Chapter 2: Lesson 1: Science and Human Movements
Human body movements is a movement of a body segment toward the midline of the body. Circumduction is a
movement where the joint is the pivot and the body segment moves in a combination of flexion, extensions, adduction
and abduction.
 The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type.
 While the socket joint gives the good range of movement individual joint.
 Upright stance, with upper limbs to the other side of and palms facing forward.
 Movement kinds are generally paired with the opposite of the other.
 Body movements are described in relation to the anatomical position of the body.
Two components of the body that cause human beings to move
Functions of the Skeletal System
A. Physiological Functions
1. Provide a site for blood formation
2. Serves as storehouse for calcium which are essential for nerve conduction, blood clotting and energy formation
3. Play a role in immune function
B. Structural Function
1. Give supports to the body
2. It protects the delicate organs in the body
3. Bones are rigid lever of locomotion
The skeleton is divided into two groups
1. Appendicular skeleton- which is composed of the upper extremity and lower extremity
2. Axial skeleton – which is composed of the skull, ribs, trunk, vertebral column, and pelvic
Factors Influencing Bone Health
1.
2.
3.
4.
Heredity is an important determinant of bone mass density (BMD)
Nutritional status – is important in maintaining bone health
Hormonal status – the hormone estrogen plays an important role in attaining bone mass
Activity Level- children and adolescents should participate in high impact activities for the bone development
Muscles
Kinds of fiber
 Muscles are the exert forces thus are the major contributor to human movement.
 Muscles are used to:
* hold a position,
* to raise or lower a body part
* to slow down a fast moving segment and
* to generate great speed in the body
> The muscles only has the ability pull and creates a motion because it crosses a joint
Four Tissues Properties
1. Irritability – is the ability to respond to stimulus.
2. Contractility – is the ability of the muscles to generate tension and shorten when it receives sufficient
stimulation
3. Extensibility – is the muscles’ ability to lengthen, or stretch beyond the resting length.
4. Elasticity – is the ability of the muscles fiber to return to its resting length after the stretch is removed
Functions of Muscles
1. Produce movement – skeletal movement is created as muscle actions generate tensions that are
transferred to the bone.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions – muscle action of a lesser magnitude are used to maintain postures.
3. Stabilize Joints – muscle actions also contribute significantly to stability of joints.
Other Functions
A. Muscles support and protect the visceral organs and the internal tissues from injuries.
B. Tension in the muscles tissues can alter and control pressures within the cavities.
C. Skeletal muscles contributes to the maintenance of body temperature by producing heat.
D. The muscles control the entrances and exits to the body through voluntary control over swallowing,
defecation and urination.
Two Arrangements of the Muscles
1. Parallel Fiber arrangement, the fascicles are parallel to the long asis of the muscles. This muscles running in
the same direction as the whole muscles.
2. Penniform Fiber Arrangement, the fiber run diagonally with respect to the central tendon running the
length of the muscles. The shape is feather like because the fascicles are short and run an angle to the
length of the muscles.
Three Types of Muscles in the Body
1. Body Skeletal muscles
* Voluntary muscles, attached to the bones of skeletons
2. smooth muscles
* Involuntary muscles, hollow organs like small intestines and blood vessels
3. Cardiac muscles
* Involuntary muscle, heart
Functions of Muscles
1. Produce Movement- Skeletal movement is created as muscle action generate tensions that are transferred
to the bone.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions- muscle action of a lesser magnitude are used to maintain postures.
3. Stabilize joints- Muscle actions also contribute significantly to stability of the joints. Muscles tensions are
generated and applied across the joints via the tendons, providing stability where they cross the joint.
4. Muscles support and protect the visceral organs and protect the internal tissues from injuries.
5. Tension in the muscles tissues can alter and control pressures within the cavities.
Lesson 2:
Body Regions
Head and neck region – head houses the brain and major sense organs; framework of the face
Trunk ( or torso ) – central part of the body
Two sections: Thorax and abdomen
Upper Extremities ( arm, forearm and hand )
Lower Extremities ( thigh, leg, foot )
Orientations/ Directions
1. Superior-above or towards the head
2. Inferior - below or toward the lower part of the body
3. Anterior - towards the front of the body
4. Posterior - towards the back of the body
5. Medial - at or nearer to the center plane; or in the inner side the body
6. Lateral - away from the center plane of the body
7. Proximal - nearer to the center of the body
8. Distal - farther the center of the body.
Range of Movements
Types:
Active Range of Motion – limb is actively moved; with muscle contraction
Passive Range of Motion – Limb is passively moved; No muscle contraction.
Body Planes
Physical wellness is one of the important state of well-being and capability of each individual to design the
optimum required personal fitness programs for improving and maintaining the level of health.
Strength - is the ability to sustain the application of force without yielding or breaking the ability of muscles to
exert efforts against resistance.
Flexibility-Determines how far you can bend, and it depends on how far you can stretch your muscles without
tearing them.
Four Basic Movements in Flexibility
Flexion – bending forward at the hip
Extension – opposite of the flexion
Abduction – moving the limb away
Adduction – opposite of abduction
Other kinds of movements
Rotation – movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Circumduction – a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction commonly seen in ball-and
socket joints.
Pronation – moving the palm of the hand from anterior, upward facing, position to a posterior
Supination – moving the palm from posterior
Inversion – it is a turning of the sole of the foot so that it faces medially.
Eversion – opposite of inversion
Dorsiflexion - movement of the ankle that moves the instep of the foot up
Plantar Flexion – straightens the ankle joint, causing the toes to point downward, standing on your toes.
Type of Stretching
1. Passive assisted stretching - partner assisted stretch.
2. Static Stretching - technique widely used and effective techniques of stretching. This technique involves
passively stretching a given antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and holding it there
for an extended time at least 3 to 6 seconds.
3. Ballistic Stretch involves a explosive, bouncing rhythmic movement of a specific part of the body.
Type of Muscle Contractions
Isotonic Contractions – literally same as “tone or tension” , the muscles shortens and movement occurs.
Isometric Contractions – are contractions in which muscles do not shorten
Isokinetic Contractions – are similar to isotonic contraction but the muscles are expose to fixed machine with
variable degrees of resistance.
Effects of Exercise on Muscles ( Benefits )
1.
Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
2.
More flexible muscle with greater resistance to fatigue
3.
Makes overall body metabolism more efficient
4.
Improves digestion and elimination
5.
Enhances neuromuscular coordination, and makes the skeleton stronger
6.
Reduces the risk of developing coronary heart diseases
7.
Makes one look and feel young
8.
Provides overall fitness
Components of Mental Health
 Anatomy and independence: The person can look within for guiding values and rules by which to live.
 Tolerance of life’s uncertainties : the person can face the challenges of day-to-day living with hope and a
positive outlook despite not knowing what lies ahead







Maximization of one’s potential: The person is oriented toward growth and self -actualization.
Self – esteem : The person has realistic awareness of his or her abilities and limitations
Mastery of environment: The person can deal with influence the environment in a capable, competent, and
creative manner.
Self – esteem : The person has realistic awareness of his or her abilities and limitations
Mastery of environment: The person can deal with influence the environment in a capable, competent, and
creative manner.
Reality Orientation: The person can distinguish the real world from dream, fact from the fantasy, and act
accordingly.
Stress Management: The person can tolerate life stresses, appropriately handle anxiety or grief, and
experience failure without devastation.