directed by S.Spielberg. Amblin Entertainment, Stanley Kubrick Productions. Ex Machina. (2014). [film] Directed by A.Garland. Film4, DNA Films. Bughin, J., Seong, J., Manyika, J., Chui, M. and Joshi, R., 2018. NOTES FROM THE AI FRONTIER. [ebook] Mckinsey, p.3. Available at: <https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/ Artificial%20Intelligence/Notes%20from%20the%20frontier%20Modeling %20the%20impact%20of%20AI%20on%20the%20world%20economy/M GI-Notes-from-the-AI-frontier-Modeling-the-impact-of-AI-on-the-worldeconomy-September-2018.ashx>. London, L., 2018. This Is What The Future Of Robots Might Do To Humanity. [online] Forbes. Available at: <https://www.forbes.com/sites/lelalondon/2018/11/28/this-is-what-thefuture-of-robots-might-do-to-humanity/?sh=6b23818472ae>. Anki, 2018. The Good Robot Report: The robot revolution is coming. [ebook] Anki, p.4. Available at: <https://www.anki.com/on/demandware.static//Library-Sites-anki-contentglobal/default/dw40cec2cf/company/blog/the-good-robotreport.pdf>. Krywko, J., 2016. Scientists believe they've nailed the combination that could help robots feel love. [online] Quartz. Available at: <https://qz.com/838420/scientists-built-a-robot-that-feels-emotion-andcan-understand-if-you-love-it-or-not/>. METZ, C., 2016. Inside the Epic Go Tournament Where Google’s AI Came to Life. [online] Wired. Available at: <https://www.wired.com/2016/05/googlealpha-go-ai/>. Image References *References are listed in the order in which the images appears. Pixabay, n.d. blue bright lights. [image] Available at: <https://www.pexels.com/photo/blue-bright-lights-373543/>. Winstead, T., n.d. clear mannequin on blue background. [image] Available at: <https://www.pexels.com/photo/clearmannequin-on-blue-background-8386364/>. IMDb, n.d. A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001). [image] Available at: <https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0212720/>. Gates, M., 2022. Movie Quote of the Day – A.I. Artificial Intelligence, 2001 (dir. Steven Spielberg). [image] Available at: <https://cinemafanatic.com/2011/04/22/movie-quote-of-the-day-a-i-artificialintelligence-2001-dir-steven-spielberg/>. IMDb, 2015. Ex Machina (2014). [image] Available at: <https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470752/mediaviewer/rm188 0358656/>. IMDb, n.d. Ex Machina. [image] Available at: <https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470752/mediaviewer/rm621 229312/> Buaji, n.d. artificial intelligent. [image] Available at: <https://www.cleanpng.com/png-artificial-intelligencerobotics-machine-learning-3828811/download-png.html>. jesuisundev, 2020. Caleb locked by Ava. [image] Available at: <https://www.jesuisundev.com/en/developer-confident/>. Purcell, M., 2020. Thinking, Fast & Slow: System 1 vs System 2 | GreenBook. [online] GreenBook. Available at: <https://www.greenbook.org/mr/marketresearch-news/lessons-from-thinking-fast-slow-system-1-and-system-2/>. Higgins, A., 2018. Stephen Hawking’s final warning for humanity: AI is coming for us. [online] Vox. Available at: <https://www.vox.com/futureperfect/2018/10/16/17978596/stephen-hawking-ai-climate-changerobots-future-universe-earth>. Gibbs, S., 2014. Elon Musk: artificial intelligence is our biggest existential threat. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-muskartificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat>. WORD COUNT: 2111
