AP Psych, Unit 6, Additional Sources for Developmental Psychology
CCP #19
 The Harlow’s were breeding Rhesus macaque monkeys for their research on learning
 contact and touch are vital to attachment, learning, emotional well-being, and
psychological development.
 how a child is raised early on can have a huge effect on how they view the world, other
people, and themselves
 Some baby animals experience a critical period early in life when certain thigs must
happen for normal development to occur
 Imprinting: the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical
period very early in life.
 Ainsworth observed that sensitive, attentive mothers usually raised securely attached
kids
 Less responsive mothers who often ignored their children, or super-anxious mother who
obsessed over every little thing, often raised insecurely attached kids
 Young kids exposed to extended abuse, trauma, and neglect are at a higher risk for
psychological disorders, health problems, and substance abuse as adults
 One of the biggest achievements in childhood is achieving a positive sense of self
 Self-concept: an understanding and evaluation of who we are
 Kids with positive self-images are more happy, confident, independent, and sociable
 Ability to discern right from wrong, formation of individual character= orality
 Preconventional morality phase: in this phase kids are concerned with self-interest,
starting to judge people individually, based on their needs and point of view
 Conventional morality phase: put an emphasis on conformity
 Postconventional morality phase: we begin to account for different values and basic
rights
CCP #20
 Adolescence: the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from
puberty to independence
 The struggle between the need to stand out and the need to belong
 Erikson believed our personalities developed in a predetermined order
 Emerging adulthood: a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap
between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
 Middle adulthood highlights our tendency toward either generativity or stagnation
 By middle adulthood many people have established jobs or careers or perhaps families
of their own
 We better understand the bigger picture of life, and contribute to society through
productive, or generative activities
 Late adulthood, we often struggle with integrity vs. despair
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If their overall vibe is positive then they’ve probably developed a sense of integrity and
completeness, meaning they’re pretty satisfied with a life well lived
Retrospective disappointment can ruin old age with depression and feelings of
hopelessness
Intelligence remains stable throughout adulthood
Fluid and crystallized intelligence: intelligence itself is made up of different abilities that
work together
Fluid intelligence: ability to solve problems independent of your personal experience
and education
Crystallized intelligence: knowledge that’s based on facts, solidified by past experiences
and prior learning
Brain tumors, small strokes, or continued alcohol dependence can all progressively
damage the brain, increasing the risks of dementia
Dementia: sets of symptoms related to thinking, memory loss, confusion, and potential
changes in personality that become severe enough to interfere with regular functioning
Alzheimer’s disease is a form of progressive, irreversible dementia
Erikson’s 8 stages of Development Theory
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Stage 1, basic trust v. mistrust (infancy 1-2 years old)
Stage 2, autonomy v. shame and doubt (early childhood 2-4 years old) (discovering
oneself; is it ok to be me?
Parents either help build confidence or bring shame and doubt
Stage 3 initiative v. guilt (preschool age 4-5 years old)
Children learn rules and choices either have negative or positive consequences (is it ok
for me to do this?)
Stage 4 industry v. inferiority (school age 5-12 years old)
Finding their own interest and wanting to show that they can do it right
If a child receives praise, could produce them to become industrious, a hard worker
Or if a child receives too much negativity, they become inferior and loose motivation
Stage 5 identity v. role confusion (adolescence 13-19 years old)
Influences from parents can either help find identity or create a role confusion (who am
I? where do I stand in society?
Stage 6 intimacy v. isolation (early adulthood 20-40 years old)
This is where a person learns if they can make life-long relationships
Stage 7 generativity v. stagnation (adulthood 40-65 years old)
If they can lead the next generation into the word. They’re happy
If there is a conflict or no success, the adult becomes pessimistic and experience
stagnation
Stage 8 integrity v. despair (maturity 60-death)
If they are satisfied, then they develop feelings of content and integrity
If the elderly is not happy with their self-reflection, they become grumpy and in despair