Immune
Responses
and
Transplantations
ch
13
Anergy:
Immunodeficient condition characterized by a lack of or diminished reaction to an antigen or
a group of antigens
Antigen:
A substance that elicits an immune response, most antigens are composed of protein. The
immune system becomes “tolerant” or non-responsive to “self” antigens
Autoimmunity:
Immune response against self if which the immune system no longer differentiates self from
non-self. Autoantibodies and auto-sensitized T cells cause pathophysiologic tissue damage.
Cell-mediated immunity:
Immune responses that are initiated through specific antigen recognition by T cells. Cell
types involved are; T cells, Macrophages, and NK cells.
Cytokines:
Soluble factors secreted by WBCs that act as messengers among the cell types; T cells, B
cells, Monocytes, and Neutrophils. Cytokines instruct cells to alter their proliferation,
differentiation, secretion, or activity.
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA):
Antigens responsible for rejection of genetically unlike tissue. Products of major
histocompatibility genes. (HLA) is used primarily to match organs and tissues for
transplantation.
Humoral Immunity:
Consists of antibody-mediated immunity. Humor: Greek word for Body Fluid. Antibodies are
made of plasma cells (differentiated B cells) and found in plasma
Hypersensitivity Reactions:
The immune system is over reactive against foreign antigens or reacts against its own tissue,
resulting in tissue damage. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified by: The Source of the
Antigen, Time Sequence (immediate or delayed), or Immunologic mechanisms causing the
injury.
Immunocompetence:
Body’s immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances
Immunodeficiency:
When the immune system does not adequately protect the body.
Immunosuppressive therapy:
lifelong balance between rejection and infection. 1. The immune system must be suppressed
to prevent rejection of transplanted organ 2. Adequate immune response must be maintained to
prevent overwhelming infection and development of cancers.
pg
815
Pg 835
Pg
838
Pg 848
pg
865
Response
Normal Immune
Immunity :
Body's ability
to resist Disease
3 Functions Of Immune
I.
Defense
:
The
and
body protects against
prevents the development
antigens
2
.
Homeostasis :
and
Damaged
removed
cell
3.
Response
Through
types stay
cells
and
substances
this
uniform
Surevi Hance : Mutations continually
foreign
of infection
by microorganisms
by attacking
foreign
pathogens
cellular
.
invasions
are
digested
process the bodies
and
arise
destroyed
but
and
different
unchanged
are
recognized
as
Active
Natural contact w/ antigen through
e.
g. Chickenpox , Measles,
:
Artificial
e.
Passive
g.
Immunization
Vaccinations for
with
infection
Mumps
antigen
chickenpox
,
Measles,
Mumps
:
Natural Transplacental
e.
g.
and colostrum
globins
maternal
immuno
transfer from
passed to
mother
to child
baby
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells).
They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as
bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction.
Artificial
Injection
person to
of serum with antibodies from
another person
who does not
1
have
antibodies
e.
Antigens
An antigen
composed
g. injection
is a substance
of :
Protein
,
Tolerance : Immune
Hepatitis
of
that
B
elicits an immune
immune
globulin
Response
large Polysaccharides lipoproteins
,
System
Antigens
becomes
,
Nucleic acids
nonresponsive
to self
Innate
Present
Primary
Primary
at Birth
Role
First line of Defense
:
WBC involved :
antigen
Can
Not
and
monocytes
Specific
antigen
Specific
Respond
without
:
Neutrophils
Pathogens
against
-
Nonspecific Response
Not
Immunity
within
minutes
to
to that
prior exposure
invading Microorganism
an
organism
Acquired Immunity
Development
of
Immunity
Active Acquired
-
•
Each
Active
:
Actively
and
Reinvcesion
the
Passively
body responds
Acquired Immunity
and
the
development
lymphocytes
sensitized
,
or
Immunity
body by microorganisms
invasion of the
of antibodies
either
:
Results
more
rapidly
Naturally
to
fight
from
off Invader
Disease
a
or
Results
Because the body
makes
antibodies ,
Artificially
Immunity Takes Time
to
thru Immunization
Develop but lasts
a
lifetime
.
Passive Acquired Immunity
Host
•
Naturally
•
•
•
•
relieves
Artificial
Benefit
of
Unfortunately
-
antibodies to
an
transfer
of immuno
injection
with
globins
this immunity
:
rather
antigen
memory
the
cells
them
membrane
mom
-
Fetus
serum antibodies
Immediate effect
Passive Immunity
Because
making
placental
across
gamma globulin
:
than
is
short
person does
for the
not
lived
make
the antibodies
and
antigen
The complement system is an enzyme cascade (C1 to C9) consisting of pathways to
mediate inflammation and destroy invading pathogens
•
•
•
central
of
composed
lymphoid organs
central
Peripheral lymphoid organs
lymph nodes ; Tonsils ;
are
the
are
the
peripheral lymphoid organs
and
primary
Thymus gland
.
.
and
Bone Marrow
.
spleen ; gut
genital
-
-
bronchial
-
Skin
Central
•
•
Lymphoid organs
Thymus Gland
Bone Marrow
Peripheral lymphoid Organs
•
•
•
Spleen
lymph
Lymphocytes
the
•
Thymus
•
Bone Marrow
made in the
•
involved
Thymus
in
differentiation
Puberty
age 75
Lymph
nodes
antigens
•
but
Genital
and
the
are
a
and maturation
eventually
to
migrate
starts
thymus
carried
is
by
1- lymphocytes
of
Cell mediated immune
Largest during
is
By
•
Tonsils
-
After
•
•
peripheral organs
Therefore ; essential for
•
nodes
Skin
•
•
Bronchial
•
-
Childhood
to slowly
mostly Fatty
Response
shrink
Tissue
and
the Blood stream
being
produces
to
lymph
few
Replaced by Fat
T
lymphocytes
channels
or
lymph
nodes
•
•
antigens
2 major Functions
I. Filtration
2
•
•
•
Tonsils
:
9
•
This tissue
Skin associated
-
if
a
in
Langer han
organ
cells
Tissue
occur
primary
site
Consists
:
,
reaction
as
filtering foreign
for
of the
depleted skin
delayed hypersensitivity
does not
:
Tissue
protects the body from
are
lymph nodes
in the
material
the sub mucosa
lymph
macrophages
and
nodes
lymphoid
example of
Tissue : Found
lymphocytes
lymphocytes
of
:
T
foreign
of
:
Spleen Peripheral lymph
lymphoid
and
lymph
of
Circulation
.
B
with
interact
of
cannot
GI
,
Genitourinary Respiratory
,
external
microorganisms
lymphocytes
initiate
determined
by
antigens from Blood
an
skin
Langerhans
cells
immune response
then
and
testing w/ injected
antigens
Phagocytes
Mononuclear
Phagocyte System
Mononuclear
•
*
includes
monocytes
Blood
Critical Role in Immune
•
Capturing Processing
,
-1
•
in the
This process stimulates
Capturing
:
is
Phagocytosis
The
,
Macrophage
is
:
System
and
a
and
through
accomplished
an
Body
or
the
cell
antigen
-
to
mediated
Phagocytosis
the
lymphocytes
immune
response
:
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.
Bound
Antigen
Highly immunogenic
presented to circulating T
Triggers
the
:
presenting
humoral
throughout
macrophages
immune
or
Response
B
lymphocytes
and
thus
Lymphocytes
Bone
made of
They
marrow
.
Bursa
•
Bursa
•
•
B
-
lymphoid
This
cells
Plasma
cells
T
•
•
•
that
lymphocytes
Thymus
1- cells
•
:
make
up
70 -80%
•
Intracellular
•
Tumor
1- cells
can
live
These antigens
types
of
All Mature
are
categorized
classified
WBCS
of
as
especially
from
for
characteristics
Antigenic
many
are
of T
lymphocytes
lymphocytes
for immunity to
:
viruses
cells
and account
lymphocytes
circulating
and differentiation
Fungi
•
•
maturation
the
differentiate into
Thymosin
including
of
Primarily Responsible
•
T
the
stimulates
thymus
cells
-
Hormones
Antigen
to the
marrow
thymus dependent
secretes
Thymosin
CDs
from the bone
migrate
activated
when
Cells
-
B- cells
immunoglobulins
make antibodies
cells
lymphocytes
Bone Marrow
is
cells
T
humans
in
exist
not
Plasma
differentiate into
and
equivalent lymphocyte
humans
in
T
•
-
organ does
equivalent tissue
into B
then differentiate
long
into
-
term
can
clusters of
CD 3
are
a
and
T
be classified
differentiation
referred to
antigen
lifespan
immunity
1- cytotoxic
WBCS
lymphocytes
1- cells have the
few months to
a
helper
using
or
cells
monoclonal
CD
antibodies
antigens
by their CD designations
•
T cytotoxic (D8
involved in
•
These
cells
like B
•
:
attacking antigens
cytolytic
releasing
and
•
cells
have
cells
:
antigen specificity
•
T
results
intense and
helper
•
more
CD 4
cells
involved in the
do
of
membrane
destroy
are
the
Sensitized
not attack
the
foreign Pathogens
pathogen
by
exposure to
antigen
but
antigen
remain
as
cells
immune
a
and
Some Sensitized Teens
As in the humoral
in
that
substances
memory T
•
the cell
on
response
second exposure to the
a
,
rapid
cell-mediated
immune
antigen
response
:
regulation
of
cell
-
mediated
immunity
and
the
humoral antibody response
•
T
helper
These
•
differentiate into
cells
subsets
THI
cells :
are
stimulate
The
•
TH 2
called
cells :
phagocyte
-
THI
cells
mediated
ingestion
key component
stimulate
Parasites
eosinophil
and
subsets
is
and
killing
of cell-mediated
-
mediated
involved
in
TH 2
and
immunity ,
cells
microbes
immunity
effective
allergic Responses
against
•
NK
Natural killer cells
•
•
involved in
These
they
cells
are
cell
are
Natural killer
•
These
virus
•
•
•
Nk
cells
NOT
cells
-
Tumor
immunity
Tor B
with
cells
many
do not need prior
involved
cells are
•
mediated
large lymphocytes
•
•
-
in
recognition
granules
in the
cytoplasm
Sensitization for their
and
killing
of
generation
:
infected cells
cells
Transplanted grafts
have
a
mechanisms of
vital
role in
Recognition
immune
are
not
Surveillance for malignant
fully
understood
cell
changes
•
Dendritic
•
They have
•
Found
•
•
an
many
important to the
;
places
Langer ban
skin
lining
the
of
the
in
body
stomach
•
Intestine
that
then
an
form
There
Primarily
Response
retract
to
immature
many
cells
in the
Blood
:
with the external environment
membranes
mucous
transport the antigen
that
and
are
at sites of Contact
skin and
specificity for
They have
mediated immune
:
nose
Capture antigens
and
-
cells
Dendritic Cells Function
e. g.
cell
dendritic
•
•
•
shape
atypical
lungs
•
•
in
cells
until
it meets
a
T
cell
with
antigen
important function
in
activating
the Immune
Response
The immune response
involves complex interactions
These interactions depend
cytokines
Cytokines
on
instruct
cells
,
messengers among
as
the
•
classified
•
Have
are
General
their proliferation differentiation Secretion
to alter
hematopoiesis
beneficial role in
a
Categories
•
:
•
•
.
Chronic
.
types
cell
Interleukins
and immune function
classified
for
-
Antiviral
activity
.
and
have
and
,
Sepsis
Categories
Factors
-
=
They
distinct
in
Colony-stimulating growth Regulators
Interferons
.
autoimmune diseases
,
immunodulatory
=
or
anti-inflammatory
inflammation
Cytokines
different
100
over
.
or
,
,
,
proinflammatory
as
detrimental effects
There
act
monocytes & neutrophils
,
:
•
•
that
1- cells B cells
,
of
hematopoietic
cells
immunodcilatory
Interferons: a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting
virus replication.
•
•
Produces
formation
•
help
Interferons :
second
a
Antiviral Protein
2
3
.
.
virus
IFN
Attacks
serves
Then the
a cell
as an
virus
is
effect
protein
termed
Antiviral
action
and
Interferon
IFN
begins
intracellular
unable to
to
in
and
the
DNA
induces
cell
new
and
the
and viruses
with them
and
inducing
Protein
of interferon
preventing
viral
make
messenger
replicate
by reacting
in cells
protein Synthesis
and
attack tumors
natural defenses
mediates antiviral
:
Mechanism of Action :
I.
body's
antiviral
an
of
the
by
changing
viruses
from
the
cell's
being
IFN
production
of antiviral
proteins
assembled
Humans
need
Both Humoral & cell
-
mediated
immunity
to
remain
healthy
“Humoral” refers to the bodily fluids where these freefloating serum antibodies bind to antigens and assist with
elimination.
of
Consists
Humoral immunity
Antibody
•
:
=
Antibodies
and
Essential Part
humoral
of
5 classes of
when
on
that Bacterial
•
•
a
The B
cell
when the
and most
•
The
wall
cell
or
B cell
antigen
•
enters the
A monocyte
to
cells
mature
B
cells
Antibody Production
Igs IgG IgA IgM IGD IgE
:
,
it
,
.
may encounter
a
,
B
cell
,
that
is
specific for antigens found
.
macrophage
comes in
contact
differentiate
plasma
differentiate
Plasma
in
response :
Body
by Plasma Cells
may
Phagocytize
it has
recognizes the antigen Because
antigen
B
immune
immunity
mediated
made
found
Immunoglobulins
Pathogen
a
-
cell
into
secretes
with the
Plasma
cell
the Bacteria
receptors
on
surface receptor
and
present
its cell surface
.
its
antigens
specific for that
the B cell becomes
activated,
cells
immunoglobulins Some
.
stimulated B cells
remain
as
memory cells
Primary
IgM
Immune
First
•
Large
•
IgG
can
•
for
a
occurs
•
•
Size
-
move
Crosses
•
when
of
:
person
the
is
4-8
Intravascular
=
days
after
to the
First exposure
antigen
Space
intravascular to
from
least
at
evident
antibody Formed
found
Primary antibody
•
•
type
Response
in
a
extravascular
Secondary
placental membrane
3
months
provides
Response
newborn
with
passive acquired immunity
.
to the
exposed
:
Immune
antigen
the second time
,
a
secondary antibody response
.
This response
occurs
Memory Cells
production of
:
Faster
Account
antibodies
I -3 days
for
and
lasts for
a
longer
time than
the memory of the first exposure to the
a
primary response
antigen
and
the
.
more
rapid
Cell-mediated immunity can be acquired through T cells from
someone who is immune to the target disease or infection.
Cell-mediated immunity
recognition by
1.
2.
T cells
Several
cell
•
Primary
importance
•
Types
and
Factors :
of
immunity against
Fungal
Responses
Immune
cell
-
•
1- cells
mediated
Pathogens
that
are
initiated
transplanted
3.
•
4.
•
Contact
hypersensitivity
5.
•
Tumor
immunity
of
•
Macrophages
through specific antigen
tissues
Reactions
•
NK
cells
immunity
survive inside of cells
infections
Rejection
that
.
•
•
:
viruses
.
bacteria
g. mycobacteria
e.
with
advanced
aging
immunosenescence :
Bacterial Pneumonia
:
•
leading
cause of
•
•
•
•
shrinks ;
output
•
There
is often
•
cells
decreased
or
previously
:
reaction
absent
immunodeficient
to
*
pg
an
antigen
or
number
primary
Response
.
1-cells
of
cause
immune
of
immunosenescence
a
13.6
memory
as
cells
rather
than
new
precursor
cells
antigens
determined
by
skin
testing w/ injected antigens
in older Adults
condition
816
Table
of
un encountered
This altered response reflects
Anergy
suppressed humoral
decreased
is
.
T cells diminishes
of
hypersensitivity
to
age
deficiencies in activation
accumulation
an
leading
thymus gland
show
Thymic
by increasing
with
T
•
The delayed
along
in
and
responsive to
to immunizations
change
Both B
is
adults
in older
to infections
levels decrease ;
Immunoglobulin
>
•
Response
death from infections in older adults
unaffected
marrow
Thymus
cancer
of the immune
:
Low antibody response
Bone
function
decline in the
a
incidence of
susceptible
more
is
High
Aged Adults
older
there
,
group
Anergy
characterized
of
antigens
.
by
a
lack
of
or
diminished
reaction
Immuno competence :
destroy foreign substances
Body5
immune
system
identify
can
and inactivate
or
.
Immunodeficiency
•
immune system
:
severe infections, cancers
and
,
Hypersensitivity
antigens
reacts
or
•
•
Four
•
•
•
•
of
Source
Time
of
body
Sequence
of
Type
may
develop
against foreign
in
Tissue
Damage
response
self
recognize
Reactions
responsive
overreactive
is
Resulting
hypersensitivity
does not
and
proteins
reacts
:
antigen
Cmmediate
mechanisms
or
causing
Hypersensitivity
delayed)
the
Reactions
injury
:
I
•
Type II
>
•
Type III
Type
system
tissue ,
own
Hypersensitivity
of the
immunologic
Types
its
immune
under
or
immunodeficiency
antigens
classification
•
the
:
Type
when the
occurs
self
against
Disease :
Autoimmune
•
Reactions
incompetent
is
HI
>
•
•
Immediate
Examples
of
Humoral
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Related to
Immunity
Reaction
Cell Mediated
-
Immunity
against
>
steps
in
Type
I
allergic Reaction
Reactions
Anaphylactic
Type
•
1
that
reactions
IgE
•
occur
the
Subsequent
•
granules
are
the
exposure
allergen
of the
•
cells
,
Histamine , Serotonin ,
e.g.
•
allergen have
response to the
in
within
•
susceptible people
in
only
cells
All editors
Genetic
•
short
capacity
e.
1
•
:
links
with
Antigen
,
attaching
to mast cells
and
basophils
mediators
bradykinin
,
released attack
are
•
:
mediators
target
tissues,
from
and
the
causing
increased vascular
•
vasodilation
clinical
symptoms
triggers degranulation
of
an
allergic
response
permeability
hypotension
•
increased
•
itching
secretion
of
mucus
reversible
Allergic
an
basophils
granules
or
smooth muscle contraction
are
of
mast cells
•
and effects
development
to
Diseases
allergen
,
Exists
rather the
.
disorder ,
specific allergic
appears to be
with
asthma
,
has
with
son
rhinitis
allergic
mediated
Pollen Food
:
,
Rate
•
Complement
•
Mediators
•
specific allergens
.
g. Father
IgE
of
property
potent chemical
chemical
of
become sensitized to
to
characteristic
IgE bound
the
the release
and
that
the
to
•
•
to
sensitized
:
acting
The inherited trait
Type
highly
,
These effects include
Predisposition
The
are
leukotrienes eosinophil kinin
Mediators :
•
a
containing
•
•
who
antibodies :
made
•
:
of
Development
of
Injury
:
:
wheat
,
Dust
Immediate
:
involved :
Examples Allergic
skin Test
Drugs
,
:
No
Histamine
rhinitis
and
,
Flare
,
Mast Cells
,
Asthma
,
Leukotrienes
,
Atopic dermatitis
,
Prostaglandins
Uticaria ,
Angioedema
Manifestations
•
Depend
of
on
Anaphylactic Reaction
an
the
mediators
whether
:
they
Localized
remain
Become Systemic
Specific organs
Affect
•
when the mediators
•
The
Localized :
are
characterized
The
•
:
can
•
Reactions
occur
e. g.
Reaction
when
injection
after
occurs
within
of
minutes
are
a
in
occurs
flare
minutes
Anaphylaxis
drug
and
Systemically
released
after
,
an
be life
can
insect
and
.
or
hours
and
•
Edema
shock
and
can
Itching
occur
at
rapidly ;
site
of
of
.
.
manifested
constriction
Subsequent airway
vascular Collapse
by
allergen
Rapid weak
Hypotension
Pulse
,
•
Death
will
occur
and
obstruction
:
•
edema
dangerous
.
Bronchial
the
exposure to
•
Bronchial
not
:
•
•
usually
Atopic Reactions
because
threatening
•
Symptoms
fluid
bite
•
Initial
containing edematous
from the
hyperemia
:
include
mediators
red
a
wheat
pale
a
•
•
occurs
Example Mosquito Bite
•
Allergic
reaction
by
by
surrounded
Anaphylaxis
reaction
wheat and flare :
reaction
•
Common
Wheal and Flare
response termed
cutaneous
a
Angioedema
without
Shock
•
•
emergency
•
Compound
Can
treatments
Drugs
are
the
•
leading
Dilated
Pupils
Dyspnea
possibly cyanosis
cause of
anaphylaxis
-
reheated
Deaths
•
around
to environmental
•
the
20% of
Allergic
Atopic
is
having
,
allergens
Atopic Diseases
•
population
Rhinitis
Allergic
:
Rhinitis
•
most common
•
May
hypersensitivity
Type 1
Causes Airborne substances
Causes of Perennial
Allergic rhinitis Dust
•
Causes
•
•
:
:
Symptoms
Asthma :
include
patients have
e.
•
Seasonal Allergic rhinitis pollens
Areas affected conjuctiua of
of
Target
a
infantile
g.
Inflammatory
history
of
eczema ,
Allergic
mediators
produce
chronic
and
•
•
•
•
caused
Patients
by
several
•
•
•
•
)
Urticaria
•
•
•
•
•
ives
Histamine :
:
localized
Areas
include
Begins
in
Diffuse
face
:
edema of
localized
decreased
with
,
to
.
,
or
bronchi
of the
characterized
by
exacerbations
skin Tests
,
Localized
formation
may
occur
allergen ;
to
,
to
.
sting
over
or
,
But
last
,
,
parts
people
atopic
Body
of Fluid
feet GI
other
in
last minutes
urticaria ;
,
wheat and flare
of blood vessels
Transudation
airways /
suddenly
all
may
tongue larynx hands
occur
mucus
membranes
against systemic allergens
Skin
appears normal
lesions may burn, itch ,
,
Constriction
muscle
vasodilation
vesicle
vasodilation ,
progresses
may
,
lung Compliance
disorder
and involve
lesion Similar
,
swelling
:
of thick
mucous
positive
the
typical
represent
edema
eyelid lips
and
mucosal
secretion
excess
and
exposure
cutaneous
respiratory tract
swelling ; purities Nose Throat Eyes Mouth
upper
intolerances
Allergens
levels
reaction
after
causes
Food
,
Transient wheals
Develops rapidly
of
mucosa
.
environmental
cutaneous
:
Characterized:
Angioedema
•
remissions
interstitial
causing
grasses
,
Bronchial smooth
•
:
pathologic features do not
skin lesions are
generalized
Histo
weeds
the eyes ;
inherited skin
,
high IgE
have
from trees,
rhinitis
•
:
rhinitis
atopic disorders
•
Atopic Dermatitis
allergic
dander
Animal
,
discharge; sneezing ; tearing ;
nasal
:
•
•
Angioedema
and
dust, molds
,
molds
seasonal
seasonal
or
pollens
,
•
rhinitis
:
:
•
urticaria ,
Reaction
perennial Allergic
round
year
occur
Primary
•
dermatitis ,
atopic
,
Fever
Hay
:
Asthma
,
to become sensitized
tendency
inherited
an
or
hours
@head
deeper layers
a
Flaring
of skin & sub mucosa
genitals
of
several
Body
hours
over
24 hours
Cytotoxic
Cytolytic
and
Reactions
:
IgG
of
•
•
•
•
Antigen
cellular
antibody
activation
2.
enhanced
Target
Antigens
cells
Example
Type
Type
Type
or
IgM
phagocytosis
destroyed
II
when
occurs
reactions
ABO blood
include :
involved
reaction
Type
in
involve
antigen
on
erythrocytes
:
cytolysis
in
resulting
group
someone
an
and
Complement system ;
the
activate
complexes
reactions
antibodies to
destroyed by
of the
Complement System
Tissue
1.
classic type II
•
-
Type # hypersensitivity
Are
mediates
.
the Reaction
or
,
,
relieves
which
binding
surface
cell
platelets leukocytes
,
Rh factor
,
the
direct
and
drugs
ABO incompatible blood from
-
a
donor
:
A blood has
B blood has
•
•
•
•
0
if the recipient
•
blood has
is
•
:
A antibodies
antibodies
no
anti
A
-
and
anti
-
B
antibodies
blood , antibodies
incompatible
coat the
dumping
of
cell
cells
lysis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Physiology
-
foreign
erythrocytes
body ; leading to Bleeding
neutrophils and macrophages phagocytic the aggulinated cells
Complement System is activated
clumping
•
B antibodies
-
transfused with
agguketion
•
•
anti
AB blood has
Type
causing
anti
Antibody
-
:
blocks
occurs
small blood vessels
:
disorder
mediated
which
causes
involving
immune
reaction
in the
release
the
lungs
occurs
of
hemoglobulin
and
kidneys
involving
t
into urine
and
Plasma