Chapter Two
Review of Existing
Literature and Research
Methodology
CHAPTER
REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE AND
TWO
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
32-69
2.1.0
Introduction
32
2.2.0
Origin of research problem
33
2.3.0
Importance of study
34
2.4.0
Study area
34
2.5.0
Objectives of the study
36
2.6.0
hypothesis of the study
36
2.7.0
Source of data and research methodology
37
2.7.1
Source of data
37
2.7.2
Research methodology
38
2.8.0
Statistical tools and techniques used
41
2.8.1
Selection of statistical test on collecting data
42
2.8.2
Chi-Square test for r by c contingency table analysis
44
2.8.3
Critical region for chi- square statistics
45
2.8.4
Decision criteria based on P- value
45
2.8.5
46
2.9.0
Use of graphical methods and descriptive statistics in land
and irrigation factors
Scope and limitations of study
47
2.9.1
Scope of the study
47
2.9.2
Limitations of the study
48
2.10.0
Chapter scheme
2.11.0
Review of existing literature
50
2.11.1
Review of books
50
2.11.2
Review of journals and articles
55
2.11.3
Review of theses and dissertation
61
2.12.0
Siraunary
65
2.13.0
References
66-69
48-49
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
2.1.0 Introduction:
The agriculture efficiency has been an old phenomenon which is discussed in
primary topic of the study. However, the issue becomes important in recent years in
the context of Indian agriculture economy. Agriculture is a backbone of the Indian
economy and is the principal means of livelihood for over 60 per cent of the
population. GDP was not more than 17.1 per cent during 2008-09 and diminished
further to just aroimd 16 per cent in 2009-10.' Agriculture is the main economic
activity in Pune district and around 70 percent population is engaged in agriculture in
Pune district. Jowar, bajara, wheat, rice, gram, groundnut, sugarcane, fruits and
vegetables, fodder crops and maize are the major crops grown in the district.
Various academic efforts have been made to study the "Agriculture" through
different angles. Economic research provides information and knowledge desired for
the formulation and development of economic policies. The estimation of cost of
production is one of the basic problems of agricultural economics. In India, numbers
of research workers have attempted the cost and returns studies. It is therefore
proposed to review the work done by different research workers in the field. Several
studies having direct or indirect attitude on the objectives of the present investigation
reviewed. Largely due to the availability of farm inputs and farm management data, a
substantial literature has grown on both theoretical as well as empirical analysis. This
issue attracted the attention. Niunbers of articles, books have been published.
Therefore, assessment of writing is necessary for understanding the trend of study.
The debate still continues which is briefly indicated by the review of literature.
32
This chapter deals with research methodology and an attempt has been made
to accumulate the reviews on different aspects of cultivation of farmers and field.
These have been presented under different subheads.
2.2.0 Origin of Research Problem:
In agriculture, if the farmer is aheady allocating their scare resources
optimally, no additional income can result from reallocation farm resources and we
will have to look for other sources for agricultural growth. On the other hand the
farmers are not allocating their resources optimally; there exists an inexpensive soiirce
of agricultural growth-through reallocation of resources. In the traditional agriculture
rational and virtually no improvement can be made in income generation by
improving the economic efficiency of the farmers. Others who argue that they are still
improving the economic efficiency of the farmers and income can be increased by
reallocating the resources. Thus, in the face of conflicting view it is evident that there
is clear need for the further exploration of economic efficiency in agriculture.
Pune district has 65 percentage of land under cultivation. Forests cover 11 per
cent of land. Numbers of irrigation projects are being implemented to improve
irrigation. A watershed mission has been launched to ensure soil and water
conservation. All measures are implemented rapidly in the unirrigated area. But
agriculture productivity of Pune district has less than 10.52 against 11.58 of state
GDP in 2008-9 and 2009-10 respectively. A lot of irrigation projects are provided by
government at subsidies rate but, there is no adequate water supply for agriculture in
district and therefore rate of return and income of farmers have been declining year
after year. Standard of living of small and marginal farmers is very low due to their
less agricultural income.
In this context Pune district has the lowest resources used efficiently in
agriculture sector. The inefficiency is the result of lack of scientific irrigation and
cropping pattern. According to various studies, many irrigation projects are yet to
reach even 50 per cent of the irrigation potential. It can be substantially reduced with
33
proper irrigation management practices. Hence a study on economic efficiency of the
farmers assximes a greater significance at Pune district in Maharashtra.^
2.3.0 Importance of Study:
Agricultural growth, apart from other factors, depends upon the manner of
utilization of resources by the farming community. A study of the economic
efficiency of farmers, thus acquires special importance particularly in the under
developed region in Pime district.
An optimum allocation of land and other resources are defined as to what crop
activities to undertake, how much land to allocate to each crop activity and what
method and combination of input to use on each crop so that net farm returns are
maximized. The nature and magnitude of economic efficiency of farmers differ from
one region to another depending upon the variation in the extent of irrigation, other
infrastructure facilities (such as rural electrification, market facilities, credit facilities,
technological factors etc.) have not modernized agriculture and other low socioeconomic conditions of the region of farmers. For a precise estimate of problem in a
study region, the study of the Pune region becomes necessary. The gross state
domestic product (GSDP) at current price is estimated at 9, 01,330 crore in 2009-10
and contributes about 11.58 per cent of the state GDP. The agriculture and allied
activity sectors contributes 11 per cent to the State's income. Therefore, it is
important particularly in the context of farmers income in Pune district.^
2.4.0 Study Area:
The Pune district is situated on the western part of Maharashtra consisting
partly of Bhima river basin. Agriculture in Pune district is much variant compared to
other districts in Maharashtra. It consists of 4 out of 7 agricultural climate zones in
Maharashtra. Pune district has 14 Tahsils, contributing 15,643 sq. km. area having
population 94, 26, 959. There is a diversity of soil types and rainfall ranges from 60 to
300 cm in the district. Pune district comes under Krishna valley.
34
The irrigation facilities have risen from 18.60% to 27.28% from 1980 to 2010.
Pune district is adjacent to Ahmednagar district, Solapur district, Satara
districtjRaigad district and Thane district. It is the second largest district in the state
which covers 5.10 percent of the total geographical area of the state."*
Administratively the district is divided into 14 Tahsils. The study area comprises 10
Tahsils viz. Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Junnar, Havali, Bhor, Velhe, Maval,
Purandhar and Shirur taluks. These ten Tahsils which are given in detail demographic
information of fanners. The researcher has collected samples in ten tahsils in Pune
district of Maharashtra state.
35
2.5.0 Objectives of the Study:
The present study is carried for the following objectives.
1) To study the nature of socio-economic condition of farmers in Pune district.
2) To identify the land use pattern of farmers in the form of change in crops.
3) To assess the resources used in irrigation facilities by the farmers in study region.
4) To study small and marginal farmers with less economic efficiency than the large
farmers.
5) To analyses the basic factors of crop cultivation in farming.
6) To give suggestion to improve economic efficiency of farmers in Pune district.
2.6.0 Hypothesis of the Study:
The following hypothesis have been tested in the course of study.
1) Farmers are unable to use their land in the form of change the crops.
2)The resources are used inadequately between irrigation facilities in crop cultivation.
3) Small and marginal farmers have less economic efficiency than large farmers.
4) Majority of farmers lack the basic factors of crop cultivation in farming.
36
2.7.0 Source of Data and Research Methodology:
The major force area of the present research is to study the field cultivation of
selected farmers. Objectives are fixed to study the nature and measurement of
economic efficiency of farmers in Pune district. An attempt is made in this study to
estimate the economic situation of selected farmers in the field of cultivation.
For this, the basic data material is obtained and analyzed the input and
material utihzation, total income and expenditure etc. Following are the sources of
data in a respective study.
2.7.1 Source of Data:
The present study is based on the primary data as well as secondary data
collected from a cross sectional enquiry of the sample farmers. The data for each farm
in the sample involve inputs and outputs. The outputs are used in the analysis of crop
inputs. (Crop inputs include land, irrigation facilities and basic factor etc.)
A) Primary Data:
Primary data are those, which are collected afresh, and for the fu-st time; thus,
these data are considered original. The different methods are used for collecting the
primary data like questionnaires, interviews and observations etc. The investigator
used the following methods to collect primary data.
I. Questionnaire: Questiormaire is prepared according to the objectives of research
and the information is collected from the members of sample farm family. The survey
method is used for the collection of data. For survey, a well-planned schedule
including of all necessary components is used.
II. Farmers Interview: The sample farmers are interviewed personally using
questionnaires. The data is collected on certain socio- economic characteristic of
farmers. The details pertaining to method of cultivation, time of operations, input use
and yield has compiled, data for each farm in the sample involve inputs and outputs
etc. collected from them.
37
i n . Observation: For additional information of fanners researcher visited and
experimented as below.
1. Researcher visited the farm sight of sample farmer.
2. Attended agriculture exhibition organized at Indapur Tahsil (Pune.2013-14)
3. Visited cannel and tank of various irrigation projects at selected Tahsil.
B. Secondary Data:
The secondary data consists of published and impublished sources as follows.
I. Published Source:
i) Government Reports- Annual Reports of Agriculture Ministry, Government of
India.
Economic Survey, government of India and Maharashtra, Season and Crop Report
(SCR) of Maharashtra, Socio-Economic Abstract of Pune district, etc.
ii) Books and Journals- Mainly focused on agriculture as well as farmers.
iii) Web Sites-PDF files of APMC Pune., http://www.mahaagri.gov.in/ect.
II) Unpublished Source:
Data and information compiled from following unpublished sources
i) Government records ii) Thesis and Dissertations
2.7.2 Research Methodology:
The district being the first stage, in the first stage Pime district is selected in
the state of Maharashtra, because it has 65 percentage of land under cultivation. But
agriculture output of farmers is not satisfactory as compared to increased cultivated
area.
Villages from the selected blocks beings the second stage, the intention of
study is to see almost backward villages in Pune district, and fanners fi-om the
selected villages being the third stage, because small and marginal farmers who have
not yet under gone much change fi-om their traditional model of production, in the
backward Villages it is presumed that farmers will be more inefficient in optimum use
of resources.
38
These farmers are categorized in to five size groups of holding viz. 1)
Farmers having up to 1 hectare. 2) Farmers having in between Ito 2 hectare, 3)
Farmers having in between 2 to3 &3to4 hectare, 4) Farmers having in between
4tol0 hectare and 5) Farmer holding abovelO hectare. These farmers are
respectively called as marginal, small, Semi- medium, medium and large
farmers. Researcher has chosen four types of farmers marginal, small, medium and
large. The sampling design of the study area is based on three stage sampling
incorporated in the three different stages.
The study area consists of 10 Tahsils covering 49 villages of which average
5 villages (dispersion of 1 village) have been taken from each Tahsil. And
identified average 8 farmers (dispersion of lor 2 farmers)fi-omeach village.
It means at least two farmers have been selectedfi-omeach category. Marginal (104)
small (109) medium (84) and large (88) farmers have taken for analysis.
Total 385 farmers have been selected as sample. In each selected Tahsil,
village and farmers the researcher conducted the multi-stage sampling by using
convince method.
In multi-stage sampling, the population is distributed in to a number of first
stage sampling units and the sample is taken fi-om these first stage units by some
suitable method. This is the first stage of sampling process. Each of these (selected)
first sample xmits is further sub-divided in to the second stage units and fi-om these
agam a sample is taken by some suitable method.
Survey has been conducted with villages and responding farmers as the
primary units of investigation during 2001 to 2010. So, the information is as elicit
adequate and accurate information through the field of enquiry in Pune district.
The study area covers 10 tahsils and 49 villages under the study. The
following table 2.1 explains village wise information related to classification of
respondent farmers in study area. A detail regarding the sample of farmers is given as
below in table no.2.1.
39
Table No. 2.1: Village and Tahsil Wise Identified Farmers
Frequency
Percent
Katewadi
12
3.12
Naroli
11
2.86
Nirawagaj
10
2.60
Shirsuphal
8
2.08
Undawadi K/p
12
3.12
Bhamewadi/Junction
15
3.90
Kadbanwadi/Shelgaon
13
3.38
MalwadiNo.l
5
1.30
-a
Malwadi No. 2
7
1.82
5
Sansar
13
3.38
Shetphalgade
12
3.12
Khanota
11
2.86
Malthan
9
2.34
Rajegaon
10
2.60
SwamiChincholi
9
2.34
Anjanavel
8
2.08
Dhimbhore
7
1.82
Kalwadi
8
2.08
Khodad
8
2.08
Ozar
8
2.08
Ambi
7
1.82
KhedShivapur
8
2.08
Theur
5
1.30
Uralikanchan
6
1.56
Kamthadi
7
1.82
Kelwade
5
1.30
Kikawi
7
1.82
Nasarapur
8
2.08
f2
Village
^
e
l-H
(3
03
CO
T3
CO
Q
!3
3
>
o
PQ
40
1^- i:^opyM
Frequency
Percent
Varve
7
1.82
Ambawane
5
1.30
Kurangawadi
5
1.30
Magsini
5
1.30
Vinzar
5
1.30
Wangani
8
2.08
DongargaoQ
7
1.82
Ghaneshiv
8
2.08
Kamshet
6
1.56
Kiwale
7
1.82
Vahangaon
5
1.30
Dighi
9
2.34
Jejuri
7
1.82
Kapurhol
9
2.34
Kothale
6
1.56
Saswad
8
2.08
Apati
5
1.30
Kasada
5
1.30
Dhamari
6
1.56
Jambut
8
2.08
Kuruli
5
1.30
385
100
ViUage
1 -3
C4
1
:x3
w
Total
49 ViUages
2.8.0 Statistical Tools and Techniques Used:
The input Co-efficient refers to the requirements of a crop activity in respect
of the different resources measured in terms of per unit of land i. e., per acre. ChiSquare test has been used for the testing the hypotheses.
41
There is significant relationship for the various basic factors in cultivation of
crops and other relevant datasets. Also compute the descriptive statistics for quintal
production per acre, distribution of average land holding and family income of
selected respondents etc. For data analysis purpose researcher used statistical software
like roM-SPSS (Statistical Software for Social Science, version 23.0) and MS- Excel.
Using statistical software, researcher computed descriptive statistics from different
dataset collected by researcher. Using MS- Excel researcher draws the graphical
representation of his study to know the trend or nature of given dataset.
2.8.1 Selection of Statistical Test on CoUecting Data:
Once researcher has identified the independent and dependent variables, next
step is to choose a statistical test to identify the scale of measurement of the variables.
All of the parametric tests know for the data which is require for an interval or ratio
scale of measurement for the dependent variable. Many researchers are applying
parametric tests to variables with an approximate interval scale of measurement. It is
the researcher's decision whether to consider approximate interval or "scale" scores as
suitable for parametric tests of means. If a researcher is working with a dependent
variable that has a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement, then the researcher must
choose a nonparametric statistic to test for hypothesis.
The scale of measurement of the dependent variable helps researcher to
choose the broad category of statistical procedures appropriate for hypothesis
(nonparametric verses parametric). The scale of measurement of the independent
variable helps researcher to determine the appropriate statistical procedure within the
broad category. Here researcher collected the data or responses from the farmers. The
same is nominal data. The researcher gives the type of statistics and scale of
measurement in the following table no.2.2
42
Table No. 2.2 Selection of Type of Statistics and Scale of Measurement
Scale of Measurement
Type of statistics
Nonparametric
-
Nominal
Nonparametric
-
Ordinal
Nonparametric
Parametric
Approximately Interval
-
Parametric
Interval
-
Parametric
Ratio
Nonparametric statistics are used when data is measured on a nominal or
ordinal scale of measurement. Chi-square statistics and their modifications (e.g.,
mcnemar test) are used for nominal data. All other nonparametric statistics are
appropriate when data is measured on an ordinal scale of measurement. In this study
researcher has analysed that there is a significant relationship in various basic factors
in crops cultivation. In the following table researcher broadly listed the tests applied
on nominal and ordinal data.
Table No. 2.3 Selection of Appropriate Statistical Test
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test
Mann- Whitney U-Test
Chi- Square Test of Independence
Wilcoxon T- Test
McNemar Test
Kruskal- Wallis H-Test
-
Friedman ANOVA by Ranks
-
Spearman's Rank Test
Researcher chooses the Chi- Square test of independence to check there is
significant relationship for the various basic factors in crops cultivation. The issues
related to select different factors are also analysed with this test. Researcher has
further determined how to applied Chi- Square test on the selected samples in the
study.
43
2.8.2 Chi-Square Test for R by C Contingency Table Analysis:
To check the independency of two attributes or to check the significant
association between the various basic factors in crops cultivation, researcher used the
chi- square test for R rows by C columns contingency table analysis.
In the chi- square test researcher calculated the expected frequency table and
p-value table to interpret the results regarding dependentness and independentness. In
the R by C chi-square test researcher uses a number of methods to investigate two
way contingency tables that consist of two numbers of independent categories
forming. These tests of independence are suitable for nominal data. If the data is
ordinal then researchers should use more suitable test for trend (Armitage and Berry,
1994; Agresti, 2002, 1996).
Before applying the Chi- Square test researcher makes some basic
assumptions based on the tests of independence. Firstly researcher assumes that the
selected sample is random and secondly each observation may be classified into one
cell (in the table) only.
Let Oij be the responses of persons who involving in the study sample
belonging to i* class of A andj* class of B (i=l, 2,
m, j==l, 2,
n) i.e. Oy's are
observed responses regarding the crop cultivation of (i, j)* cell where i=l, 2,
j=l, 2,
n and can be presented in a mxn contingency table as follows:
Table No. 2.4 Generalized Observed Frequency Table
A/B
Total
Ai
Oil
Ai
Oil
Oij
Am
0ml
Omj
Total
(B,)
Oij
Oin
Oin
(A,)
(Ai)
(Am)
(Bj)
(B„)
44
N
m,
Let Ri= (Ai) = 5];=i Oij = Total number of respondents who involving in the study
sample in i* row, i= 1, 2,
m.
Cj= (Bi) = Yu^i Oij = Total number of respondents who involving in the study sample
inj*colimm,j=l, 2,
n.
And EI^i 1%^ Oij = I.ti «i = I.U Cj = N
2.8.3 Critical Region for Chi- Square Test:
In this case the critical region lies entirely in the right tail of the x^
distribution. Following figure shows the Acceptance and Critical region of x^
distribution.
Figure 2,1 Critical regions for Chi- Square Distribution
r-
Critical R e g i o n for C'bi- Square Distribution
Acceptance Region
m
^^^^^^^^
i
ii
Crirical R e g i o n
^^^^^^f^^i^^^^^^.—
"TTg^—^^^•^a^Maggsi.T--'
••
• 11 • *^TO^l^^.^^^!ld^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Mi!^^MiMI^
Accept H o
%
D • » n
Reiect Ho
2.8.4 Decision Criteria Based On P- Value:
The P value or calculated probability is the estimated probability for rejecting
the null hypothesis (Ho) of a study question when that hypothesis is true. The null
hypothesis is usually a hypothesis if there is no significance difference. Here
researcher used the chi-square test for checking the no significance difference in our
hypothesis. If a p- value is less than or equal to the level of significance, i.e. alpha is
less than or equal to 0.05 then researchers may reject the null hypothesis i.e. Ho.
Otherwise researcher may accept the alternative hypothesis Hi.
45
^^.
2.8.5 Use of Graphical Methods and Descriptive Statistics in Land and Irrigation
Factors:
The researcher used descriptive statistics to describe the basic features of the
data in a study such as demographic information of identified sample, type of farmers
etc. along with simple graphical analysis. They form the basis for virtually every
quantitative analysis of data. Using the graphical analysis the researchers' first
objective is to identify the nature of the data and second objective is to understand the
data. Graphical Method is the most powerfiil & used tools for data analysis and
Graphical method are the Bird Eye-View for any complex or simple data.
In this study researcher has also given the description of the statistical concept
which is helpfial for analysis. In graphical analysis the researcher found some findings
in his study. Researcher discusses these findings descriptively in the fifth chapter. The
researcher is to take the mean, standard deviation, variance, maximum, minimum,
range, median, mode, quartiles, skewness and kurtosis of the data on different
datasets. Here researcher used some statistical formulas to calculate these above
mentioned terms as follows
Average family income of identified farmers = (Sum of the total family
income of identified farmers) / (number of identified farmers) i.e. Average (x)
-Yi=i''^^/n- For calculating median family income of identified farmers i.e.
/~c.f\
Median family income of identified farmers= I + I
jxh
Where, /= Lower class limit of family income of identified farmers of median class
c.f= Preceding cumulative frequency of family income of identified farmers
median class
/ =fi"equencyof family income of identified farmers of median class
h = Class width of family income of identified farmers of median class
46
Variation in family income of identified farmers= Sum of Squared Difference
of family income of identified farmers and the average family income of identified
farmers divided by the total number of identified farmers, i.e.
Variance (a^) = Zf=i(^i
-xYln
Standard deviation of family income of identified farmers= square root of the
Sum of Squared Difference of family income of identified farmers and the average
family income of identified farmers divided by the total number of identified farmers.
i.e.
Standard deviation (a^) = VS?=i(^i - oCp-jn
Range = (Maximum family income of identified farmers) - (Minimum family income
of identified farmers)
2.9.0 Scope and Limitations of Study:
The study concentrates only on the economic efficiency of farmers in the
agriculture with the resources used basis, is restricted to Pune district only. Economic
efficiency can measure multi- dimensional factors such as land, fertilizers, irrigation
facilities, manpower, seeds, bullocks, labour, working capital, farm implements,
machinery, crop protection measures etc. But some major factors are considered for
the measurement of economic efficiency in this research study. However sufficiently
large data for individual farmers in the farm efficiency, they have several limitations
2.9.1 Scope of the Study:
The present study has analyzed the economic efficiencyfi-omthe point of view
of farmers but it has not viewed fi-om the point of other stakeholders, such as
goverrmient, general public and private institutions. The farm level data fi-om above
noted studies for Pune district and make refinements over many of the earlier studies
does not claim to be complete. There would always remain scope for fiirther
refinements.
47
As pointed out by Bharadwaj (1974) farm efficiency data collected under the
support of food and Agriculture. It is a very powerful base for studying the size
productivity association. It is determined mainly on the factor of technological input
output relationship. A lot of farm efficiency studies provide more information on
certain aspects like details of costs and returns fi-om activities of crop production,
public and institution factors etc. It can be said that it is the only valuable source of
data on Indian agriculture covering many regions in the country. Therefore there is
scope for optimum use of resources in their farm and helpful for fiuther research in
agriculture sector.
2.9.2 Limitations of the Study:
> The study period is lunited to 2001 to 2010. Out of 14 Tahsils 10 Tahsils has
covered from Pune district. Total 385 farmers have selected as sample size.
> The study is carried on primary and secondary data which may have some
variances in its time period.
> A few major inputs only have considered for respective study like land,
irrigation and basic factors.
> Cereals, pulses, oil seeds, and sugar cane these crops have taken for analysis.
2.10.0 Chapter Scheme:
The present research work entitled "A Study of Economic Efficiency of
Farmers in Agriculture in Pune District (2001 to 2010)" has been divided into five
chapters, which can be justified with the title of research topic as below.
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and Conceptual Framework
This chapter deals with the introduction, theoretical framework and conceptual
framework. Many economical theories about economic analysis have been developed
in the past, those theories emphasize one or other particular aspect of farm
management study is considered. This chapter discusses the theories and various
48
concepts. Theoretical framework is the base of analytical view and conceptual
clarification is important for justification of results in agriculture research work.
CHAPTER TWO: Review of Existing Literature and Research Methodology
This chapter consists of two parts; first part discusses the importance of study,
origins of research problems, and objectives of the study, hypothesis, and study area,
sources of data and research methodology, tools of analysis, limitations and plan of
the study. Second part deals with review of literature which is related to the economic
efficiency of farmers. The purpose of the review process is to obtain background
information of cultivation, cost and revenue. Therefore, various books, journals,
magazines, study groups, theses, and dissertations have been reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: An Overview of Pune District
A profile of study area includes historical, geographical, demographic features as well
as information pertaining to cropping pattern, tahsil wise development. An overview
of agriculture resources, land use pattern, other facilities and covers socio-economic
indicators of sample farms includes family size, educational status, and cropping
pattern have analyzed.
Chapter FOUR: Empirical Data Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter based on primary data and secondary data which covers all the
aspect of selected inputs. Land, irrigation facilities and basic factors have been
analyzed with relative criterion i.e. operation and holding of land, income and
expenditure of farmers, per hectare production, returns in terms of crop duration and
use of irrigation facilities given a selected study period of year (2001 to 2010).
CHAPTER FFVE: Major Findings and Suggestions
Eventually, the study ends with the outcome of the research includes findings
and conclusion. Theoretical implications and testing of hypothesis have been
validated. At the end of chapter, some valuable suggestions are given.
49
2.11.0 Review of Existing Literature:
This chapter attempt to review the studies relating to the resources-use
efficiency in agricultural production. It is recognized that the efficient use of various
resources in crop production is essential for agriculture production. Agriculture is one
of the important activities for the research study. Therefore, some experts in different
disciplines have already selected the theme of agricultural technology, economic
efficiency and related things in their research topic for various research degrees.
Several studies having direct or indirect manner on the objectives of the present
analysis reviewed. In this chapter, a review of past studies on resources uses
efficiency and returns to scale in agriculture production. These have been presented
imder different subheads as below.
2.11.1 Review of Books:
GadgU D.R. ^(1954) in the name on "The Industrial Evolution of India in
Recent Times" studied the economic things of irrigation and came to the conclusion
that the total direct and indirect effects of irrigation projects were very encouraging to
the farmers. With irrigation, fanners established higher levels of income and they
were able to make supplementary investment on cattle, farm equipment and on
commercial crops like sugarcane and cotton. Further, it generates flirther employment
opportunities as well.
Shah C.H.' (1991) in his book titled "Agriculture Growth and Equity" A
micro level experience has discussed mostly on production resources in agriculture
use of motive power, production resources embodied technology etc. He talks about
irrigation facilitated use of improved inputs such as high-yielding varieties (HYV) of
seeds and chemical fertilizers. Use of pesticides spreads mainly for realizing ftill
potential of new seeds and fertilizers by reducing incidences of pests and diseases. He
also analyses the size of holding and fertilizer use as sources of nitrogen supply
enjoyed a prime position and traditional source of traction power for tillage, carting
50
and water lifting and bullocks have been replaced for the modem agriculture
productivity.
Witcombe J.R. ET.' (1998), his book "Seeds of choice, making the most of
new varieties for small farmers". He discusses on plant breeding which is an
expensive research in India. A large proportion of the money allocated to crop
improvement is devoted to varietal testing to establish value for cultivation and use of
resource allocation and efficiency of the varietal testing system. He also talks about
features of resource allocation across trial stages. He concludes that a resources
allocation differs greatly from the optimum in all other developing countries. A
number of location and plot size can contribute to increased resources allocation.
Takale D. P.* (2005) in his book named "Resources-Used Efficiency in hidian
agriculture" has commented on the availability of resources which is differs all over
the coimtry. The optimum allocation of resources is necessary for the growth of
agriculture production. In Indian agriculture, some of the crucial resources are either
under-utilized or over-utilized in the crop production. Increasing efficiency of
resoiu-ce-use through appropriate allocation not only increases the productivity but
also profitability on the farms, therefore he took to study the resources-use efficiency
in irrigated farm in the Puma command area of Maharashtra State. He conducted
survey as a researcher personally of 23villages in all 320 samples was chosen at
randomly. This study cover eight crops with the Cobb- Douglas production fimction
was fitted to estimate resource- use efficiency and returns to scale. According to his
study the rapid growth of agriculture production in the Indian agriculture is found
much more in agricultural extension, in fertilizer, new seeds, pesticides and irrigation
is absolutely essential as without it cultivation is almost impossible. In the present
situation the mverse relationship has yielded place to a positive relationship. It shows
that as the farm size increases income increases more than proportionately.
51
Manohar and Igathinathane' (2007) in their book "Greenhouse Technology
and Management" have discussed various aspects of conservatory production
economics, such as capital supplies, manufacture economics and the condition
influencing returns, etc. They have observed that the cost and profit of protected
agricultxire very seriously, depending on the system used agriculture its place and the
crop growth. They have observed the cost and profit of protected agriculture. They
find out, that greenhouse agriculture is most intensive system.
Consistent greenhouse crop production is therefore much more intensive than
seasonal use of mulches and raw covers. They experienced, that fixed capital cost for
greenhouse clearly go over those of other systems of confined agriculture, but vary in
expense according to the type of structure and environmental matter and rising
system. The operating cost and fixed cost are annual expenditure and these can be
considerable. Annual cost may co-relate to some extent with capital investment. They
conclude that greenhouse production system might be far more luxurious than open
field system.
The practical production economics consider the various instrument of fixed
and variable cost. On a common basis, wages account for about 85 per cent of the
total variable cost. Wages are in the maximum expenditure in green house production
followed by paying back cost and energy costs. They recommended that the green
house system economy could be better, where labour can be more efficiently utilized,
low cost resources will available, some organization and marketing skills will exist.
Devasenapathy P., Ramesh T., and Gangwar B.^° (2008) in the book titled
"Efficiency Indices for Agriculture Management Research" they discuss on efficiency
indices used in different crop management. Work containing collection of different
efficiency indices and sustainable indicators with practical examples used in crop
management research. Efficient use of every single input in crop production has to be
very well elucidated by different suitable indices or indicators. Efficiency indices or
sustainable indicators are highly useful in crop management studies to explain the
outcome of a study in a single manuscript that helps the researchers as well as
52
scientific community who is all involving in this field for an effective presentation of
results. They also mention a various efficiency indices that are most commonly used
in the crop management studies covering nutrient, water and weed management. It
also includes the economic assessment of an experiment and some important
statistical parameters, which are commonly used during field experiments.
Kunte A.P., Takale S.R., Bhise V.B."(2009), in the book titled "ResourceUse efficiency in irrigated Lidian agriculture" it is to be mentioned that the issue of
resource-Use in the command areas of major irrigation projects in the country.
It was held that the farmers in the command areas of irrigation projects do not use the
resources available to them for crop production efficiently.
They took a study to investigate whether the farmers in the command area of
Penganga irrigation project utilizes their resources such as land, human labour,
fertilizers and irrigation water efficiently in the cultivation of food grains and cash
crops. A sample size of 310 farmers was chosen fi"om command area of Penganga
survey was conducted during the agriculture year 2004.05. Cobb-Douglas production
fimction was employed with crop output per hectares as the dependent variable and
land labour, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides and irrigation as the explanatory variables.
They found that, the operation of diminishing factor returns to all crop level in
the study area. The study also indicated that the ratio of marginal value product to
factor cost for some resources (human labour, bullock labour, fertilizer and seeds) was
more than one mdicating the operation of increasing factor returns. The pesticides and
irrigation were foimd to be less than one indicating the operation ratio of decreasing
factor returns in the study area.
Dhama A. K. (2010)" in his book titled "Organic farming for sustainable
development" discusses on the increase in crop high yield (HY) from modem farming
technique in the most of the countries and the environmental problems due to the
excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Both the above factors (fertilizer
and pesticides) are most important in agriculture productivity. Organic farming is
53
related to the sustainable agriculture. Thus the progress of the organic farming system
will largely depend on the generation of new technology suitable to a structural and
agro climate set-up.This book is also an attempt to traditional and non-traditional
activities on farm and off farm wastes and their use but generation of new technology
how to implement in modem agriculture is not given in details, so organic farming
just show the methods of farming in this book but gives no clear idea about fertilizer
and pesticides use for optimally agriculture productivity.
Lenka Jagannath'^(2010) in his book "Current issue in Indian Agriculture."
He studies Technological change in factor substitution in hidian agriculture, hi his
study he says that efficiency of farm refers to its performance in the utilization of
resources at its disposal and it is a relative concept. It is measured either with respect
to the normatively desired performance of a farm.
Hence the efficiency measures are basically the methods of comparing the
observed performance. A farm is said that to be more efficient technically than other
if it consistently produces larger quantity of output from the same quantity of
measurable inputs. Finally he concludes that larger tj^jes of holding are more
economically efficient than medium types of holdings. Similarly medium types of
holdings are more efficient than small types of holding. The study shows that there is
more disparity in technical efficiency of the farmers varying from small types of
holding to large types of holdings.
ReddiSankara G. H. & Reddy Yellamanda T." (2012) in the book titled
"Efficient use of irrigation water" comment on a comprehensive treatment on efficient
use of irrigation water and provide the technology with special references to the agroclimatic and socio-economic condition in India. It is written in simple language and is
supported by data for easy understanding of the relevant subject. They argue the
returns from investment on irrigation are low due to various causes of which one of
the major causes is inefficient use of irrigation water therefore, placed on efficient use
54
of irrigation water for obtaining maximum profitable production per unit of water
fi-om the unit of land in unit time.
The book is intended to study various resources (such as soil and crop, soil
water relation, water resources etc.) for analysis water efficiency, but they cannot
explain relation between irrigation resources and crop productivity. They also do the
difference fi-om irrigation efficiency and water efficiency but irrigation efficiency is
mostly of depending on holding area and crop productivity of per acre.
Bhende M. J.*^, did research on "cropping pattern and Resources use
Efficiency for major crop- A case study of Kamataka". He discusses that the yield gap
may arise due to comparison between the actual yields and the yields obtained under
ideal conditions. It may be due to sub-optima use of resources, or inefficient use of
resources. Now with changes in the macroeconomic policies and introduction of
economic liberalization, the emphasis is on the efficient use of scarce resources,
which have alternative uses.
It is against this background, that the present investigation was taken up to study the
change in cropping pattern and resource use efficiency across the farm size groups for
major crops in Kamataka.
2.11.2 Review of Journals and Articles:
Professor Sen A.K.'*(1962) in his article based on the empirical data put out
by the first series of the farm management studies observed "by and large"
productivity per acre decreases with the size of holding. This trend with gross output
per acre is observed more or less strongly in practically all the regions studied. That
means there is an inverse relationship between size of holding and productivity per
acre. This issue attracted the attention of many economists in subsequent year and a
large number of articles debating it have been published. The debate still continues.
This issue becomes the focal points of debate mainly because of its policy
implications. There are very few studies which have considered this issue specially
and arrived at some definite conclusions.
55
The study by A. K. Sen has shown that the productivity holds even at the
disaggregated level data there are some methodological weaknesses in this study too
which are referred to in the subsequent paragraphs.
Rao A. P. "(1967) for the first time gave a different turn to the controversy,
using farm level data of 6 villages of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. He concluded that the
size of productivity were not relative. However, his study was based on a different
concept of size which involved corrections for fallow land and irrigated areas.
The data put out by the farm efficiency studied that the labour input. Thus the
mcreased productivity of small farmers is attributed among other things the increase
used of labour. Sen (1962), Saini(1969), Bharadwaj(1974) have expressed this view.
The important point in the labour based explanation which became controversial is as
to why the use of labour per acre is more on small farmers as compared to the large
farmers. Sen Put forth his view that it is because of dualism in farming. There are
small family farm, which because of larger availability of family labour and
widespread imemployment, use labour still the marginal product is zero.
Rudra
(1968) in his study foimd that negative relationship between size of
holding and intensity of cropping does not hold good for many districts including
Akola and Amaravati of Maharashtra. The above controversy shows the need for
further testing of this explanation. It might be possible that the use of particular
concept of efficiency has influenced the above result. One use to test the intensity
factor with net cultivated area. If the crop efficiency include also cultivated and
uncuhivated the result would be misleading. In the course of this a lot of discussion
has taken place on the methodological problem because the results or conclusions
drawn are largely affected by the method used the following three important
methodological issues have been prominently discussed in the literature on the present
argument.
56
One of the explanations suggested by Bhardwaj" (1974) is that the larger
availability of labour on small farms may enable them to devote labour to creation and
maintenance of irrigation which in turn improve the quality of soil. We feel that the
proposition may at the most be applicable to irrigation areas. However, major
proportion for land in the country is unirrigated and as much this explanation may not
hold good. In most of the studies, the labour productivity has been found to be
increasing with increase in the size of holding. Bhardwaj's is the only study in which
labour used and labour productivity has been studied has been studied both for the
total crop production as well as individual crops. At the total crop production level,
the relationship is neither systematic nor significant.
Kalirajan K. and Flinn J.C/° (1981)in the article on "AUocative Efficiency
and Supply Response in Irrigated Rice Production" that a particular crop, or be afraid
with farming systems where one crop dominates cropping patterns in a particular
season (e.g., rice in the kharif or wheat in the rabi season). Under such conditions, the
linear programming approach may be less helpful and models based on variants of the
production function techniques continue to have application.
Rajesh Sharma and Acharya S.S. "(1989) studied "Distribution of Canal
Water in Command Areas and its Impact on Cropping Pattern and Land-Water Use
Efficiency". This study examines the level of misdistribution of canal water between
head and tail-end farmers, its impact on cropping patterns. The study pertained to
Guda Irrigation Project area in Bundi district of Rajasthan. Linear programming
technique was used to expand most favorable cropping plan. The study indicates that
tail-end farmers are at a weakness in terms of actual number of irrigations available to
them from the canal. There is a large divergence between presented and optimal
cropping plans. It is revealed that equitable disfribution of water between head and
tail-end farmers leads to increase in overall efficiency of both land and water. It is
also implied that additional resource of irrigation should be advocated and confident
in canal command areas.
57
Somashekaraiah N.T. and Mahendra Kumar S.^^ (2008) in their article, try
to evaluate the impact of tube well irrigation on resource use efficiency in agriculture
with special reference to paddy cultivation in the study area. The tube well irrigation
has made a strong change in the sample villages. There has been rising trend in the
number of tube wells and change in the pattern of tube wells. The cropping pattern
has undergone destructive change. The traditional crop, ragi has been replace by
paddy. There has been outstanding boost in the level of income of the farmers and in
the level of employment of the households. The households have also xmdergone
socio-economic changes.
Khong Tien Dung ^^(2011) written an article on "Technical Efficiency of
Resources-Conserving Technologies in Rice-Wheat Systems: The case of Bihar and
Eastern Uttar Pradesh in India". This study has evaluated the technical efficiency of
farmers engaged in rice-wheat cropping systems in North-eastern India, who are using
Resources-Conserving Technologies (RTSs). These technological promotions are
being carried out imder the intervention of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South
Asia (CSISA) project. They used the data in this study derived from the socioeconomic surveys conducted in Eastem Uttar- Pradesh and Bihar in North-eastern
India during the Kharif season of 2009 and rabi season of 2010. This study was
carried out to investigate and compare the determinants of technical efficiency among
the farmers receiving incentives and those who are not.
BiswajitMondal, Alka Singh and Girish Kumar Jha^'* (2012) in their article in
"Impact of watershed development programmers on farm-specific Technical
Efficiency:
A study in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh". They had studied
the farm-specific technical efficiency in cultivation of major crops has been
quantified, and effect of various socio-economic factors has been estimated using data
from a representative sample of 240 households selected from eight watershed control
villages in the Buldelkhand. They estimated coefficients in the explanatory variables
in technical inefficiency model are of interest and have important impHcations. The
58
result revealed that the age of household-head exerted a negative influence on the
inefficiency in case of wheat and positive in case of paddy, which indicated that older
farmers were more efficient in wheat cultivation and less efficient in paddy
cultivation.
They conclude that the watershed farmers have been found to be more
efficient than their counterparts at control villages. The average technical efficiency of
most of the crops has been found to be medium to high. Therefore most of the farmers
have substantial scope to improve their production with the existing levels of inputuse and technology.
G. Arun, Dharam Raj Singh, Shiv Kumar and Anil Kumar^* (2012) in their
article on "Cannel Irrigation Management through water users Associations and its
impact on Efficiency, Equity and Reliability in water Use in Tamil Nadu". This study
examined the impact of Water Users Associations (WUAs) on efficiency, equity and
reliability in canal irrigation. The economic and data development analyses have been
carried out to measure the profitability and technical efficiency among the
participating and non-participating farms.
They argued the performance of WUAs on agriculture inputs, services and
technologies delivery functions has also not been assessed. Therefore, this study was
undertaken to examine the participation of farmers in WUAs in the cannel irrigated
areas in Tamil Nadu. They found the result of logistic regression showed that the
model provided 91 percent and 79 percent correct predictions for the active and
inactive participation of farmers in WUAs. Also concluded the coefficient of distance
fi-om canal to farm was statistically significant but negative, which indicates with
increase in distance decreases the probability of participation in WUAs.
Punishothaman Seema'^* (2013) stated in an article on "policy and
governance for sustaining livelihoods and natural resources in small farms- A case
study in Kamataka." The key word of the article was "Natural Resources
Management Small Farming Scale." An article noted the policy of government
aspects in natural resources management or small scale farming.
59
A researcher has focused on less developed districts from the emerging policy
trend towards sustainable agriculture. They concluded the study in the same sites
chosen for an assessment of multidimensional impact of organic farming policies. The
argument on cultivation of commercial crops with expansion of irrigation, sugarcane
cultivation in two districts other factors like, market access, good demand and credit
availability also influenced on certain crops. This study adopted a systematic inclusive
process to assess separately with farmers.
A Suresh ^'(2013) in his article titled "Technical change and efficiency of
Rice production in India: A Malmquist total factor productivity Approach". His study
discusses the trends in the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of rice in India for
the period 1980-81 to 2009-10 and has decomposed the TFP growth into its
constituent components, change in technical progress and technical efficiency. The
study has used productivity index approach through data development analysis to
estimate the TFP. His analysis also was the TFP change at a moderate rate of 0.2
percent, with large interstate variations. The positive TFP growth has been associated
with a mean technical progress of .03 percent and a deterioration of the mean
technical efficiency by -0.1 percent per year. Across the states, Andhra Pradesh,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh have exhibited positive TFP growth during the
overall period. This study has identified that during period-II the share of current and
capital inputs in total cost of cultivation has reduced and input intensification has
slowed down. He concluded that positive change in the TFP during the period 198081 to 2009-10, also fmd out along with technical progress the policies should be
aligned to improve the technical efficiency of cultivation. Largely policies need to
favors increased flow of resources towards the research and extension system so as to
affect TFP growth trough both technical and efficiency change.
60
Narayanamoorthy A. ^^(2013) in their article "Profitability in crops
cultivation in India: Some evidence from cost of cultivation survey data" said that the
Indian agriculture has achieved tremendous growth in production and productivity of
crops after independence. But Indian farmer face some difficulties such as
indebtedness, crop failures, im-remunerative price for crops and poor returns over cost
of cultivation etc. Why is this happening in India? Is it because of poor returns from
crop cultivation? A large number of studies have analyzed these issues since midnineties when the problem of farmers committing in terms of poor returns over cost of
cultivation. Returns fi"om crop cultivation are essential not only for the survival of
farmers but also facilitate reinvestment in agriculture. If flow of income fi:om crop
cultivation is not regular and inadequate, farmers may not be able to repay debt. It
means indebtedness and other related problems occur mainly from poor returns form
cost cultivation. Therefore most of the study the issue will be profitability in different
crops in an in-depth manner using larger coverage of data in agriculture.
2.11.3 Review of Thesis and Dissertation:
Patil A. D.^' (1984) has studied "Agriculture efficiency in Sangli
District."Under this study he analyses various concepts of economic efficiency in
agriculture. Agriculture or farm efficiency measxu-es in Sangli distric fi"om kendall
method to Majid Hussain. Various aspects have been analyzed in this study related to
major crops and selected farmers. Agriculture production of all crops from each tahsil
was converted in to money value which formed the bases for measuring agriculture
efficiency in the region.
Bhegde (2002) carried out "Economic analysis of production and marketing
of selected cut flowers grown under small size green houses in Pune district." Main
objective of his study was, to estimate cost of production of cut flowers. He expected
the cost of production of selected cut flower in 0.05 Ha and 0.01 Ha size of green
house and found it. He estimated that the average per green house cost of production
for 0.05 hectare sized green house in case of gerbera, carnation and rose cut flowers
61
was Rs. 2,00,450 Rs. 2,23, 820 and 1,85,666 correspondingly while for a 0.10 hectare
volume green house, the corresponding cost was Rs. 3,78,497, 4,38,460 and Rs.
3,59,210 correspondingly. The cost of marketing found maximum in the case of
gerbera cut flower producing farms Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 1, 00,000 for 0.05 hectare and
0.10 hectare sized green house respectively as compared to that of carnation and
raised cut flower producing farms.
Shinde K.B.'^ (2004) in his study cost and revenue approach in his thesis
entitled, "Economics of production and marketing of tuberose in Pune district". To
estimate cost of production and to advise suggestion for progress of cost of cultivation
were objectives of his study.
For this study, he chooses one tahsil of Pune district. According to stratified
random sampling, he classified villages and cultivators. He got the regular size of
holding 10.47 hectare. He found average per farm value of investment in various farm
property owned by the tuberose cultivators was Rs. 1.47,633, Rs. 3, 98,208 and Rs.
500,055 in small, medium and large size holding, respectively. He create per hectare
use of human labour was 141.99 days. The expenditure per hectare overall cost and
cost C worked out to Rs. 12,334.27 and Rs. 27,958.23 respectively. He set up the
major item of cost was the planting material (13.92%). According to his study, the
total cost of cultivation in different size group of holdings was Rs. 26,890 Rs. 20,046.
Rs. 28,760 in small, medium and large size groups of holding, respectively.
He completed, the overall level the cost of production was Rs. 27,958.23. Cost
A was 35.80 per cent and cost B was about 82.85 per cent. He remarked that cost of
production was maximum in large sized farms followed by medium and small size
group of holding.
62
Baljinder Kaur^^(2008) in "Optimal crop plans for Sustainable Water use in
Punjab." There is the discussion on how to develop optimal crop plans to ensure
sustainable ground water use in Pimjab agriculture. The primary data was obtained
from the comprehensive scheme to study the cost of cultivation of principal crops in
Punjab for the year 2002-03. The data pertained to 170 farmers selected through
three-stage stratified random sampling techniques. His analysis was carried out with
respect to the prices of pulses and oilseeds. Even the sharp rise in the prices of pulses
and oilseeds ranging between 60-135 per cent could not transform them into a suitable
production alternative to bring down the use of ground water to ensure sustainability.
This study suggest one recommended to the government as support to encourage
research and development for enhancing production and long way to ensure
sustainability of water resovu"ces in Punjab.
Iruthataraj G.''^ (2011) "An Economic analysis of water use efficiency of
farmers in PuUambadi canal of Tiruchirapalli and Artualur District, Tamil Nadu." In
his study major objectives were to analyses factors determining the water use
efficiency of the farmers in selected district. Currently the irrigation efficiency in
canal and tank irrigation system in India is only about 30-40 per cent and in well
irrigation it is about 60-65 per cent. On an average only 40-45 per cent of irrigation
water is actually used by the crop. The water use efficiency can be considerably
increased in canal water irrigation in India, since the inefficiency level is 55-60 per
cent. It can be substantially reduced with proper irrigation management practices.
Hence a study on water use efficiency by the farmers assumes a greater significance
in the PuUambadi canal of Tiruchirappalli and Ariyalur districts, Tamil Nadu. Finally
he concluded that the level of mechanization in the study area, the type and the
amount of fertilizers and pesticides used, the seeds (cropping pattern) and the labour
cost are the most important farm related variables influencing the water use efficiency
of the farmers. The labour cost which is always on the increase reduces the water use
efficiency of the farmers by escalating the cost of cultivation and the water use
efficiency index is overall high in the study area with a percentage of 72.94.
63
Kadam P. h/* (2012) "An economic study of floriculture in Pune district" in
his research studies an economic study of floriculture analysis with productivity and
cost cultivation in agriculture. For this study theory and conceptual frame work has
made .To estimate per hectare cost and returns of selected flower crops under field
cultivation with the cost cultivation in their objective. He chooses five thasils in Pime
district for the purpose of research study. The estimate cost cultivation with CobbDouglas production fimction and found at the overall level, the benefit cost ratio for
investment made on rose cultivation was fmd out 1:1.87 at cost of cultivation level
whereas it was 1:1.19 at cost of production level. As compared to tuberose cultivation,
it foimd 1:1.46 and 1:1.09, respectively. As compared between rose and tuberose
cultivation, the rose cultivation yielded better returns i.e., Rs 1.19 for every rupee
invested, whereas tuberose farms yielded only Rs 1.09 for every rupee invested.
TeferiDaba Lemma^^ (2013) "Technical efficiency and sustainability of
vegetable production in Peri-Urban areas of central Ethiopia" this study shows that
the urban residents have higher demand for vegetables than their rural counterparts,
Thus, there is increasing demand of vegetables with increasing urban population.
Furthermore, towns are home for high number of hotels, restaurants and guest lodges.
These undeniably warrant a high and imceasmg demand for vegetables within the
municipality. Though the rural population is the predominant suppliers of most of
agricultural products such as cereals, in developing coimtries vegetables are often
produced close to its consumers (or urban centers where its demand is high). Thus, the
increasing demand for vegetables (due to growing urban population) coupled with
difficulty in importing the product from rural areas offer a good opportunity for year
round vegetable production in and around the towns. Peri-Urban (PU) vegetable
farming has multiple benefits to urban dwellers: provide necessary nutritional needs
of the household, ensure food security, create employment opportunity, and serve as
source of family income.
64
Finally this study was intended to analyze the efficiency and sustainability of
vegetable production in Peri-Urban areas of central Ethiopia. The specific objectives
of 180 the papers are to describe the socioeconomic characteristic of PU vegetable
farmers; to evaluate the technical efficiency PU vegetable farmers. This study finds
out the determinants of technical efficiency among PU vegetable farmers; and to
evaluate the sustainability of the sub-sector as a viable livelihood to Peri-Urban
fanners.
2.12.0 Summary:
After review of the past studies, it is observed that, agriculture efficiency is
important regarding to the farm income. Proved by past studies; agriculture
production is getting more earning in their various crops. There is vast scope to do
comparative analysis of field cultivation of farmers in Pune district as study area. So
there is need to conduct such study. A researcher has conducted such study to
investigate selected farm inputs and outputs under field and their economic
importance. Therefore the above review of literature indicate that the problem of
inputs and outputs relationship in agriculture is still an open question and there are
several problem on which further empirical work can be undertaken.
65
2.13.0 References:
1) Annual Report(2009/10) Department of Agriculture and Co-op., Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India, Academic Foundation, New Delhi, p.76.
2) Socio Economic Abstract of Pune District, (2010-11) Directorate of Economics
and Statistics, GOM, Mumbai.
3) Economic Survey of Maharashtra, (2011 -12) Government of Maharashtra p.79.
4) INCON13-GEN-099, ASM'S International E-Joumal of ongoing Research in
Management and IT, e-ISSN- 2320-0065. p.02.
5) Gadgil D.R. (1954), "The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times", Calcutta:
Oxford University Press.
6) Shah C.H. (1991)"Agriculture Growth and Equity" A micro level experience,
Ashok kumar Mitthal publishing company, New Delhi.
7)
Witcombe J.R. ET. (1998),"Seeds of choice, making the most of new varieties for
small farmers" Oxford and IBH Publishing co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
8 )Takale D. P. (2005) Resources Use efficiency in Indian agriculture. Serial
publications New Delhi
9) Manohar and Igathinathane (2007) "Green house technology and management
B.S. Publication, Hyderabad 500 095 (Andhra Pradesh.)
10) DevasenapathyP.,Ramesh T.,Gangwar B.(2008)"Efficiency Indices for Agriculture
Management Research", New India Publishing Agency PitamPura, New Delhi.
11) Kunte A.P., Takale S.R., Bhise V.B. (2009) Resoixrces-Use efficiency in irrigated
Indian agriculture, Serial Publication New Delhi.
12) Dhama A. K. (2010)5 "Organic farming for sustainable development" Pubhshing
by Updesh purrohit for Agrobios. (India) Jodhapur.
13)Lenka Jagannath(2010), "Cxurent issue in Indian Agriculture", Serial publishing
New Delhi
66
14)Reddi Sankara G. H. & Reddy Yellamanda T. (2012), "Efficient use of irrigation
water", Kalyani Publisher Ludhiana.
15) Bhende M. J., "cropping pattern and Resources use Efficiency for major crop- A
case study of Kamataka, GLIMPSES of Indian Agriculture-macro & micro
aspects Vol. No.2
16) Sen A.K. (1964), "Size of holding and productivity a reply" the economic weekly,
Vol, XVI. No. 17 & 18 May, 2, 1964
17) Rao,A.P. (1967), Size of holding productivity, economic and political weekly,
Vol.11, No 44 Nov. 11,1967.
18) Rudra B. (1968),"More on returns to scale in Indian agriculture," Economic and
political weekly vol.m, no.43, Oct. 26, 1968.
19) Bhardwas Krishna,( 1974b) "Notes on farm size and productivity" Economic and
Political weely. Vol. DC, 13, March 30, 1974.
20) Kalirajan K. and Flinn J.C. (1981), "AUocative Efficiency and Supply Response
in Irrigated Rice Production", Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.
XXXVI, No.2, April-June.
21)Rajesh Sharma and Acharya S.S. (1989), "Maldistribution of Canal Water in
Command Areas and its Impact on Cropping Pattern and Land-Water Use
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