Exam 1 Study Guide Bio 120 Note: This is intended to guide you while studying. There could be information not listed on this study guide, but mentioned elsewhere (notes, in class) on the exam. Be sure to spend time with your notes as well as the study guide. Scientific Method: · What is science? · Steps to Scientific Method · Why are peer-reviewed journal articles the best source of information? · What makes a good hypothesis? · What are components of a good experiment? What is a control vs an experimental group? What are independent vs dependent variables? Why is sample size important? Can you identify these from a given scenario? · What is a scientific theory? · What kinds of research have oversight? Where does this oversight come from? Characteristics of Life: · What are the 6 (some say 7) functional traits of life on Earth? · Can you apply those to an example to determine if it is living or non-living? Chemistry of Biology: · Homeostasis, energy, metabolism—what are these terms? · Matter and elements—what are these? · Essential elements for live—major vs minor vs trace essential elements—why classified as such? What happens when there are deficiencies in any of them? What are the four major essential elements? · Atom—what is it, what are the parts? What is an ion? What is an isotope? · What is the atomic number vs the mass number? · Covalent vs ionic bonds—how do these differ? · Hydrogen bonds—what are they? Why are they so important? Where have we seen them in class so far? · Water—3 phases, cohesion vs adhesion, other properties that make water unique · Solute vs solvent—what are these terms? Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic molecules—how do these differ from each other? · pH –what does it tell you? Fluids in our body must be within narrow pH ranges for us to remain healthy—what are some of these (stomach acid, blood, etc.)? Molecules of Life: · Why is carbon such a special molecule? What does it like to bind with? How may bonds does it form? · What is a hydrocarbon? What can it store? · What is the difference between an organic and an inorganic molecule? · Animal vs plant products—how do they differ with regard to macronutrients they contain? · What are the 4 main types of organic molecules in biology? · What is a macromolecule? Which of the 4 types of organic molecules we discussed are macromolecules (1 is not)? · What are polymers? What are monomers? · What is a dehydration reaction? What is hydrolysis? What kind of bonds are formed/broken for each macromolecule we discussed? · What are monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids? · What is a carbohydrate? What is a monosaccharide vs a disaccharide vs a polysaccharide? Can you give examples of each? · Where do we get carbohydrates in our diet? · What is a lipid? Is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What are the two types of lipids? What do you know about their structure? · What makes up a fatty acid containing molecule? What is stored in the fatty acid chains? · What is a saturated vs unsaturated fat? Where do we obtain each in our diet? · What is a steroid? What are steroids derived from? · What is a protein? What is it made up of? What is the difference between a protein vs a polypeptide? · Why can a slight change in a protein’s amino acid sequence be a bad thing? Can you give examples from class? · What are nucleic acids? What are the two types? What is a nucleotide and what is it made of? What are the 5 nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids? · What happens when an individual is lactose intolerant? Why can they not digest lactose? The Cell: · Cell theory—what is it? All living things are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells · What is a cell? What are the different cell types? Unicellular vs multicellular organisms. The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Different types of cells are prokaryote (bacteria and archae) and eukaryote (plant and animal, fungi and protists). Unicellular are only one cell. Multicellular contain large size multiple cells. · Prokaryotes and eukaryotes—how do they differ? How are they alike? Both can be unicellular and have cell membranes and cytoplasm. Eukaryotes can also be multicellular organisms. Prokaryote Eukaryote Primitive More complex Domains bacteria and archaea Domain Eukarya Smaller in size Larger in Size Lacks a nucleus, DNA scattered throughout Have a true nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles No membrane bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles present Unicellular Unicellular or multicellular Have cell membranes, cell walls, and capsules Found in plants, animals, protists and fungi Have cytoplasm and ribosomes Some differences: Can have flagella, cilia, or pili to assist with movement Plants: cell walls and chloroplast Animals: lysosomes · Cell membranes—what are they made of? Hydrophobic heads, hydrophilic tails—why is this structure advantageous? What else is found in the cell membrane? Cell membranes are semi-permeable and surrounds cytoplasm. Cell membranes are composed primarily of fatty-acid-based lipids and proteins: phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. The hydrophilic heads face the water at each surface of the bilayer, and the hydrophobic tails are shielded from the water in the interior. The same forces that drive phospholipids to form bilayers also provide a self-healing property. · Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport. What are these—how do they differ? Which go with the concentration gradient? Which go against the concentration gradient? Which require energy? What is that energy called? Diffusion: Molecule movement is random, but overall movement from area of high concentration towards area of low concentration. Passive process, does not require energy, passive transport. Facilitated diffusion: movement of large, hydrophilic molecules across membrane. Active transport: goes against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP), facilitated by a protein · Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solutions—what do they do to cells? Water, moving across cell membranes and reacting to the solutes inside and outside the cell can influence shape and function of cells. A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell. A hypotonic solution example is salt water. The salt is the solute, and the water is the solvent. The cell will fill up with water and burst. Hypertonic solution: A solution that contains more dissolved particles (such as salt and other electrolytes) than is found in normal cells and blood. The cell shrinks. An isotonic solution is one that has the same osmolarity, or solute concentration, as another solution. The effect is zero water flow between the two solutions, although water is moving both ways. Some cells must be maintained in an isotonic solution to support cellular functions. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell's volume will remain stable. · Cellular organelles—what are they? What types? What does each type do? What is a cytoskeleton? What are ribosomes and what do they do? Locations? A cell organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. Cellular organisms are divided in two groups known as prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
