Biology, 8e (Campbell)
Chapter 41
Animal Nutrition
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the
following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?
A) fat in adipose tissue
B) glucose in the blood
C) protein in muscle cells
D) glycogen in muscle cells
E) calcium phosphate in bone
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its
energy as
A) proteins.
B) minerals.
C) carbohydrates.
D) amino acids.
E) fats.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
3) Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because
A) only those animals use the nutrients.
B) they are subunits of important polymers.
C) they cannot be manufactured by the organism.
D) they are necessary coenzymes.
E) only some foods contain them.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as
nonessential would be best described as one that
A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C) must be ingested in the diet.
D) is less important than an essential amino acid.
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E) is not found in many proteins.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use?
lood cells
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B12
C) vitamin C
D) iodine
E) calcium
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals?
A) calcium-construction and maintenance of bone
B) magnesium-cofactor in enzymes that make ATP
C) iron-necessary for thyroid function
D) sulfur-ingredient of nucleic acids
E) iodine-important in nerve function
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) If the digestive systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis,
which of the following diets would be most suitable?
A) a high protein, low carbohydrate diet
B) a diet low in lipids and high in protein
C) a low-calorie diet with large intake of fluids, especially water
D) a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species
E) a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals
Answer: D
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Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of recommended
daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.
Dietary Supplement
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iodine
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
Molybdenum
Iron
Etc.
% DV
70
100
100
150
13
100
100
100
417
20
5
100
25
100
100
125
100
0
9) Some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is
the most likely explanation?
A) It would be too expensive to add more.
B) These vitamins and minerals are easily obtained in other food sources.
C) It is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and calcium.
D) It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.
E) These supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
10) After careful examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to
benefit most from this supplement?
A) pregnant women
B) senior citizens
C) infants
D) the immunosuppressed
E) women of menstruating ages
Answer: B
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Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
11) Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why?
A) Folic acid supplies vitamins that pregnant women lose.
B) The folic acid stored by pregnant women is removed from their circulation.
C) The fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D) Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E) Folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated?
A) blood loss due to severe injury
B) liver abnormality that results in decreased number of red blood cells
C) various forms of inherited or acquired anemia
D) genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis
E) menstruation and menopause
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
13) During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from
glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes
have in common?
A) They are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B) Both occur intracellularly in most organisms.
C) They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D) Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E) Each requires ATP as an energy source.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of
food processing does this take place?
A) ingestion
B) digestion
C) hydrolysis
D) absorption
E) elimination
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.2
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Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process?
A) hydrolysis
B) endocytosis
C) absorption
D) elimination
E) secretion
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes?
A) hydrolysis
B) absorption
C) elimination
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular
cavity?
A) Extracellular digestion is not needed.
B) Specialized regions are possible.
C) Digestive enzymes can be more specific.
D) Extensive branching is possible.
E) Intracellular digestion is easier.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in
many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that
first evolved in that phylum?
Answer: C
Topic: Concept: 41.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
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19) Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires
the animals to have methods for which of the following?
A) elimination
B) dehydration synthesis
C) enzymatic hydrolysis
D) regurgitation
E) demineralization
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
20) Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?
A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel
D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration
E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human
digestive system is
A) protein.
B) carbohydrate.
C) cholesterol
D) nucleic acid.
E) glucose.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) What is the substrate of salivary amylase?
A) protein
B) starch
C) sucrose
D) glucose
E) maltose
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) Which of the following statements is true of mammals?
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A) All foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B) After leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C) The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
D) Enzyme production continues in the esophagus.
E) The trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) What part(s) of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2?
A) small intestine
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) liver
E) mouth
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Which of the following statements describes pepsin?
A) It is manufactured by the pancreas.
B) It helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C) It splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D) It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E) It is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an
individual?
A) not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
B) not to be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach
C) only to be able to digest fat in the stomach
D) not to be able to produce pepsinogen
E) not to be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
27) Which of the following is true of bile salts?
A) They are enzymes.
B) They are manufactured by the pancreas.
C) They emulsify fats in the duodenum.
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D) They increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E) They are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form?
A) disaccharides
B) polymers
C) monomers
D) enzymes
E) peptides
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
29) Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum?
A) amylase
B) pepsin
C) lipase
D) trypsin
E) sucrase
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.
Figure 41.1
30) Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?
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A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 9
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur?
A) 3 only
B) 4 only
C) 1 and 4
D) 3 and 4
E) 1, 3, and 4
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur?
A) 3 only
B) 4 only
C) 1 and 4
D) 3 and 4
E) 1, 3, and 4
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their
metabolism?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
E) 8
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?
A) Processing of fat does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of
carbohydrates does.
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B) Fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small
intestine.
C) Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D) Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the
blood.
E) Only fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood?
A) sucrose
B) maltose
C) fatty acid
D) dipeptide
E) trinucleotide
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most?
A) abdominal artery
B) coronary arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) hepatic portal vessel
E) hepatic vein, which drains the liver
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
37) Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely
released initially as inactive precursors?
A) protein-digesting enzymes
B) fat-solubilizing bile salts
C) acid-neutralizing bicarbonate
D) carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
E) hormones such as gastrin
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) Adult lampreys attach onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this
continuous supply of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys?
A) liver
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B) pancreas
C) intestine
D) stomach
E) gallbladder
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
39) Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that
A) contains plenty of fiber.
B) promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C) speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D) decreases water reabsorption in the large intestine.
E) stimulates peristalsis.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
40) Numerous adult humans are currently treated for reflux disorders. However, at an earlier
time in medical history these same individuals probably would have been diagnosed with gastric
ulcers. Which of the following has most contributed to correct diagnosis of this problem?
A) better pH monitoring
B) improvements in X-ray technology
C) ability to diagnose and treat H. pylori infection
D) ability to perform colonoscopy
E) ability to perform sonography
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
41) A hiatal hernia affects the function of the smooth muscle between the esophagus and the
stomach. The hernia would be most likely to increase the frequency of which of the following?
A) gastric reflux
B) premature entry of food into the duodenum
C) excess secretion of pepsinogen
D) increased stomach pH
E) retention of food in the stomach
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
42) Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following
is among their greatest benefits to us?
A) production of vitamins A and C
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B) generation of gases needed for elimination
C) absorption of organic materials
D) production of biotin and vitamin K
E) recovery of water from fecal matter
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
43) The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where
does this formation of HCl occur?
A) in the chief cells of the stomach
B) in the parietal cells of the stomach
C) in the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin
D) in the lumen of the stomach
E) in the secretions of the esophagus
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) The pH of the stomach is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of
the stomach itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following?
A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori
B) mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
C) high level of secretion by chief cells
D) high level of secretion from parietal cells
E) secretions entering the stomach from the pancreas
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
45) In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for
A) cutting.
B) ripping.
C) grinding.
D) splitting.
E) piercing.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?
A) carnivores
B) herbivores
C) autotrophs
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D) heterotrophs
E) omnivores
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Which of the following are adaptations to a carnivorous diet?
A) broad, flat molars
B) a rumen
C) ingestion of feces
D) bile salts
E) amylase
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?
A) They are autotrophic.
B) Cattle, like the rabbit, reingest their feces.
C) They manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D) Cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E) They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
49) Physical anthropologists locating the jaw bones of previously unknown vertebrate animal
fossils are often able to assess the animal's diet especially because of clues from which of the
following?
A) the position of muscle attachment sites
B) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth
C) the size of the mouth opening
D) the evidence of food molecules still present
E) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
50) In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum?
A) rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
B) carnivorous animals
C) tubeworms that digest via symbionts
D) humans and other primates
E) tapeworms and other intestinal parasites
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Answer: A
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
51) Coprophagy allows some animals to re-eat fecal material in order to recover more nutrients.
In which of these animals would such behavior be displayed?
A) ruminants such as cows
B) insects and arthropods
C) rabbits and their relatives
D) squirrels and some rodents
E) very large animals, e.g., elephants
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) Microbial symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the
following?
A) herbivores and carnivores
B) herbivores and omnivores
C) carnivores and omnivores
D) animals with large stomach and short intestines
E) animals without an esophagus
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a
satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety
factor (the leptin receptor).
53) Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to
have which of the following?
A) increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db
B) increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob
C) decreased transcription of both ob and db
D) mutation of ob or db
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
54) Most obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety. Which
might provide an answer to at least some human obesity if a means to do so is found?
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A) supplementary leptin
B) inactivation of leptin
C) overexpression of the leptin receptor gene
D) activation of receptors for leptin
E) inhibition of leptin receptors
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
55) PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children cannot
ingest any more than tiny amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine without serious neurological
results. This damage can be prevented by a severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which
of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?
A) enzymatic hydrolysis
B) essential nutrients
C) symbiosis
D) dehydration synthesis
E) structural anatomy of the brain
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
56) Which of the following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energyrich molecules than are immediately required by the animal?
A) The excess is eliminated.
B) The excess is stored as starch.
C) The excess is stored as glycogen.
D) The excess is oxidized.
E) The excess is hydrolyzed.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Which of the following hormone actions will occur when more energy is required by a
human?
A) Blood insulin increases.
B) Blood glucagon increases.
C) Both insulin and glucagon increase.
D) Both insulin and glucagon decrease.
E) Thyroid hormone is increased.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
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58) When more energy sources are needed than are generated by diet, in which order does the
animal draw on stored sources?
A) fat, glycogen, protein
B) glycogen, protein, fat
C) liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat
D) muscle glycogen, fat, liver glycogen
E) fat, protein, glycogen
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) Obesity in humans is most likely to contribute to which of the following?
A) type I diabetes and prostate cancer
B) type I diabetes and breast cancer
C) type II diabetes and muscle atrophy
D) type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease
E) type II diabetes and decreased insulin production
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 41.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
Self-Quiz Questions
1) Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become
A) obese.
B) anorexic.
C) overnourished.
D) undernourished.
E) malnourished.
Answer: E
2) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?
A) lion-substrate feeder
B) baleen whale-suspension feeder
C) aphid-fluid feeder
D) clam-suspension feeder
E) snake-bulk feeder
Answer: A
3) The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
A) large intestine.
B) stomach.
C) pharynx.
D) rectum.
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E) epiglottis.
Answer: C
4) Which of the following enzymes works most effectively at a very low pH?
A) salivary amylase
B) trypsin
C) pepsin
D) pancreatic amylase
E) pancreatic lipase
Answer: C
5) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
A) stomach-protein digestion
B) oral cavity-starch digestion
C) large intestine-bile production
D) small intestine-nutrient absorption
E) pancreas-enzyme production
Answer: C
6) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to
restrict dietary intake of
A) starch.
B) protein.
C) sugar.
D) fat.
E) water.
Answer: D
7) The symbiotic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the
A) large intestine.
B) liver.
C) small intestine.
D) pharynx.
E) stomach.
Answer: E
8) If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
A) muscle proteins
B) muscle and liver glycogen
C) fat stored in the liver
D) fat stored in adipose tissue
E) blood proteins
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Answer: B
9) Make a flowchart of the events that occur after partially digested food leaves the stomach. Use
the following terms: bicarbonate secretion, circulation, decrease in acid, secretin secretion,
increase in acid, signal detection. Next to each term, indicate the compartment(s) involved. You
may use a term more than once.
Answer:
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