University at Buffalo: NSG 250
Worksheet 1:
Developmental Concept and Theorists
Reference Chapter on Reserve.
1. Give a short definition of each of the 5 major Developmental Perspectives from the ‘The
Beginning’ (Chapter on HS online reserve)
1. Multi-directional: every direction can change and does not have to be in straight line
2. Multi-disciplinary: several academic fields where evidence is taken from
3. Multi-contexual: takes physical surroundings and family configurations into context
4. Multi-cultural: many cultures affect how people develop
5. Plasticity: ongoing change and every trait can change at any time in a life span
2. List the stages or components of stages each development theorist was known for (note you
do not need to memorize these for the exam but you should have a general idea of the
stages, and know which theorist it pertains to). Briefly describe each of the theories as well.
Freud- psychosexual
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency
Genital stage
Erikson- psychosocial
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs depair
(Freud and Erikson built upon his theory) Psychoanalytic theory: human development which are thought
to influence thinking and behavior, also characterized based on sexual pleasure on different parts of the
body
(watson) Behaviorism (learning) theory: opposition to psychoanalytic theory, identified different laws to
describe how environmental responses shape what people do
(piaget) Cognitive theory: thought processes affect all human behaviors and assumptions, changes with
age
Humanism: basic needs must be met for people to reach full potential (ex. Self actualized)
Evolutionary theory: how humans react to the surroundings, how they survive and reproduce successfully,
also explains irrational fears and noble human trait
3.) Write the definitions to the following terms:
Cephalocaudal: growth from head to toe
Identity: personal and professional development
Personality: relatively stable and enduring traits as a sense of self of an individual
Proximal Distal: growth from the center of the body out
Socialization: teachings by parents and others about how to fit in and function in society
Enculturation: learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught
Adaptation: organisms change to be more successful in a particular environment
4.) Answer the following questions with short responses or circling the correct answer, refer to
examples used in class and your textbook.
a.)
In the process of change we define growth, maturation, learning, and involution, describe
catabolic and anabolic growth giving examples of each.
Catabolic growth: negative growth and is more simplified
ex. An elderly having a stroke- stay in a catabolic pattern
Anabolic growth: positive growth and moves up with complexity
b.)
State whether the following scenario is describing linear, exponential or negative growth
A 12 month old infant: ______linear_________
A 13 year old boy going through puberty:____exponential_________
An elderly adult who has become weak and frail due to an illness: ____negative__________
c.)
A child running upstairs example of (fine motor development / gross motor development) , if
that same child then picks up a coin, this is an example of (gross motor development/ fine motor
development).
d.)
A twelve year old girl weighs 86.4 pounds and is 57 inches this is an example of (qualitative,
quantitative) growth.
e.)
The same twelve year old girl has red hair and is tall and thin, like her father. This is an
examples of his (nature/nurture).
f.)
each.
State the differences between verbal, nonverbal, and paradoxical language by giving examples of
Verbal: vocally spoken ex. What is your name?
Nonverbal: body and facial expression ex. Face changing colors due to having anxiety when speaking to
large crowd
Paradoxical: statement gives a false meaning ex. Lying and saying “im okay” when a person is slightly
not feeling well
g.)
Name 2 factors that promote resilience for an individual?
1. communication
2. confidence and self-assurance
h.)
Describe one normative feature that is evident in your physical, cognitive, and psychosocial
expression? Refer to examples given in class.
physical- hair color
cognitive- testing an individual’s IQ
pyschosocial- being understanding and kind (describing another person)
Read this article and answer the following questions:
http://www.nejm.org.gate.lib.buffalo.edu/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1204142
From the article, describe what type of research design was used, the quality of information, the
population number, variables and the conclusion.
The link isn’t working for me to be able to answer the question!