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Series editor: Robert H ill
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Editor: Chiara Gabutti
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© 2012
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Contents
CHAPTER ONE
Why is the World Learning English?
CHAPTER TWO
Australia and New Zealand
CHAPTER THREE
Southern Africa
CHAPTER FOUR
Eastern and Western Africa
CHAPTER FIVE
The USA and Canada
CHAPTER SIX
Island English
CHAPTER SEVEN
India and Pakistan
DOSSIERS
Aboriginal Australians
28
Real Pirates of the Caribbean
81
4, 11, 25, 33, 43, 54, 69, 79, 84, 93
ACTIVITIES
P E T
Cambridge PET-style activities
11, 12, 25, 26, 54, 55, 69, 70, 79
80, 93, 94, 95
T: g r a d e s 4 / 5
Trinity-style activities
27, 43, 94
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 are recorded on the accompanying CD.
Chapter 4 is downloadable from our website: www.blackcat-cideb.com.
IBS
These symbols indicate the beginning and end of the passages
0 8 s linked.to the listening activities.
(H H
www.biackcat-cideb.com
This passage is downloadable from our website.
B e fo r e you read
Q
W h at do you know ?
Here are some places th a t w ill be m entioned in this book. H ow m any
do you kn o w ? See if you can m atch the pictures (A-E) to the names of
the countries (1-5).
1 Canada
O
2 New Zealand
3 Kenya
4 India
5 Jam aica
V o c a b u la ry
Most of these w ords are going to be im portant to the next chapter and
all of them w ill appear in the book. M atch each w ord in the box to its
definition. Use the spaces and letters to help you.
^ o lo r ly
0
te rrito ry
settlem ent
settlers
govern
em pire
A c o j _ o n _y is a place which is controlled by another country.
Usually there are a lot of people from the controlling country living
there.
1
A n_m
is a group of countries which are all controlled by
one powerful person or government. It is like a kingdom, but much
bigger.
2
A
t
is a colony in its first few years.
_ e ___________ are the people who live there.
3
To _ o
4
A
4
r
means to control or rule.
is a land belonging to a country.
Why is the
World Learning
English?
The language o f a sm all northern
island has spread to every
corner o f the world. H ow ?
E n g lis h is one o f th e m o s t w id e ly sp o k e n la n g u a g e s on e a rth .
P e o p le in c o u n t r ie s as f a r a w a y fr o m e a c h o t h e r as C a n a d a ,
A u s t r a lia a n d Ir e la n d s p e a k E n g lis h as t h e ir f ir s t , o r n a t iv e ,
language. S till m o re people h a ve g ro w n up sp eakin g a d iffe re n t
language, b ut are lea rn in g Eng lish fo r b u siness or as a hobby. In
fa c t, th e B ritis h C ouncil fo u n d t h a t in th e y e a r 2 0 0 0 th e re w e re
o v e r 750 m illio n le a rn e rs o f En g lish w o rld - w id e.
H o w d id t h e u se o f E n g lis h b e c o m e so w i d e s p r e a d ? 1 In
m o d ern tim e s, H o lly w o o d m o vies, te le v is io n , and m o st re c e n tly
th e In te r n e t h a ve b ro u g h t s to rie s and c h a ra c te rs fro m En g lan d
a n d e s p e c ia lly A m e r ic a in to p e o p le ’s h o m e s e v e r y w h e r e . B u t
b efo re th is happ en ed, Eng lish w a s a lre a d y a global language. To
fin d out w h y , w e ’ll h a ve to look back.
1.
W id e s p r e a d : som ething th a t happens in many d ifferen t places at once.
5
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A t firs t, Eng lish w a s o n ly spo ken in th e c o u n try t h a t w e n o w
k n o w as Eng lan d , and it w a s a v e r y d iffe re n t lang uag e to th e one
t h a t is used to d a y . En g lish b eg an as a la n g u ag e sp o ken b y th e
Angles, Sax o n s, and Ju te s . T h ese w e re G e rm a n ic trib e s w h o cam e
to En g lan d a lm o s t 2 0 0 0 y e a rs ago. O v e r tim e th is A n glo-Saxo n
lan g u ag e ch a n g ed as it w a s m ixed w ith th e la n g u ag es o f o th e r
groups o f people w h o in va d e d th e island, such as th e D anes, w h o
b r o u g h t w o r d s f r o m N o r s e , a n d th e N o r m a n s w h o b r o u g h t
F ren ch . W o r d s fro m La tin and G re e k w e re also added o v e r tim e
b e c a u s e t h e s e w e r e c o n s id e r e d t h e la n g u a g e s o f h ig h e r
k n o w le d g e . G r a d u a lly E n g lis h c h a n g e d an d b e c a m e th e
lang uag e w e k n o w to d a y .
B y th e 15th c e n tu ry En g lan d w a s a stro n g c o u n try
w h ic h w a s a b le to s t a r t e x p lo r in g , s e t t i n g up
colonies, and exp an d in g in to o th e r lands.
W hy is the World Learning E n g lis h ? '^ 3 ^ *
E x p lo r a tio n : N o rth A m e r i c a an d t h e C arib b e a n
In 1497 En g lan d se n t e x p lo rers to ‘th e N e w W o r ld ’. (N o w w e call
this land N o rth , So u th and C e n tra l A m e ric a and th e C a rib b ea n .)
A t fir s t En g lan d w a s o n ly in te re s te d in tra d in g , b ut la te r people
cam e to set up colo n ies and live. B u t E n g lan d w a s n o t th e o n ly
c o u n try w h ic h w a s in te re s te d in th e N e w W o rld : E n g lan d fa c e d
c o m p e titio n fro m H o lla n d , S p a in , F ra n c e , an d P o rtu g a l. In th e
17th and 18th c e n tu rie s th e re w e re w a rs b e tw e e n th e E u ro p e a n
p o w ers. T h ro u g h th e s e w a rs E n g lan d g ain ed c o n tro l o f m o st o f
N o rth A m e ric a , as w e ll as Ja m a ic a and B arb ad o s.
B u t co n tro llin g people w h o lived a six ty- d ay jo u r n e y a w a y by
s ea w a s n o t a lw a y s e a s y . F ro m 1775-1783 th e s e t t le r s o f th e
c o lo n ie s
in
A m e r ic a
fo u g h t
a g a in s t
B r ita in
fo r
th e ir
in d e p en d en ce. B r it a in lo st th e A m e ric a n W a r o f In d e p e n d e n ce ,
and lost th e A m e ric a n colonies. A f t e r this, B r ita in c o n c e n tra te d
on A sia, A fr ic a and th e P a c ific .
A u s tr a lia , India an d A fric a
In 1770 C a p ta in Cook, an Eng lish ex p lo rer, w a s th e fir s t E u ro p e a n
to land on th e e a s te rn c o a st o f A u s tra lia . A u s tra lia w a s used by
th e B ritis h as a p lace to send p ris o n e rs fro m ab o u t 1788 to 1840,
b ut la te r th e co lo n ie s b e c a m e s tro n g an d rich, e s p e c ia lly a f t e r
gold w a s fo u n d th e re .
In 1617 th e B r itis h E a s t In d ia C o m p a n y b eg an to tra d e w ith
India, and g ra d u a lly it to o k c o n tro l o f p a rts o f th e co u n try . A ft e r
a re b ellio n in th e mid-19th c e n tu ry , th e B ritis h g o v e rn m e n t to o k
d ire c t co n tro l, and m o st o f In d ia w a s ru led b y B rita in . In d ia w a s
B r it a in ’s m o s t im p o r ta n t c o lo n y fo r m a n y y e a r s . It w a s c a lle d
‘th e je w e l in th e c ro w n ’.
In th e 1800s B r ita in b egan ad d ing A fric a n land to its em p ire.
O t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s c o m p e te d f o r c o n t r o l o f t h is
c o n tin e n t. This w a s called ‘th e sc ra m b le 2 fo r A f r ic a ’. A t th e end
o f th e 19th c e n t u r y E n g la n d c o n t r o lle d th e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f
A fr ic a and m o st o f th e e a s t coast.
2.
s c ra m b le : a struggle to com pete with others in order to get som ething.
Why is the World Learning E n g lish ? ^« 3 E "*
C o u n trie s and islan ds as f a r a w a y as H o n g Kong, Sin g a p o re ,
Fiji and B u r m a w e re also ad d ed to B r it a in ’s em p ire . In th e 19th
c e n tu ry , B r ita in w a s th e g re a te s t p o w e r in th e w o rld .
The Sun N ev er S e ts
B y 1922 th e B r it is h E m p ire w a s a t its h ig h e s t p o in t. A lm o s t a
q u a rte r o f th e p o p u la tio n o f th e w o rld lived u n d e r E n g lish ru le
and th e E m p ire co v e re d one fo u rth o f th e e a r t h ’s s u rfa ce . It w a s
said th a t “ The sun n e v e r sets on th e B ritis h E m p ir e ” b ecause th e
c o u n trie s w h ic h w e r e c o n tr o lle d b y B r it a in co u ld be fo u n d all
a ro u n d th e w o rld . If it w a s n ig h t in E n g la n d , f o r e x a m p le , it
m ight be d a y in Ind ia, or A n ta rc tic a .
MAP OF THE
EMPIRE
SHSWmfe THE MSSESSI8SS THRBiUflOST THE WS#tB «f
The End of an E m p ire
T h is cou ld n o t c o n tin u e fo r e v e r . M a n y c o u n trie s w a n t e d th e ir
in d e p e n d e n c e . A ls o , it w a s e x p e n s iv e t o g o v e r n so m a n y
d if f e r e n t c o u n t r ie s in so m a n y p a r ts o f th e w o rld . G r a d u a lly
B r ita in began g ivin g in d ep en d e n ce to m o st o f its colonies.
B y th e s e c o n d h a lf o f th e 2 0 th c e n t u r y B r it a in h a d lo s t o r
g iv e n up m o s t o f its c o lo n ie s . T o d a y it s till has 14 t e r r it o r ie s ,
in clud ing B e rm u d a and m a n y sm all islan ds such as th e C a y m a n s
in th e C arib b e a n S e a and Fiji in th e P a c ific .
W h a t w a s L eft Behind: t h e L an g u ag e
Eng lish is still spo ken in m a n y c o u n trie s w h ic h w e re once p a rt o f
t h e B r i t i s h E m p ir e . In In d ia , f o r e x a m p le , E n g lis h w a s t h e
lang uag e o f g o v e rn m e n t fo r e ig h ty- n in e y e a rs , and so it is still
w id e ly spoken and is an a d d itio n a l o ffic ia l language. In co u n trie s
like C a n a d a and A u s tra lia , Eng lish w a s a lw a y s a m a jo r language
b ecau se o f th e Eng lish s e ttle rs w h o s ta y e d and b e cam e th e fir s t
citiz en s o f n e w co u n trie s.
Eng lish c o n tin u e s to be an im p o rta n t lang uag e fo r c o u n trie s
all o v e r th e w o rld . L e t ’s look a t som e o f th em .
I he text and b e y o n d
i+ r O
C o m p re h e n s io n c h e c k
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem en t is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A
1
English began to be spoken around the world about fifty
years ago.
2
The New W orld was the name Europeans gave to North
and South Am erica and the Caribbean.
3
Am erica became independent from England peacefully.
4
England sent prisoners to Australia until the 20th century.
5
In the ‘scramble for A frica’, European countries took
African land.
6
England once controlled almost 25% of the w orld’s people
7
Today England doesn’t control any other countries.
and land.
Q
B
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
T a lk a b o u t it
Talk about these questions w ith a friend, and share your answ ers w ith
the rest of the class.
1
Is it right for one country to control another country? W h a t are
some problems that could happen?
2
Does your own country control any other lands? Did your own
country ever have colonies?
3
W h y is it strange to say that people ‘discovered’ land in North
Am erica or Australia? W h o was living there at the tim e?
11
P E T ©
P r a c t ic e
Read the text below and choose the correct w o rd for each space. For
each question, m ark the le tte r next to the correct w o rd — A, B, C or D.
A F a m o u s E n g lis h Q u een
Queen Victoria ruled England at a tim e when the British Empire was
very strong. She is a symbol of England and of a tim e in history.
Victoria became queen when she was only 18 years (0) .....?.....
W h en she (1 )
twenty-one she married her cousin Albert. The
tw o were very happy together and had nine children and 42
grandchildren. W hen Albert died ( 2 ) ........... 1861, Victoria was
(3 )
sad that she did not appear in public ( 4 )
ten years,
and she wore black dresses for the rest of her life.
Victoria never m arried ( 5 ) .......... , but for years she was very close
to one of her servants, who was a man from Scotland named Jam es
Brown. Their story is told in the film Mrs. Brown (1997). Another
film, The Young Victoria (2009), is ( 6 ) ........... her first years as
queen and her marriage to Albert.
She became very popular in England as the empire became
(7 )
successful. Victoria w as queen for 63 years, ( 8 ) ..........
1837 to 1901, which is longer ( 9 ) ........... any other English queen or
king. This tim e in history is known (1 0 )........... ‘the Victorian era’.
0
A aged
1
A is
C older
D young
B had
C was
D until
C then
D at
(§)oId
2
A in
B on
3
A such
B very
C so
D felt
4
A during
B while
C at
D for
5
A more
B again
C not
D any
6
A about
B around
C for
D told
7
A more
B most
C better
D well
8
A for
B ago
C from
D yet
9
A then
B as
C so
D than
A as
B by
C like
D from
10
12
|
Q
P la n y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 1)
Look through the chapter again. W h a t countries have been w ritte n
about? W ould you like to visit any of these places? Imagine th a t you
are planning a journey around the world, and can go to any of the
places here. W h ich places would you v is it? W h y ? H ow long w ould you
spend in each place? W rite your top three choices.
Look back on this question as you read through the book. M aybe you
w ill change your mind!
H o lly w o o d a n d th e In te r n e t h a v e b r o u g h t s to r ie s a n d
c h a r a c t e r s fro m A m e r ic a in to p e o p le ’s h o m e s .
W e use the present perfect to talk about 1) events that happened at an
unspecified time in the past, 2) events or states that began in the past
and have continued until now, 3) recent actions w ith effects in the
present. However, we use the simple past to talk about events or states
that are finished and happened at a specific time in the past.
Q
P r e s e n t p e r fe c t a n d s im p le p a s t
Complete the sentences by using the present perfect or the simple
past. Choose the best verb from the box:
^d it!
0
tra ve l
love
live
land
Thousands of people ....b.G.ys.djed... from smoking-related illnesses.
Over a thousand p e o p le....... died
from smoking-related
illnesses in 2007.
1
I
you for years, and I still do!
I ........................you, but now I never w an t to see you again.
2
J e r r y .......................in that little house until he died.
S a n d ra ........................ here for six months, but next year she might
move.
3
In 1770 Captain C o o k ........................ on the shores of Australia.
M any European ex p lo rers
on these shores over the
years.
4
........................you e v e r .......................to A frica?
Yes, I .......................there in 2005.
13
B e fo r e you read
Q
W h at do you know ?
W h a t do you already know about A u stralia and New Zealand? Look at
the pictures w ith a friend and talk about them . Do you know these
places, people and an im als? H ow are th e y connected w ith A u stralia
and New Zealand?
0
V o c a b u la r y
M atch the sentence beginnings (1-5) and endings (A-E) to form
sentences. The underlined w ords in each sentence w ill be im portant in
the next chapter.
The beliefs, ideas, art, and
their children had children,
knowledge of a group of people ...
and their descendants are
Irish people came to live in
still living there,
Am erica in the 1800’s. They had
such as palm trees to
ch ild ren ,...
evergreens.
A plateau is an area which is high ...
but they have different
There are m any different species
accents, or w ays or
of tre e s ,...
pronouncing their words,
People from England, America,
is also called their culture,
and Australia all speak Eng lish ,...
but flat, like a mountain
w ith no peak.
14
Australia
and New
Zealand
Life ‘down under: beaches,
bright lights and stunning
natural beauty.
A u stralia
A u s tra lia is one o f th e la rg e st c o u n trie s on e a rth — it is th e six th
l.irgest c o u n try a fte r R u ssia, C an ad a, China, th e U S A and B raz il
and it is th e b ig g est islan d. M o s t o f A u s tra lia , e s p e c ia lly th e
<c n tre , is c o v e re d by a d e se rt called th e O u tb a ck . A u s tra lia also
h as m o u n t a in s , r a in f o r e s t s , b e a u t if u l b e a c h e s , a n d m o d e rn
cities.
The S t o r y
H u n d re d s o f y e a r s ago B r it a in s e n t p ris o n e rs to th is land, b ut
M im e p a r ts o f A u s t r a lia w e r e f o r f r e e s e t tle r s . T h is d oes n o t
m e a n t h a t t h e p e o p le w h o f i r s t c a m e t o A u s t r a l i a w e r e
d an g e ro u s c rim in a ls . A t th is tim e in h is to r y th e re w a s te rr ib le
p o v e rty in Eng lan d , and yo u could be s en t to p rison fo r s te alin g
bread, or e ve n ex ecu ted fo r c u ttin g d o w n a tree .
15
T he jo u r n e y to A u s tr a lia fro m E n g lan d
w a s lo n g a n d d if f ic u lt . P r is o n e r s o f t e n
s p e n t o v e r s ix m o n t h s on a b o a t f r o m
E n g la n d to A u s tra lia . M a n y o f th e p eop le
on th e f ir s t ‘p riso n s h ip ’ to A u s tr a lia died
b ecau se th e y w e re n o t g iven enough food
to s u rv iv e d uring th e ir fir s t fe w m o n th s in
th is n e w c o u n try .
B u t o v e r th e y e a rs p ris o n e rs w e re given
t h e ir fre e d o m , m o re
p e o p le
a r r iv e d
b e c a u s e g o ld w a s f o u n d , a n d A u s t r a lia
b e c a m e a rich m o d e rn c o u n try . N o w it is
Prison ship ready to sail
from England to Australia.
one o f th e b est p laces to live in th e w o rld .
The L a n g u ag e
E n g lis h is th e f ir s t la n g u a g e o f A u s t r a lia . B u t th e a c c e n t an d
som e o f th e w o rd s are v e r y d iffe re n t fro m En g lish in En g lan d or
A m e ric a . M o st people k n o w th a t in A u s tra lia yo u s a y ‘G ’D a y !’ to
s a y hello, b ut yo u m ig h t no t k n o w th a t ‘f a ir d in k u m ’ m e an s ‘tru e ,
or r e a l’, ‘a r v o ’ is th e a fte rn o o n , ‘ta k e a sq u iz z ’ m e a n s ‘to lo o k ’
an d a ‘c h o o k ’ is a c h ick en . It is v e r y d iffic u lt to s a y w h y th e s e
w o rd s began to be used. So m e p eople th in k ‘squizz’ com es fro m a
m ix o f ‘s q u in t ’ a n d ‘q u iz ’, a n d
U C £
‘c h o o k ’ m a y co m e f r o m an old
w o rd f o r ‘d e a r ’, o r fro m
th e
c lu c k in g n o is e t h a t c h i c k e n s
m a k e. T h e re
‘d in k u m ’
is a s t o r y t h a t
com es
fro m
Perfh
th e
C hin ese ‘ding g u m ’, or ‘real g old ’,
but th is is p ro b a b ly no t tru e.
16
* H
rra*
__ _________________ _
b o u rn e 0
Australia and New Zealand
M a n y o f t h e p e o p le in A u s t r a l i a a r e d e s c e n d a n t s o f th e
I nglish or Irish people w h o cam e to th e c o u n try in th e 18th and
I ' ) " ' c e n t u r i e s . B u t t h e r e a r e s o m e n a t i v e p e o p le , c a l le d
A borigines, w h o h a v e live d in A u s tr a lia fo r th o u s a n d s o f y e a rs.
At o n e t im e t h e r e w e r e o v e r 3 0 0 la n g u a g e s s p o k e n b y th e
Aboriginal people b ut o n ly 70 o f th e m a re still used.
P e o p le f r o m
m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a r e s t i l l c o m in g to
A u s tra lia to live and th e y are b rin ging th e ir o w n lang uag es w ith
l hem . The second m o st co m m o n lang uag e th a t p eople sp eak a t
11<une is Ita lia n . The th ird and fo u rth are G re e k and C hinese.
\ 11mIra ILan Aborigins.
lim im m a
17
i
A u s tr a lia : P la ce s
Sydney
is t h e
A u s t r a lia
and
b ig g e s t
c it y
in
is a n i m p o r t a n t
c e n t r e f o r b u s in e s s , c u lt u r e a n d
spo rts. It is th e hom e o f th e fa m o u s
S y d n e y O p e r a H o u s e , w h ic h is a
Sydney Opera House.
sym b o l o f A u s tra lia and one o f th e
m o s t w e ll- k n o w n b u ild in g s in th e
w o rld . B o n d i B e a c h , a n o th e r w e ll- k n o w n p lace, is 7 k ilo m e tre s
ou tsid e o f S y d n e y , and yo u can o fte n see people s u rfin g on th e
w a v e s or p la y in g b each v o lle y b a ll th e re .
T h e O u tb a c k is also w e ll- k n o w n an d a s y m b o l o f A u s tr a lia .
A y e rs R o ck is here. It is a p la te a u w h ic h is 348 m e tre s high and 9
k ilo m e tre s aroun d. It is m ade o f s a n d sto n e w h ic h chan g es co lo u r
w ith th e light and can seem ligh t-b row n, or deep red. Peop le call
it ‘th e H e a r t o f A u s t r a lia ’. It is also v e r y im p o rta n t to th e m y th s
and legends o f th e A b orig ine s.
T e m p e ra tu re s in th e O u tb a ck can be high, in fa c t th e h o tte s t
m o n th s h a ve a v e ra g e te m p e r a tu r e s o f o v e r 35 d eg rees C elsius.
O ne sm all to w n , called C oob er Ped y, w a s b u ilt w ith m o st o f its
houses and shops un d erg ro u n d . T h e re is a g olf cou rse, b ut it is
too ho t d uring th e d a y to p la y th e re . In s te a d people p la y g olf a t
nigh t w ith g olf balls th a t g low in th e dark.
Australia and New Zealand
Animals o f A u s tr a lia
M<’<.iu s e it is a n is la n d , m a n y o f
A u s tra lia 's a n im a ls , birds, p la n ts
.uni trees are special to th is c o u n try .
.u ii w ill n o t fin d th e m livin g n a tu ra lly
.m y w h e r e e ls e . T h e re a re k a n g a r o o s , o f
<n u rs e , a n d t h e r e a re a ls o la rg e b ird s c a lle d
• im is, w h ic h a re like o s tric h e s b u t s m a lle r. P e o p le h a v e to ld
■lo r ie s a b o u t e m u s t h a t a p p r o a c h h u m a n s in th e w ild . T h e y
■u m e t im e s p o k e 1 p e o p le a n d t h e n ru n a w a y , as if t h e y a r e
1*1.lying a gam e. K o o k a b u rra s are a n o th e r kind o f A u s tra lia n bird.
I Imy h ave a stra n g e c ry th a t sounds like a h u m an laugh. K o ala s
■iif ’ a sym bo l o f A u s tra lia . T h e y are c o m m o n ly called ‘b e a rs ’, but
i hr, is not tru e . P e rh a p s th e s tra n g e s t A u s tr a lia n a n im a l is th e
p la t y p u s . T h is a n im a l h a s f u r a n d is w a r m - b lo o d e d , lik e a
m am m al, but lays eggs and has fe e t and a bill like a d u c k ’s.
In the p ast E u ro p e a n s b ro u g h t th e ir o w n an im a ls w ith them ,
-a an im als h a ve been in tro d u c e d to A u s tra lia to co n tro l p e s t s 2.
I lie re su lts h a ve b een te rrib le . R a b b its
ind cats have d estro yed se veral species
-I p la n t s , a n d c a n e t o a d s , w h ic h a r e
poisono us and in c re a s in g
, k,,T
in num bers e v e ry day, are
c a u s in g
% :^
p r o b le m s
fo r
anim als, p lan ts and people.
1.
2.
p o k e : to push or touch som eone suddenly
p e s ts : in sects or small anim als th a t cause
dam age.
19
Food an d H obbies in A u s tr a lia
Y o u c a n f in d a lo t o f d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f f o o d in
A u s tr a lia . V e g e m ite is a d a rk b ro w n p a s te w h ic h is
p ro d u c e d f r o m y e a s t e x t r a c t . P e o p le s p r e a d it on
to a s t. It has a b itte r s a lty ta s te and m a n y people w h o
a r e n ’t fro m A u s t r a lia d o n ’t like it. B u t th e r e a re a lo t o f o th e r
kind s o f fo o d w h ic h a re m o re p o p u la r w ith v is ito rs . S e a fo o d is
p a rt o f A u s tra lia n cooking. Peop le also e n jo y A s ia n food.
Y o u c a n e a t m e a t f r o m k a n g a r o o s , a lt h o u g h t h is is n o t
s o m e th in g A u s tr a lia n s w o u ld e a t e v e r y d a y — a re c e n t s u rv e y
fo u n d t h a t o n ly 14.5% o f A u s tr a lia n s a te k a n g a ro o m e a t m o re
t h a n f o u r t im e s a y p a r . C r o c o d ile a n d e m u m e a t a r e a ls o
a v a ila b le , b ut a r e n ’t w id e ly p op ular. C ooking food on a b arb ecu e,
or ‘b a rb ie ’ as A u s tra lia n s call it, is co m m o n . A b a rb e cu e on th e
b each is a g re a t w a y to relax, and A u s tra lia n s do th is o ften .
O th e r a c tiv itie s are su rfin g , scub a diving, fishing , and p layin g
sp o rts. The m o st p o p u la r sp o rts are crick e t, rugby, and a special
kind o f fo o tb a ll calle d ‘A u s tr a lia n R u le s ’. This g am e is a m ix o f
s o ccer and rugby, and can be v e r y tough.
Australia and New Zealand
A ustralian S t a r s an d B a c k p a c k e r s
I I.m y A u s t r a lia n s h a v e b e c o m e fa m o u s in o th e r
« m intries. T h e re are pop s ta rs like K ylie M inogue,
I Minis such as the old fa v o u rite AC/DC and a cto rs
lil f Mel G ibson, N icole K id m an , Hugh Ja c k m a n and
it* 11h Ledger. Y o u m ig h t re m e m b e r m o vies w h ic h
- i <•set in A u stra lia , like th e M ad M ax series fro m the
I'iMOs, Bab e (1995), or S tric tly B a llro o m (1993).
Mel Gibson.
Young A u stra lia n s h a ve a tra d itio n o f tra ve llin g .
Might fro m A u s tra lia to th e n e a re s t E u ro p e an c ity ta k e s a long
so m etim es o v e r 24 hours. B ecau se o f this, yo u n g people
who h a ve fin is h e d u n iv e r s ity or high school o fte n d ecid e to go
I I i veiling and see th e w o rld b efo re th e y s e ttle dow n. 3 T h e y t r y to
visit as m a n y c o u n trie s as possible. It is co m m o n to m e e t you n g
■'Australians w h o tra v e l fo r a y e a r or m o re aroun d Europe, N o rth
A m e r ic a , a n d t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r ld , c a r r y in g n o t h in g b u t a
!»m kpack.
l imes have changed since A u stra lia w a s a B ritish colony. These
•lays m any A u stralia n s see th em selve s as p art o f A sia ra th e r th a n
I m ope, and in s eco n d ary schools Ja p a n e se and C hinese m ight be
offered
n!
fo r s tu d y in s te a d
E u ro p e a n
in h
as
la n g u a g e s
F re n c h .
Im m ig ra tio n fro m A f r ic a ,
Imli.i, and China as w ell as
I m o p e , is a ls o c h a n g in g
the* c o u n t r y . A u s t r a l i a ’s
h itu re is u n k n o w n , b u t it
will probably be bright.
s e ttle d o w n : to s ta rt a
career and a fam ily.
21
New Z ealan d : Land an d A nim als
A b o u t 1,5 0 0 k ilo m e t r e s e a s t o f A u s t r a lia y o u w ill f in d N e w
Z e a la n d . N e w Z e a la n d is one o f th e la st p laces on e a rth w h e re
h u m a n s c a m e to liv e , w h e n th e M a o r i p e o p le a r r i v e d t h e r e
ro u g h ly 3 0 0 0 y e a rs ago. It is a land full o f d iffe re n c e s. Y o u can
fin d high s n o w y m o u n ta in s, g reen fa rm la n d s , s a n d y b each es and
e ven vo lca n o e s . The m o vie s o f The Lo rd o f th e R in g s serie s w e re
film ed here. It is e a s y to see w h y : you can fin d a w h o le w o rld o f
b e a u tifu l s c e n e ry in th e se tw o islands.
N ew Zealand is a q u ieter place th a n A u stralia. M a n y people say
t h a t N e w Z e a la n d e rs a re m o re fr ie n d ly an d re la x e d . T h e re a re
fe w e r th a n 4.5 m illion people living in an area o f 268,000 square
kilom etres. Farm in g is a m ajo r p art of the econ om y here, especially
sheep farm ing. G ro w in g grapes and m aking w in e is also im po rtan t.
T h e r e a re m a n y a n im a ls t h a t c a n o n ly be fo u n d on th e s e
islan d s, e s p e c ia lly birds. U n fo r tu n a te ly , w h e n h u m a n s cam e to
N e w Z e ala n d th e y h u n ted and b ro u g h t ra ts and ca ts w ith th em ,
an d so m a n y k in d s o f b ird s d ie d o u t. T h e m o s t f a m o u s N e w
Z e ala n d bird is th e kiw i. K iw is are ab o u t th e size o f chickens,
w ith long legs an d b eak s, an d t h e y c a n ’t fly . K iw is h a v e
becom e a sym b o l o f N e w Z e ala n d . In fa c t, it is co m m o n to
call a p erso n fro m N e w Z e a la n d a ‘k iw i’.
22
Australia and New Zealand
People an d P la ce s o f New Z ealan d
Uni New Zealand is not only a w ild place. Auckland, on the N orth
I .l.md, is the biggest c ity in N e w Z ealand and is a m o dern c ity of
m i .my
mi
cultures. W e llin g to n is a sm all c ity w h ich is w ell know n fo r its
i .md night life. C hristchurch, on the Sou th Island, is often called
' I lie G ard en C ity ’ because of its parks. U n fo rtu n a te ly, C hristchu rch
i . badly dam aged by earth q u ak es in 2010 and 2011.
U oughly 9 8 % o f th e people in N e w Z e ala n d s p e a k Eng lish. The
ond o ffic ia l lang uag e is M aori, w h ic h is spo ken b y th e n a tiv e
t l.inn people.
I he M a o ri h a v e tra d itio n s an d c u ltu re t h a t a re h u n d re d s o f
y r.irs old. T h e ir a rt, e s p e c ia lly t a tto o s , uses d e ta ile d , co m p lex
I '.il tern s and stro n g colours. W h e n th e N e w Z e ala n d ru g b y te a m
( i he-y a re c a lle d th e A ll B la c k s b e c a u s e o f t h e ir te a m c o lo u rs )
p h y , th e y do a sp e cial w a r d an ce b e fo re ea ch g am e called th e
httppa h aka. This is an old M ao ri dance. T h e y do th is to frig h te n
the o th e r te a m . The All B la c k s are v e r y successfu l, so th is m u st
' /<>rk! O th e r sp o rts w h ic h are p lay e d in N e w Z e ala n d are
The Englishspeaking
W orld
F a m o u s N e w Z e a la n d e r s
include th e w r it e r K a th e rin e
M a n s fie ld , th e a c t o r R u s s e l
C r o w e , t h e c o m e d y m u s ic
group Flight o f th e Conchords
and the film d ire cto r Sir P e te r
J a c k s o n , w h o d ir e c t e d T he
Lord o f the R in gs trilogy.
R e m e m b e r: d o n ’t co n fu se
N ew
Z e a la n d e r s
w ith
Australians. The tw o countries
m a y seem s im ilar, b ut n o t to
th e people w h o live th e re !
Portrait of Katherine Mansfield,
Anne E. Rice, 1918.
Russel Crowe.
1110 text and b e y o n d
i 4^ 1 O Comprehension -practice
I or each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C o r D.
1
Most of the first people from Europe who came to Australia were
A
|rich people who had broken the law in England.
B
2
i
dangerous criminals from England.
C
; poor people who had broken the law.
D
|people who were looking for gold around Melbourne.
W h a t happened when new animals were brought to Australia?
A
| They formed new species of animals.
B
j
They upset the balance of nature.
C
|They destroyed m any species of cane toads.
D
| They helped to control insects or pests.
W h y do young people from Australia travel for long periods of
tim e?
4
5
A
|It takes a long tim e to leave Australia.
B
|They see them selves as part of Europe.
C
|They don’t have enough money to travel more than once.
D
|Australia is not a good place to live.
How is New Zealand different from Australia?
A
|There is beautiful scenery.
B
j Farming is part of the economy.
C
j It is quieter and some say it is more friendly.
D
j The Aborigines live there.
The Maori people
A
□
came to New Zealand after the Europeans.
B
live m ainly in W ellington.
C
j
are frightened of playing rugby.
D
|have their own language and culture.
25
P E T 0
P r a c tic e - re a d in g
The people below are thinking about taking a holiday in Australia.
Decide w hich holiday package to u r would be the most suitable for the
following people. M ark the correct le tter (A-E) next to the right person
(1-3).
1
Bella is on holiday w ith her tw o small children. She is looking
for something fun to do w ith them. Her son loves being
outside and her daughter likes cute animals.
2
|
Paul is retired. He w ants to relax, make friends, and meet
beautiful women. He doesn’t drink but he loves to cook, chat
and have fun.
3
Colleen is from the countryside and she w ants a city break. She
loves reading and art, and is looking for experiences that will
make her think about life.
Tours
A
Historical Australia — Experience the most im portant historical
places in Australia. W e ’ll go far aw ay from the usual city museums
to the old prison colony in Tasm ania and the small country tow n
w here Ned Kelly lived.
B
W ild Australia — Join our lively bus as we go on an exciting journey
through wildlife parks and say hello to some of A ustralia’s famous
native animals. You can’t feed the koalas, but they w o n ’t mind if
you take a picture! Have fun!
C
Bondi Beach Pa rty — W e ’re getting the barbecue ready for you!
Australians and other travellers are w aiting to start the biggest
party of the year! If you like beach volleyball, swimming, or just
meeting friendly people, this is your holiday!
D A Cultural Tour of Sydney and Melbourne — Our tour covers the
best museums, art galleries and theatres of these cultural centres.
W e conclude w ith an evening of works by Mozart performed at the
Sydney Opera House. Book it today!
E
City Night Life — Dance until you drop! Join our group of tw en ty
young people from Australia and all over the world as w e spend the
nights in the clubs and bars of Sydney! You can spend the days
recovering! Be prepared to party!
26
i in N I I Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 4
O
►peaking - S p o rt a n d H o b b ie s
In Australia people like to have a barbecue, go surfing or scuba diving,
or play sports.
W h at do you like to do in your free tim e?
Do you have a special hobby, or is there a sport you like to play?
How often do you do it?
W hen was the last time you did it?
Prepare a short ta lk about your favou rite sports or hobbies. In your
I .ilk, be sure th a t you an sw er these questions. Practice w ith a friend.
o
l<in y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 2)
Now imagine th a t you have tw o weeks to spend in A u stralia and New
<-.iland. W h a t places would you like to v is it?
I ist your top three choices. Next, ask your friend about his or her top
I liree choices and w rite them below. Ask your friend w h y he or she has
<hosen these places.
Your top three
1 .........................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
< ...............................................................................................................
Your frien d ’s top three
1 ...............................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................
< ...............................................................................................................
27
The p e o p le w e call A b o rig in e s ca m e to
A u stralia th o u sa n d s of years ago. No one
know s the e xact year. M ost scien tists agree
th at it w as over 40,000 years ago, and som e
believe it w as closer to 125,000 years ago. The
A b o rig in a l A u s tra lia n s p ro b a b ly c a m e fro m
S outheast Asia using sm all w ooden boats. Over
th ou san d s of years they created a rich culture and
a strong connection to the land.
M o s t A b o r ig in a l A u s tr a lia n s w e re h u n te r s w h o
s o m e tim e s m o ve d fro m p la ce to p la ce if fo o d w as
d ifficu lt to find. They invented special w eapons used
fo r h u n tin g , su ch as th e b o o m e ra n g . T h is is a
special curved piece of w oo d w hich is used fo r
th ro w in g . If you th ro w it th e rig h t w ay, it w ill
c o m e b a c k to yo u . A n o th e r w e a p o n is th e
w oom era, a long spear w hich can be throw n
up to 90 m etres.
A n o th e r fa m o u s in ve n tio n is a m u sica l
instrum ent called the d id geridoo, w hich
is like a long w o o d e n pip e and is
u s u a lly m o re th a n a m e tre lon g.
The
sound
is
s tr a n g e
unforgettable. 1
1.
u n fo r g e tta b le : som ething
you cannot forg et.
but
Aboriginal Australian culture and beliefs are interesting and unique.
<Hm of the m ost im p orta nt ideas to the culture is the D ream tim e or
i >)• Mining. It is d iffic u lt to say e xactly w ha t the D ream tim e is. One
<• i >Mnation is th at it is the tim e before the w orld began. In this tim e,
• llfl«»rent sp irits m ade the land th a t w e live in now. Som e o f these
I *11II-. were people, som e w ere anim als, and som e w ere plants. But
l»«.nple also believe th a t th e D re am tim e is n ot e x a c tly p art o f the
|m .1, that it is still w ith us today. W e exist in the D ream tim e before
« .ire born and go b ack to it after w e die. You can also say th at a
i - i o n ’s ideas and beliefs are th eir ow n ‘D ream ing’ .
Uluru, w h ich is n ow th e nam e in A u stra lia fo r A yers R ock, has a
lu n ig connection w ith D ream tim e and the spirits w ho m ade the
l*»i mI It is still used by A b o rig in a ls as an im p o rta n t c u ltu ra l
piucu Legends say th at in the D ream tim e before the w orld
i m ade, tw o tribe s of sp rits w ere going to m eet fo r a
i'll
One tribe d id n ’t m eet the other tribe (they w ere
lopped by beautiful ‘lizard w o m e n ’) and so there
• a great battle. That day, as the sto ry says,
< i| was put on earth in the form o f the d ingo (a
vil« i <log). A fter the battle, both the tribe leaders
w «i h ) k ille d . T h e e a rth ro s e u p in s a d n e s s
i •* . ause o f the fighting and becam e Uluru.
29
T he re are o th e r A b o rig in a l
le g e n d s
and
c h a r a c te r s .
s tr a n g e
The
m ost
fam ous is the bunyip. This is
a large m onster th a t lives in
rivers and sw am ps. 2 It has
a d o g -lik e fa c e , a h o rs e ’s
ta il and large te e th , and it
eats travellers.
Aboriginal art is im p orta nt to
its c u lt u r e .
In th e
p a s t,
people painted w ith colours
m ade from natural m inerals
and cla y . T h e y p a in te d on
rocks and in caves, and you
can still see these paintings
to d a y .
U b ir r
in
N o rth
Australia is a good place to
go to see the cave paintings. Paintings were also m ade on tree bark.
This is still continued today, w ith m odern paint and equipm ent.
W hen Europeans arrived in A ustralia in the 18th century, there were
problem s. At the tim e o f C aptain C o o k ’s arrival, there w ere over 250
trib e s or nations o f A b origin al A ustralian s - som e say the num ber
w a s c lo s e to 5 0 0 - a n d m o s t o f th e s e tr ib e s h a d th e ir o w n
languages. Europeans to o k the land w hich belonged to Aborigines,
and they also b rought diseases. A t the beginning of the 20th century,
the population o f Aboriginal Australians w as a bo ut tw o -th ird s low er
than th eir population before the arrival of Europeans.
2.
s w a m p s : very w et land, o ften where frogs and w ater birds m ake their
home.
30
A scene from The Rabbit Proof Fence.
Ahodcjjnes had to live w ith racism and u nfa ir tre a tm e n t fo r m any
v< n , as w e ll. In s o m e a re a s th e y w e re n o t a llo w e d to v o te in
* !• < Hons. From 1869 until th e 1960s A b o rig in a l c h ild re n w ere
•it- ii laken aw ay from th eir fam ilies because people th o u g h t
H f’v w ould have better lives w ith w hites. People w ho were
i i i ' U from th e ir p a re n ts in th is w a y w ere ca lle d ‘th e
n i..In n g e n e r a tio n ’ . T he film R a b b it P ro o f F en ce
(;*nn:>) tells this story. Poverty, unem ploym ent and
MH im n a ls o c o n tin u e d to be p r o b le m s fo r
Aboriginal A ustralians. The g o ve rn m e n t w ou ld
m Imo
n o t a g re e th a t th e la n d in A u s tr a lia
i"-lo n g e d to A b o rig in e s a nd w a s ta k e n fro m
th&m.
In the 1960’s there w ere protests, and slow ly people becam e aware
o f th e p ro b le m s o f A b o rig in a l A u s tra lia n s . N o w m o s t p e o p le in
A ustralia understand th a t these people were treated very badly and
the governm ent is slow ly trying to m ake their lives better. In 1985,
U luru w a s g ive n b a c k to th e A b o rig in a l p e o p le . A b o rig in e s have
b e c o m e s u c c e s s fu l and fa m o u s in A u s tra lia , as a c to rs , w rite rs ,
m usicians, athletes and more. In 2000 C athy Freeman, an Aboriginal
A u s tra lia n and a g re a t s h o rt-d is ta n c e runner, lit th e fla m e in th e
O lym pic G am es in Sydney.
Q
C o m p re h e n s io n c h e c k
A n sw er the questions.
1
W h ere did the Aboriginal Australians come from ?
2
H ow long have they been in Australia?
3
W h a t is Dream tim e?
4
W h a t is a bunyip?
5
W h a t happened after Europeans arrived?
6
W h a t w ere some problems for Aboriginal people in the 20th
century?
7
W h a t is one good thing that the governm ent has done for
Aboriginal people?
32
I lo fo re you read
O
■
<>uthern A f r ic a : W h a t d o y o u a l r e a d y k n o w ?
i>
<*you recognise these people, places and things? Match the pictures (Ai ) to t he words (1-6). W h a t do you think is the connection between these
I ’i<tures and southern A frica? Check again after you read Chapter 3.
I
leopard
Z
I he Kalahari desert
t
diamonds
'\
Victoria Falls
S
Nelson Mandela
fi
W orld Cup
•ii.in g e n e w w o rd s !
I<r*d the questions and t r y to guess the answers. Choose A, B or C.
I In n, read Chapter 3 and check — w ere you righ t?
I
I he Boers w ere people from
A vuvuzela is
A
A
England, Scotland
and W ales
B
| Holland, Germ any,
instrum ent
B
An animal w ith
C
A kind of ice-cream
Belgium and France
C
! northern and
w estern Africa
/
In South African slang,
‘dankie’ means
A
| Thank you
B
| Go aw ay
C
: Congratulations
A musical
long horns
A baobab is
A
A kind of monkey
B
A type of song
C
A kind of tree
33
Southern
Africa
Diam onds, footb all and one
o f the wonders o f the world —
w hat do they all have
in com m on?
T h e s o u th e rn tip o f A f r ic a is k n o w n as s o u th e rn A fr ic a . It has
m a n y c o u n trie s w h ic h use E n g lish as an o ffic ia l lan g u ag e. Th is
p a rt o f A fr ic a has d e se rts, fo re s ts , g ra sslan d s, 1 m o u n ta in s and
b eaches. B u t its m o st v a lu a b le p ossession is b e n e a th th e ground.
S o u t h e r n A f r ic a is ric h w it h d ia m o n d s , gold, p la tin u m an d
o th e r v a lu a b le m in erals. M ining is an im p o rta n t p a rt o f so u th e rn
A f r ic a ’s eco n o m y.
S o u th e r n A frica: t h e S t o r y
In th e la te 19th c e n t u r y E u ro p e a n c o u n trie s , in c lu d in g B r it a in ,
fo u g h t to co n tro l th is p a rt o f A fr ic a and its d iam o n d s and gold.
T h e s e c o u n t r ie s t o o k la n d f r o m n a t iv e A f r ic a n s a n d s e t up
colonies. M a n y o f th e se colo nies w e re passed fro m one E u ro p e a n
1. g ra s s la n d s : wide flat land w here tall grass grows.
34
ZIMBABWE
* m m lry to a n o th e r, e s p e c ia lly a f t e r W o r ld W a r I w h e n G e rm a n y
I** \ 11•. A fric a n colonies.
M nl.iin co n tro lle d m a n y c o u n trie s in s o u th e rn A fric a . M o st of
Ih r N r c o u n trie s did n o t b ecom e in d e p e n d e n t u n til th e 1960s or
hit* i
I h e y w e r e o n c e a g r e a t s o u r c e o f m o n e y f o r B r it a in ,
f p* « i.illy a f t e r a r a ilw a y w a s b uilt. This r a ilw a y c o n n e c te d th e
h.
( inal in th e n o rth o f A fr ic a w ith th e d iam o n d s and gold o f
himii hern A fric a .
lo d a y all th e c o u n trie s o f s o u th e rn A fric a n are in d ep en d en t.
Mill I here are som e p rob lem s. In som e p laces th e people are v e r y
I"- "i. W h e n rain d o e s n ’t fall, th e re is o fte n no t enough food fo r
*
fry o n e .
T h e re
have
been
p r o b le m s
w ith
w a rs ,
and
*»" • i n m en ts ta k in g too m u ch p o w e r. D iseases such as A ID S are
• • i mus p rob lem fo r s o u th e rn A fric a .
Animals
il"
l.md is u n iq ue and p eop le com e fro m all o v e r th e w o rld to
• • 11. Y ou can fin d m a n y fa m o u s a n im a ls in s o u th e rn A fr ic a .
M " ’I <
■are w h ite rh in o ce ro ses, w h ic h are th e la rg est land an im a ls
* •<pt ele p h an ts.
35
The Englishspeaking
W orld
W ild e b e e s t s a re a n im a ls t h a t a re like
b u f f a lo o r w ild c o w s . T h e y s o m e t im e s
tra v e l to g e th e r in groups o f o v e r 500, and
w h e n t h e y a r e r u n n in g t h e y c a n r e a c h
sp ee d s o f 80 k ilo m e tre s p e r ho u r. T h e re
a re a lso lio n s , le o p a rd s , a n d im p a la s (a
kind o f a n te lo p e ). V e r v e t m o n k e ys, w h ic h
h a ve d a rk fa c e s and light g re y fu r, can be
fo u n d in s o u th e rn A fric a , and e le p h a n ts are com m on .
T h e re are p ro b le m s w h e n h u m an s and large an im a ls such as
e le p h a n ts , rh in o c e ro s e s an d w ild e b e e s ts s h a re th e s a m e land.
F a r m e r s ’ cro ps h a ve been d e stro y e d . Sho uld th e y be allo w e d to
kill th e s e la rg e a n im a ls ? S o m e a n im a ls a re b e c o m in g ra re and
m a y die out. 2 On th e o th e r hand, fa rm e rs also need to m a k e a
living. T h e re is no e a s y a n sw e r.
Food an d C u lture
%
T h e r e a r e m a n y s p e c ia l k in d s o f fo o d in s o u t h e r n A f r ic a . A
p o rrid g e m ad e o f g ro und co rn 3 is co m m o n . T his dish is s e rv e d
w it h m e a t g r a v y an d is c a lle d p ap . M e a t is v e r y im p o r t a n t to
so u th e rn A fr ic a n cooking. B o b o tie is m in c e m e a t w h ic h is b aked
w ith an egg topping. Bo erew o rs is a kind o f sp icy sausag e cooked
on a b arb ecu e. The c o u n try o f S o u th A fr ic a p ro d u ces w in e w h ic h
is v e r y good and is sold in te rn a tio n a lly .
Southern Africa
The people o f s o u th e rn A fr ic a love sp o rts. R u g b y and c ric k e t
.ire p o p u la r, an d so is s o c c e r. M u s ic an d d a n c in g a re a lso an
im p o rta n t p a rt o f life here. In th e 1980s th e m u sic o f th e c o u n try
ol S o u t h A f r i c a b e c a m e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y f a m o u s w h e n t h e
A m e r ic a n s in g e r P a u l S im o n r e c o r d e d an a lb u m ( G r a c e la n d ,
11>H6) w ith a S o u th A fric a n m u sical group called L a d y s m ith B la c k
M o m b a z o . T h e s u c c e s s o f t h is a lb u m le d t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l
■itte n tio n fo r m o re s o u th e rn A fric a n a rtis ts .
I .et’s look a t som e o f th e c o u n trie s o f S o u th e rn A fric a .
»outh A frica: The S t o r y
m ith A fr ic a w a s e s ta b lis h e d in 1909 and w a s a B r itis h colo ny,
i *«*( ore th is, n a tiv e A fr ic a n s live d here. T h e re w e r e also people
h o rn
H o l l a n d , G e r m a n y , B e lg iu m
and F ra n c e
— m a in ly
P r o t e s t a n t f a r m e r s w h o s e t t le d in S o u t h A f r i c a in t h e 17th
c e n tu r y w h e n th e D u tc h w e r e tra d in g in th e
are a. T h e y w e re called th e B o ers.
T he B ritis h began to be in te re s te d in th is
p a r t o f th e w o r ld
in t h e
1 9 th c e n t u r y ,
e s p e c ia lly a f t e r d iam o n d s w e re fo u n d in 1867
mid gold in 1884. W a r s w e r e fo u g h t b e tw e e n th e B r it is h , th e
liners and th e n a tiv e A fric a n s o v e r th is land, and th e B ritis h w on.
In
1931
S o u th
A f r ic a
becam e
in d ep en d en t. T h e re w e re th re e ra ces in
S o u th A fric a : A fr ik a n e r s , w h o w e re th e
d e sce n d an ts o f th e Boers, B ritis h people,
and n a tiv e A fric a n s. The n a tiv e A fric a n s
had th e high est p o p u latio n and w e re the
poorest. The s ys te m o f A p a rth e id began
in 1948 and co n tin u ed un til ab o u t 1990.
U n d e r th is s y s te m w h it e c itiz e n s liv e d
Nelson Mandela.
s e p a ra te ly fro m n o n - w h ite citiz e n s and
w h it e s h a d a ll th e p o w e r . N e ls o n M a n d e la p r o t e s t e d a g a in s t
A p arth eid , and w a s p ut in prison by th e g o v e rn m e n t fo r 27 y ears.
In 1990 N e ls o n M a n d e la w a s re le a s e d an d fo u r y e a r s la te r he
b ecam e th e fir s t B la c k p re sid e n t o f So u th A fric a .
The L a n g u ag e
E n g lish is sp o ken in S o u th A fric a , alon g w ith a la n g u ag e called
A fr ik a a n s , w h ic h is th e la n g u ag e o f th e A fr ik a n e r s an d is v e r y
close to D utch. S o u th A fr ic a has nine o th e r o ffic ia l lang uag es; all
o f th e m are n a tiv e A fric a n languages.
T h e E n g lis h a c c e n t is s p e c ia l to th is c o u n t r y an d th e r e a re
Places
K ru g er N a tio n a l P a rk is o v e r 2 0 ,0 0 0 sq u are k ilo m e tre s and has
m a n y w ild a n im a ls an d u n iq u e tre e s , in c lu d in g huge b a o b ab s.
U n til it sp lit in h a lf in 2009, th e la rg e st baob ab tre e in th e w o rld ,
I lie G le n c o e B a o b a b , w a s in K r u g e r P a r k . T h e t r u n k w a s 47
m etres aro u n d and 16 m e tre s across. (N o w th e la rg e st B ao b a b is
II u ■Su n lan d Bao b ab , also in S o u th A fric a .)
If yo u v is it So u th A fr ic a you could also ride an
ostrich in the tow n of Oudtshoorn in the w est or swim
w ith penguins at Boulders B each n ear Cape Tow n.
The W orld Cup
In 2 0 1 0 t h e F I F A W o r l d C u p , t h e w o r l d ’s b ig g e s t s o c c e r
c o m p e titio n , w a s held in S o u th A fr ic a — th e fir s t tim e a n y
A fric a n c o u n try had h o sted th e gam es. The 2010 W o r ld
Cup w a s a lso k n o w n f o r th e so u n d o f v u v u z e la s —
lo n g n o is y h o rn s . S o m e p e o p le w h o w a t c h e d th e
g a m e s a t h o m e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e ir T V s e ts w e r e
b roken b ecau se o f th e noise!
39
Sw azilan d an d L e s o th o
W it h in S o u th A f r ic a th e r e a re tw o sm all c o u n trie s w h ic h h a v e
t h e ir o w n t r a d it io n s a n d la w s . B o t h o f th e s e c o u n t r ie s h a v e
E n g lish as an o ffic ia l lang uag e, and both w e re once co lo n ies of
B r ita in . L e s o th o b e c a m e in d e p e n d e n t fro m B r it a in in 1966 and
S w a z ila n d in 1968.
S w a z ila n d is b o rd ere d by S o u th A fr ic a on th re e sides. It is a
c o u n t r y o f o n ly 1 7 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s , b u t y o u c a n fin d
m o u n ta in s, p lains and ra in fo re s ts here. S w a z ila n d is also k n o w n
fo r th e t r a d itio n o f th e R e e d D a n ce in A u g u st an d S e p te m b e r,
w h e n yo u n g girls c u t reeds, p re s e n t th e m to th e K in g ’s m o th er,
and dance.
L e s o th o is a n o t h e r s m a ll c o u n t r y in s id e S o u th A f r ic a . It is
so m e tim e s called th e M o u n ta in K in g d o m b ecause it is lo ca ted in
th e m o u n ta in s ; in fa c t, it is th e o n ly in d e p e n d e n t c o u n try w h ic h
is all m o u n ta in s. M ore th a n 7 5 % o f th e
land is a t le a st 1,800 m e tre s high.
B o th o f th e s e s m a ll c o u n trie s
h a d p r o b le m s r e c e n t l y . M a n y o f t h e
p e o p le a r e v e r y p o o r . A I D S is a ls o a
te r r ib le p ro b le m . H a lf o f all p eo p le aged
20-30 in S w a z ila n d h a ve th is d isease, and
a lm o s t a th ird o f th e p o p u la tio n o f Leso th o .
40
Southern Africa
N amibia
I nglish is a lso an o ffic ia l la n g u a g e in N a m ib ia . N a m ib ia w a s a
(ic r m a n c o lo n y fro m 1884 to 1915, w h e n it w a s ta k e n o v e r b y
*.outh A fric a , and it did no t gain in d ep en d en ce fro m So u th A fr ic a
until 1990. The c o u n try co v e rs o v e r 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 sq u are k ilo m e tre s
hut has a p o p u la tio n o f ab o u t 2 m illio n people, w h ic h is o n ly 2.5
people fo r e v e r y sq u are k ilo m e tre . N a m ib ia is m o s tly d ese rt; in
l.ict, th e sun s h in e s h e re fo r a b o u t 3 0 0 d a y s a y e a r . M in in g is
v e ry im p o rta n t to N a m ib ia — th e d e se rt a re a along th e c o a st is
one o f th e ric h e s t p laces fo r d iam o n d s on e a rth .
Z am bia a n d Zim babw e
I hese tw o c o u n trie s w e r e o n ce c a lle d N o r th e r n an d S o u th e r n
Mhodesia, a fte r Cecil Rhodes, w h o claim ed th e land fo r B rita in in
I
T o d a y both cou n tries still use English as an o fficia l language.
Moth o f th ese cou n tries are on high p lateau s of 900-1500 m etres,
'.iin b ia an d Z im b a b w e s h a r e th e b e a u tifu l V ic t o r ia F a lls , th e
l.irgest w a te rfa ll in the w orld. The falls are 1.6 k ilo m etres w id e and
MOO m etres high. In the Kololo language, th e y are called “ Mosi-oaI u n ya” , w h ich m eans ‘the th u n d e rin g sm o k e’.
Z a m b ia is n o rth o f Z im b ab w e . M o st o f th e people th e re live in
c itie s , e s p e c ia lly th e c a p ita l, L u s a k a . F o o tb a ll is im p o r t a n t to
Z am b ia n s, and th e ir te a m is v e r y good. In 1996 th e y w e re 15th in
th e w o rld , th e h ig h e s t e v e r f o r a te a m fro m s o u th e r n A f r ic a .
Peop le in Z a m b ia all ag ree th a t th e b e st te a m th e c o u n try e v e r
had w a s th e 1993 te a m . Sa d ly , th e te a m w e re all killed in a p lan e
cra sh th a t y e a r.
Z im b a b w e o n ly b ecam e in d e p e n d e n t in 1980. It has m a n y o f
t h e s a m e p r o b le m s as Z a m b ia a n d o t h e r S o u t h e r n A f r ic a n
c o u n trie s , e s p e c ia lly w ith fo o d s h o rta g e s . 4 T h e a c tio n s o f its
g o v e rn m e n t, such as a tta c k in g its o w n citiz en s, c o n tro llin g th e
m e d ia and th e co u rts, and killing p o litica l o p p onen ts, h a ve m ade
o th e r co u n trie s re fu se to tra d e w ith Z im b a b w e in th e p ast, and
th is has m ade its p ro b le m s w o rse .
B otsw an a
B o t s w a n a has a g ro w in g e c o n o m y an d a s tro n g c u ltu re . T h e re
are m a n y p ark s to p ro te c t th e a n im a ls th a t live th e re . T h e re is
C hobe N a tio n a l P a rk , w h ic h has th e m o st e le p h a n ts p er sq u are
k ilo m e t r e in th e w o r ld , a n d t h e r e a r e a ls o s p e c ia l p a r k s f o r
r h in o c e r o s e s a n d a n o t h e r o n e f o r
— B—— — — —
f la m in g o s . T h is is o n e o f t h e o n ly
p laces in th e w o rld w h e re yo u can still
see large p acks o f A fric a n w ild dogs.
The K a la h a ri D e s e rt co v e rs 7 0 % o f
th e land here, and people are w o rrie d
t h a t t h e d e s e r t is g r o w in g . N o o n e
k n o w s w h a t th is w ill to do th e people
or th e an im a ls o f B o ts w a n a .
4.
fo o d s h o rta g e s : w h e n food is difficult
t o find.
42
W 'I
—
11le text and b e y o n d
Q
C o m p r e h e n s io n
Match the statem ents (1-12) w ith the countries th ey are about (A-G).
You m ay use each cou ntry more than once.
A South Africa
B Swaziland
C Lesotho
E Zambia
F Zimbabwe
G Botsw ana
1
2
3
4
5
6
□
□
□
□
DNamibia
Afrikaans is spoken here.
This country is entirely in the mountains.
! Victoria Falls is here.
The country is very large and the population is small.
This country is extrem ely rich in diamonds.
W h ite citizens had more power than black citizens here for
m any years.
Tourists can ride ostriches and swim w ith penguins here.
Half of all people in their tw enties here have a serious disease.
9
10
11
12
|
| These countries were once named after an Englishman.
The sun shines for most of the year here.
| | This country is m ostly covered by the Kalahari Desert.
Is probably the best southern African country at football.
IIJ IN IT Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 5
Q
S p e a k in g - M u s ic
Prepare a short talk. Be sure th a t you answ er these questions. Practice
w ith a friend.
•
W h a t kind of music do you like?
•
W h y do you like it?
How long have you liked it?
•
W hich do you prefer — dance music or reggae? Classical music or
pop music? W h y ?
43
It w a s t h e firs t t im e t h a t a n y A fr ic a n c o u n tr y h a d h o s te d th e
W o r ld C u p . . .
W e often use the past perfect to show that an action happened before
an earlier action in the past. The past perfect is used w ith the simple
past in the same w a y that the present perfect is used w ith ‘now ’.
Q
P a s t p e r fe c t
Read the follo w in g sentences and choose p resent perfect, past
perfect, or simple past.
0
South Africans were happy when they heard that the com m ittee
..b.G.d.£.b.<?.$.en.. (choose) their country to host the W orld Cup.
1
I .......................(listen) to you long enough. It’s tim e for me to talk
now.
2
Stan reached for his phone and realised that h e .......................
(forget) it at home.
3
4
S u e ........................ (live) in Japan for ten years in the 1990s.
My lottery ticket won, but m y m o th e r.......................(throw ) it
aw ay the day before.
5
By the tim e the game ended, M a ra d o n a .......................(score) three
goals.
Q
W ritin g - a p o s tc a rd h o m e
Im agine th a t you have
been
in
co u n trie s
A fric a
the
d iffe re n t
of
so u th ern
fo r tw o
w eeks.
W h a t did you see and do?
H ow did you feel about
it? W rite a postcard to
your fam ily or a friend at
home.
R em em b er
to
w rite the address of the
person you are w ritin g to
in the box to the right.
44
I Jefore you read
O
W h a t d o y o u a lre a d y k n o w ?
Look at the names of these eastern and w estern A frican countries. Do
you know anything about th em ? W h a t do th e y m ake you th in k o f? (For
example, G hana might make you th in k of chocolate or coffee. Or you
might know some of these countries from the news.) W o rk w ith a
friend. If you can only th in k of a fe w w ords in connection w ith one or
I wo of these countries, don’t w o rry. Y ou’ll know a lot more a fte r you
read this chapter.
Kenya ............................
Ghana ............................
Sudan ............................
Nigeria...................... ......
I he G a m b ia ............................
Lib eria............................
Sierra Leo n e............................
O
W h a t is it?
The following words and phrases are used in Chapter 4. W h a t do you
t hink th ey are? Make guesses and fill in the blanks. A fte r you read the
chapter, check your answ ers — w ere you righ t?
1
Things Fall A p art is a .............................
2
The Super Eagles are a .............................
3
Kente is a type o f .............................
4
Lagos is a .............................
5
Maasai is the name of a .............................
6
Blood Diam ond is a .............................
45
Eastern and
Western Africa
From the quiet o f safari
dawns to the bright
lights o f Lagos...
(j H H
www.blackcat-cideb.com
T h e re a re m a n y m o re A fr ic a n c o u n trie s t h a t use En g lis h as an
o ffic ia l language. T h ese are fo u n d n e a r th e e a st
and w e s t c o a sts o f A fric a . Like th e co u n trie s
o f th e s o u th , m o s t o f th e s e p la c e s w e r e
o n c e c o lo n ie s
o f B r it a in ,
and
m any
b ecam e in d e p e n d e n t in th e 1960s.
M o s t s c ie n t is t s a g r e e t h a t t h e
f ir s t h u m a n s on e a r t h a p p e a r e d in
e a s t e r n A f r ic a , w h ic h is an a r e a o f
g re a t n a tu ra l b eau ty, w ith m o u n ta in s
a n d p la i n s , a n d la r g e d e e p la k e s .
Peop le com e fro m all o v e r th e w o rld
to go on s a fa ri and see th is land, and
th e an im a ls th a t live th ere .
46
Eastern and Western Africa jfl
I’he w e s te rn p a rt o f A fr ic a is also b ea u tifu l, and m o st o f th e
Kind is fla t. T h e tw o m a in re lig io n s a re Is la m and C h ris tia n ity ;
M u d im s o fte n w e a r th e flo w in g 1 robes called Boubou a t special
lim es. S o c c e r is p o p u lar, and m a n y c o u n trie s in w e s te rn A fr ic a
11 v'ularly a p p e a r a t th e F IF A W o r ld Cup.
There are p ro b lem s in e a s te rn and w e s te rn A fric a , as w e ll as
in so u th ern A fric a . M a n y o f th e people are poor. Also, A ID S is a
•Linger, b ut it is n o t as c o m m o n as in s o u th e rn A fric a . B u t th e
m o s t serio us p rob lem , e s p e c ia lly in th e w e s t, is w a r. In th e p ast
I ( n ty y e a rs th e re h a ve been w a rs b e tw e e n c o u n trie s and te rrib le
civil w a rs , such as th e N ig e ria n C iv il W a r (1967-1970) an d th e
First and Seco n d Lib e rian Civil W a r s (1989-1996 an d 1999-2003).
M .in y o f t h e c o u n t r ie s o f e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n A f r i c a h a v e
exp erienced sad losses o f lives and vio le n ce . S o m e tim e s ch ild ren
under ten y e a rs old w e re ta k e n fro m th e ir fa m ilie s and used as
soldiers in th e s e w a rs .
L e t ’s lo ok a t th e E n g lis h - sp e a k in g c o u n trie s o f e a s te r n and
w e s te rn A fric a .
I.
flo w in g : usually s o m e t h in g long t h a t m o v e s w ith t h e wind.
The Englishspeaking
W orld
E a s t A frica: K enya
T he land o f K e n y a is m ad e up o f plains, p latea u s, and m o u n ta in s.
M o u n t K e n y a is A f r ic a ’s second h ig h est m o u n ta in . Y o u can also
see M o u n t K ilim a n ja ro , th e h ig h e st m o u n ta in in A fric a , in n e a rb y
T a n z an ia , fro m K e n y a .
K e n y a is b e s t k n o w n f o r it s s a f a r is , e s p e c ia ll y in T s a v o
N a tio n a l P a rk . T h is p a rk is 2 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a re k ilo m e tre s . Y o u can
fin d e le p h a n ts , lio n s, b u ffa lo s , le o p a rd s , an d rh in o c e ro s e s , as
w e ll as c h e e ta h s , g ira ffe s , g az elle s, h y e n a s , hip p os an d zeb ras
here. T h e re are also 500 kinds o f birds. V is ito rs to K e n y a m ake
up an im p o rta n t p a rt o f its eco n o m y, and m o st o f th e m com e to
see th e c o u n try ’s b e a u tifu l n a tu re and an im als.
K e n y a is a ls o f a m o u s f o r c o f f e e a n d t e a ,
w h ic h b ring a lot o f m o n e y to th e eco n o m y.
K e n y a ’s M a a s a i p e o p le a re w e ll k n o w n ,
t h o u g h t h e y a r e n o t a la r g e p a r t o f t h e
p o p u la tio n . The M a a sa i are no m ad ic, w h ic h m e an s th e y
m o ve fro m p lace to p lace and d o n ’t h a ve a p e rm a n e n t hom e.
M aasai.
Eastern and Western Africa
T h e y w e a r c o lo u r fu l c lo th e s a n d a re w e ll k n o w n f o r t h e ir
dancing and th e ir u n usu al je w e lle ry .
K e n y a n s are also fa m o u s fo r sp o rts. T h e y are am o n g th e b est
In the w o rld a t long d is ta n c e and m idd le d is ta n c e ru nning . K e n y a
w as A f r ic a ’s m o st su ccessfu l c o u n try a t th e 2 0 0 8 O lym p ics.
B a r a c k O b am a, th e A m e ric a n p re s id e n t, is p a r t K e n y a n . H is
la th e r w a s fro m th is c o u n try . So m e o th e r fa m o u s K e n y a n s are
the w r ite r Ngugi w a T h io n g ’o fo r his 1964 n o vel W eep N o t C h ild ,
about K e n y a n life u n d e r B r itis h rule, and C a th e rin e N d ereb a , a
g reat a th le te w h o w o n th e B o s to n M a ra th o n fo u r tim e s.
l a s t A frica: U g a n d a
U g a n d a is o f t e n c a lle d
‘T h e P e a r l o f A f r i c a ’ .
I ake V ic t o r ia is on th e
U g a n d a n b o r d e r . T h is
la k e is 6 8 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e
k ilo m e t r e s a n d is t h e
la r g e s t la k e in A f r i c a
and th e s e c o n d la rg e s t
on e a r t h , a f t e r L a k e
Su p e rio r, w h ic h lies on
th e
b o rd e r
b e tw e e n
C a n a d a an d th e U S A .
l or y e a r s U g a n d a w a s
one o f th e p o o re st c o u n trie s in th e w o rld ,
but its e c o n o m y h as im p r o v e d r e c e n t ly
Fishers on
Lake Victoria.
and h ea lth ca re is also im p ro vin g .
Bu t th e re are still p ro b lem s — u n til re c e n tly th e re w a s te rrib le
lig h tin g in th e n o rth and c h ild re n w e r e o fte n used as so ld iers.
I here are also la w s w h ic h are u n fa ir to m a n y U g an d an citizens.
49
E a s t A frica: S u d an an d S o u th Sud an
Su d a n b ecam e in d e p en d en t fro m B rita in in 1956. N o w it is rich in
oil. Su d a n is hom e to th e a n c ie n t N u bian cultu re, w h ic h goes b ack
th o u sa n d s o f y e a rs . M uch o f S u d a n is m ad e up o f p lain s an d is
v e r y dry. In th e N u b ian D ese rt s a n d sto rm s can block out th e sun.
Su d a n has gone th ro u g h w a rs w ith o th e r c o u n trie s an d civil
w a r. T h e re are tw o m ain e th n ic groups: M u slim s in th e n o rth and
C h r is t ia n s in th e s o u th . In J u ly 2011 th e c o u n t r y d iv id e d an d
S o u th Su d a n b ecam e an in d e p e n d e n t sta te .
W e s t A frica: N igeria
N ig e ria has a high p o p u latio n ; in fa c t, one in e v e r y fo u r A fric a n s
is N ig e rian and 2 0 % o f all th e B la c k people in th e w o rld live here.
T h e re are 36 s ta te s w ith in N ig eria, and 521 lang uag es are spoken
here. The m ain relig iou s groups are M uslim s, w h o m a in ly live in
th e n o rth e rn p a rt o f th e co u n try , an d C h ristia n s, w h o live in th e
south.
Oil production facility
in Southern Sudan.
A b o u t h a lf o f th e
people in N ig e ria live
III c itie s . T h e b ig g e st
c ity is L a g o s , w it h a
p o p u la t i o n
of
8
m illion. The e c o n o m y
ol
th e
c o u n try
is
g ro w ing q uickly.
N ig eria is also rich
m oil, and th e re has been v io le n c e in th e n o rth , w h ic h is th e p a rt
oi the c o u n try w h e re th e re is th e m o st oil, as d if f e r e n t e th n ic
pi <>ups h a ve trie d to ta k e c o n tro l o f th is v a lu a b le area. T h e re has
also been v io le n c e in th e re st o f th e c o u n try o v e r th e p a s t fo r ty
y . i r s as d iffe re n t eth n ic groups and people o f d iffe re n t relig ion s
have fo u g h t a g a in s t each o th e r.
I lie C ulture
N ig erian c u ltu re goes b a c k th o u s a n d s o f y e a rs , an d in m o d e rn
lim e s it is s till g ro w in g an d c h a n g in g . N ig e ria has b een c a lle d
'I he H e a rt o f A fric a n M u s ic ’. T h e re are h u n d red s o f v a r ie tie s o f
I oik and pop m usic. The c o u n try is an im p o rta n t c e n tre fo r th e
m u sic b u s in e s s , as w e ll as f o r T V s t a t io n s a n d n e w s p a p e r s .
Lo o ks by N ig e ria n w r it e r s a re re a d b y p eo p le a ro u n d th e
world, e s p e cia lly C hin u a A ch ebe, w h o se book Things F a ll
A p art (1958) w a s tra n s la te d in to 4 0 languages.
As
fo r
s p o rts ,
In o t b a ll is p o p u la r ,
und N ig e ria ’s fo o tb all
H im ,
th e
Super
I a g le s , h a s t a k e n p a r t in th e
I I FA W o rld Cup fo u r tim es.
#
The Englishspeaking
W orld
West Africa: Ghana
G h a n a w a s o n c e c a l l e d ‘T h e G o ld C o a s t ’ , a n d it b e c a m e
in d e p e n d e n t fro m B r ita in in 1957.
G h a n a h a s a li v e l y c u lt u r e a n d is k n o w n f o r s in g in g a n d
dancing. M ak in g cloth is also im p o rta n t to th e cu ltu re in G h an a,
e s p e c ia lly th e clo th called kente. D iffe re n t co lo u rs o f th is clo th
m ean d iffe re n t things, fo r exam ple, y e llo w m e an s ‘h o lin e ss ’, blue
m e a n s ‘p e a c e ’, re d is f o r s t r o n g f e e lin g s a n d p u r p le is f o r
healing. 2 The p a tte rn s o f k en te cloth are so m e tim e s used to send
m essag es or tell sto ries.
W e s t A frica: The G am b ia
T h e G a m b i a is a v e r y s m a l l
n a rr o w c o u n try w h ich is on th e
G a m b ia n R iv e r . It c o v e r s o n ly
1 0 ,0 0 0 s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s . In
th e p a s t th is c o u n t r y w a s th e
p la c e w h e r e m o s t s la v e s h ip s
s a ile d to A m e r i c a a n d o t h e r
co lo n ies. T h e re w a s fig h tin g in The G a m b ia in th e 1990s w h e n
th e g o v e r n m e n t w a s t a k e n o v e r b y th e m ilit a r y . N o w it is a t
peace, but it is a poor c o u n try .
W e s t A frica: Liberia
The n a m e fo r L ib e ria co m es fro m th e L a tin w o rd ‘lib e r’, w h ic h
m e an s ‘f r e e ’. The c o u n try w a s s ta rte d by som e A m e ric a n slaves
a f t e r th e y b ecam e fre e . T h e y d ecid e d t h a t th e y d id n ’t w a n t to
live in A m e ric a b ecause o f racism , and so th e y cam e to A fr ic a to
2.
52
h e a lin g : som ething th at makes you feel b e tte r if you are sick or hurt.
Eastern and Western Africa
m ake a n e w life fo r th e m se lve s. L ib e ria is one o f th e fe w A fric a n
c o u n trie s th a t w a s n e v e r a co lo n y o f Euro pe.
T h e B l a c k p e o p le w h o c a m e h e r e in 1 82 2 t h o u g h t o f
t h e m s e lv e s as A m e ric a n s . T h e y ch o se a g o v e rn m e n t t h a t w a s
like th e s y s te m in A m e ric a and th e ir flag re sem b le s th e A m e ric a n
flag.
T h e re h a ve been te rrib le p ro b lem s in Lib e ria b ecau se o f civil
w a rs w h ic h b eg an in 1989 an d la s te d fo r m a n y y e a rs . A group
called W o m e n o f L ib e ria M ass A c tio n fo r P e a c e help ed to sto p
th ese w a rs , and in 2003 th e re w a s peace. In 2005 Ellen Jo h n so n
S h irle y b ecam e th e fir s t fe m a le p re s id e n t o f an A fric a n c o u n try .
W e s t A frica: S ie r r a Leone
S ie rr a Leo n e w a s a B ritis h c o lo n y fo r s la v e s fro m A m e ric a w h o
b e c a m e f r e e . E n g lis h is s p o k e n b y 9 5 % o f th e p o p u la tio n in
schools and in b usiness, b ut a t hom e o th e r languages, like K rio,
w h ich is a m ix o f En g lish and n a tiv e languages, are o fte n spoken.
F ro m 1991 u n til 2001 th e r e w a s c iv il w a r in S ie r r a Leo n e, an d
o v e r 5 0 ,0 0 0 people w e re killed. C hild ren
w e r e o ft e n used as s o ld ie rs . P e o p le on
b o th s id e s o f t h e w a r e a r n e d m o n e y
fro m sellin g d iam o n d s illeg ally, and th is
n e lp e d t h e w a r to c o n t in u e f o r m a n y
y ears. D iam o n d s w h ic h w e re b ought and
s o ld
in
t h is
w ay
are
c a lle d
‘ b lo o d
: :a m o n d s \ In 2 0 0 5 t h e A m e r ic a n ra p
s t a r K a n y e W e s t w r o t e a s o n g c a lle d
D ia m o n d s fro m S ie r r a Leo n e a b o u t th is
p r o b le m .
In
2006
th e
f ilm
B lo o d
D ia m o n d , w h ic h w a s set in S ie rr a Leone,
also to ld th is s to ry.
T he text and b e y o n d
P E T O C o m p re h e n sio n
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem ent is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A
1
Children have fought as soldiers in some African wars.
2
Most of the people who live in Kenya are Maasai.
3
Barack Obama w as born in Kenya.
4
Sudan recently became tw o counties.
5
Nigerians make up 25% of the population of Africa.
6
The colours of some kinds of cloth in Ghana have
B
special meanings.
7
Q
Liberia was never a colony of England.
W h ich c o u n try ?
Fill in the blanks w ith the name of the right country and find the name
of a m ineral w hich has brought m oney but also trouble to several
A frican countries.
1
2
T h e ‘pearl of A frica’___________________________ ___________
Home of the first female African
_____________
president
3
A centre of the music business
_____________
4
A tiny country which was once
_______ __________
connected w ith the slave trade
5
Once a British colony for Am erican___________ ___________ __________
slaves
6
A fam ous place for safaris____________________ _________
7
V ery rich in oil
54
_________
fin
<1
© Liste n in g
|
You w ill hear a guide talking to a group of people w ho are beginning a
safari h o lid ay in K enya. Fo r each q uestion, fill in th e m issing
inform ation in the num bered space.
Kenya Dream Safari
The safari holiday is (1 )
days long.
Day One:
Breakfast is served at ( 2 )
in the dining room.
The safari leaves at 7:30 am - please don’t be late!
A (3 )
will be provided for you during the safari.
There is a very good chance of seeing ( 4 )
or ( 5 ) ..........
W e return to the lodge at 4:30 pm.
Feel free to use the ( 6 ) ............
Dinner is served at 6 pm.
Another safari leaves at ( 7 ) ............
© P lan yo u r jo u rn e y (part 3)
Look at Chapters 3 and 4 again. Im agine you have tw o weeks in Africa.
W h a t countries w ill you v is it? H ow long w ill you spend in each place?
W h a t w ill you do th e re ? W h a t w ill you see?
Fill in the table and com pare w ith a friend.
Country
Length of tim e
W h a t yo u ’ll do
yo u ’ll stay
and see there
55
B e fo r e you read
Q
S p e a k in g
Everyone has an opinion about Am erica. W h a t ’s yo u rs?
1
W rite down the first three words you think of when someone says
‘Am erica’. Compare your words w ith a friend, and w ith the class.
W hich words are used most often?
2
Do you have an opinion about Am erica or Am ericans? Talk about it
w ith a friend. Talk for one m inute each.
3
Do you w atch Am erican TV program m es? If so, which ones? How
about Am erican m ovies? Do you listen to Am erican m usic? If so,
which singers or groups? Think of answers for these questions and
then ask a friend.
4
W h a t Am erican places do you know ? W rite down as m any as you
can in one minute. Compare your list w ith a friend’s.
5
Have you been to Am erica or Canada? W hen did you go? W h a t part
did you visit? If you’ve visited the U SA or Canada, tell the class
about it in a few sentences.
6
W hich Am erican or Canadian places do you think will appear in this
chapter?
Q V o ca b u la ry -
S p o rts
M atch the picture of the sport (A-D) w ith its name (1-4).
W h ich sport is the toughest (rough and dangerous)? W h ich needs the
m ost protective gear?
1 basketball
56
2 Am erican football
3 hockey
4 baseball
The USA
and Canada
Britain s form er colonies
grow up.
The USA
0©
Ih e le tte rs ‘U S A ’ sta n d fo r ‘U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a ’.
A m e r ic a is t h e w o r l d ’s la r g e s t e c o n o m y a n d it is a v e r y
p o w e r f u l c o u n t r y . P e o p le a r o u n d t h e w o r ld b u y A m e r i c a n
p ro d u cts and w a tc h A m e ric a n m o vie s and T V p ro g ra m m e s . B u t
w h a t do w e re a lly k n o w ab o u t A m e ric a ?
U nited S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a : The S t o r y
A! f ir s t th e o n ly p e o p le w h o liv e d in N o r th A m e r ic a w e r e th e
n a tiv e p e o p le . E u ro p e a n s b e g a n to a r r iv e in th e 16th c e n tu ry .
I ranee, Eng lan d , H o llan d and S p a in s e n t people to A m e ric a and
I h e y s e t up c o lo n ie s . B u t a f t e r s e v e r a l w a r s a n d b a r g a in s
b e t w e e n c o u n t r ie s , a ll t h e c o lo n ie s in N o r t h A m e r ic a w e r e
( o n tro lled b y B rita in , ex cep t F ra n c e ’s co lo n y o f Lo u isian a.
57
The Colonies of America rebel against Britain.
A f t e r a tim e th e co lo n is ts s ta rte d to th in k o f th e m s e lv e s as
A m e ric a n s ra th e r th a n En g lish m en , and so th e y d ecid ed to stop
p ay in g ta x e s to B rita in . In 1775 th e A m e ric a n R e v o lu tio n began
w ith a p ro te s t in B o s to n . Six y e a rs la te r A m e ric a w o n th is w a r
and b ecam e an in d e p e n d e n t c o u n try .
B u t t h e r e w e r e p r o b le m s . M o s t o f t h e w o r k on la rg e
A m e r ic a n f a r m s in th e S o u t h w a s d o n e b y s la v e s f r o m
A fr ic a . N a tiv e A m e ric a n s w e r e also v e r y
b ad ly tre a te d . O nce th e re w e re aro u n d
18 m illio n n a t iv e p e o p le in th e U S A .
N o w t h e y a re r o u g h ly 1% o f th e
p o p u latio n , a p p ro x im a te ly 2.5 m illion.
M a n y n a tiv e people died in w a rs w ith
th e B ritis h and th e A m e ric a n co lo n ists. M a n y
m o re w e re killed by d ise a se s t h a t E u ro p e a n s
b ro u g h t to th e N e w W o r ld w ith th e m .
The In d ia n W a r s , w h ich to o k place in th e east
fro m 1775-1842 and in th e w e s t fro m 1823-1918,
The USA and Canada
w e re c o n flic ts b e tw e e n
I he A m e ric a n g o v e rn m e n t
.md the N a tiv e A m erican s.
I .in d
w as
ta k e n
fro m
N .itiv e A m e r ic a n s an d a t
least 3 0 ,0 0 0 o f th e m w e re
I ille d .
In t h e
( c n tu ry
m id - 1 9 th
th e
f ir s t
r e s e r v a t io n s w e r e s e t up
s m a ll a r e a s
o f la n d
w h ic h w e r e s e t a s id e f o r
N a tive A m e ric a n s .
T h e re w a s also tro u b le
b e tw e e n
th e
n o rth e rn
•dates a n d t h e s o u t h e r n
tates o f A m e ric a . In 1860
(h e r e w a s c iv il w a r . O n e
r e a s o n f o r t h is w a r w a s
• d avery. M a n y p e o p le in
Ih e N o rth d is a g re e d w ith
23S
SIT T IN G
BULL.,
KS*T
S W I F T
M
l-nu-lton-yi.il Chler.
J U L I U S
B E A R ,
S P O T T E D
«
■
>
!
'.
R E D CLO UD ,
M E Y E R ,
Chief.
IKOI^S^l^fiKPBElES, Tradt* 4 Bissau » iKten, e«oti» and Japawrw CurtMlttw,
.lavery, b ut it w a s co m m o n in th e So u th . The
N o r th w o n th e C iv il W a r . T h e n th e s la v e s
w e r e f r e e , b u t t h e y c o n t in u e d to h a v e
TA
llroulo Chief.
Some of the most
important Native
American chiefs
in a 1875 photo.
p ro b le m s w i t h r a c is m . S o m e w e n t to th e
L i b e r ia o r t h e c o lo n y o f S i e r r a L e o n e in
Af rica, b ut m o st o f th e m s ta y e d in A m e ric a .
A f t e r th e C iv il W a r , A m e r ic a b e c a m e ric h an d s tro n g , an d
people fro m m a n y c o u n trie s w e n t th e re to live.
N o w A m e ric a is a land o f m a n y d iffe re n t ra ce s — a t le a st six
m a jo r ra ces are listed b y th e U S C ensus B u re au . T he p re s id e n t
o f A m e r i c a is B a r a c k O b a m a , t h e f i r s t B l a c k ( o r A f r i c a n
A m e ric a n ) p re s id e n t o f th e U SA .
59
A m e r ic a :
The Land,
t h e Peop le a n d
t h e L an g u ag e
1
A m e ric a has f if t y
s ta t e s , an d a lm o s t
e v e ry s ta te
is t h e
size o f a c o u n try . In
2011, th e p o p u la tio n
o f A m e r ic a w a s 3 1 2 ,3 3 3 ,0 0 0 . A m e r ic a c o v e r s a hu ge a r e a o f
a lm o s t 10 m illio n sq u are k ilo m e tre s , an a re a a lm o s t as large as
th e w h o le c o n tin e n t o f E u ro p e . T h e re a re f o r e s ts , m o u n ta in s ,
plain s, d e se rt, b each e s, th e islan d o f H a w a ii an d s n o w c o v e re d
land in A lask a. A n d o f course, th e re are A m e ric a ’s fa m o u s cities.
E n g lis h h a s th e h ig h e s t n u m b e r o f s p e a k e r s . T h e s e c o n d
b iggest lang uag e is Sp an ish , w ith o v e r 3 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 sp ea kers, and
th e th ird is C hinese, w ith a p p ro x im a te ly 2 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 .
M a n y w o r d s in A m e r i c a n
E n g lis h a re t a k e n fr o m
th e
lang uag es o f people w h o cam e fro m o th e r c o u n trie s to live here.
F o r ex am p le th e w o rd s ‘k lu tz ’ (a c lu m s y 1 p erso n ), ‘s c h m u c k ’ (a
lo s e r ), an d ‘c h u tz p a h ’ (o v e r - c o n f id e n c e ) c o m e fro m a J e w is h
lang uag e called Y id d ish , w h ic h w a s f ir s t spoken b y Je w is h people
in E u r o p e a n d is v e r y c lo s e t o G e r m a n . N a t i v e A m e r i c a n
lang uag es h a ve b ro u g h t w o rd s like ‘p e c a n ’ and ‘c h ip m u n k ’ (b oth
fro m O jib w a ), as w e ll as ‘to b o g g a n ’ (a long sled ) an d ‘c a r ib o u ’
(fro m M ic m a c ). T h e w o rd ‘s lo g a n ’ (a p h ra s e w h ic h is
used in a d v e rtis in g ) com es fro m th e G a e lic
w o rd slogdy or ‘p h ra s e ’. T he list cou ld go
on an d on.
1.
60
c lu m s y : when som eone is always dropping things.
The USA and Canada
Pe o p le w h o h a v e o n ly le a rn e d B r itis h E n g lis h m a y fin d t h a t
there are h u n d red s o f w o rd s fro m d a ily life t h a t a re d iffe re n t in
N orth A m e ric a . A s ittin g ro om in B r ita in is a livin g ro om in N o rth
48*
A m erica; a B ritis h bin is an A m e ric a n g arb age can; ju m p e rs and
ru n n e rs in B r it a in b eco m e s w e a te r s and s n e a k e rs on th e o th e r
side o f th e A tla n tic .
Food, S p o rts , Movies, Music in A m e r ic a
The food in th e U S A has a lot o f v a r ie ty . E v e ry o n e
k n o w s a b o u t A m e r ic a n f a s t fo o d : h a m b u r g e r s ,
h o td o g s an d F re n c h frie s . B u t y o u c a n also fin d
food fro m e v e r y c o u n try in th e w o rld here. Ita lia n , C h in ese and
M exican food a re v e r y popular.
Sp o rts are p art o f life in A m erica. Baseb all is th e n a tio n a l sport.
O v e r 18 m illio n p e o p le a t t e n d e d b a s e b a ll g a m e s in 2010 a n d
p la y e rs ’ s a la rie s can be as high as 32 m illio n d o lla rs a y e a r. F o r
m an y A m erican s, baseball is an im p o rta n t p art o f the sum m er.
A m e r i c a n f o o t b a l l is p la y e d in t h e a u t u m n a n d w i n t e r .
A m e ric a n fo o tb a ll is a b it like ru g b y, b u t th e g am es a re lo n g er
(s o m e tim e s up to 3 h o u rs), th e ru les
a r e m o r e d i f f i c u l t a n d t h e p la y is
tougher. This is w h y A m erican football
players need so m uch p rotective gear. 2
O th er im p o rta n t sports are basketball,
footb all (this is called ‘s o cce r’ in N o rth
A m e r ic a ) a n d ic e - h o c k e y ( w h ic h is
u s u a lly o n ly c a lle d ‘h o c k e y ’ on th is
side o f th e A tla n tic).
2.
p r o t e c t iv e g e a r : extra covering you
wear to keep from getting hurt in
sports.
61
A m e ric a m o vie s are sh o w n in cin e m a s all o v e r th e w o rld , and
m o st p eop le k n o w th e fa c e s o f A m e ric a n s ta rs . H o lly w o o d is a
n e ig h b o u r h o o d in Lo s A n g e le s w h e r e p e o p le b e g a n m a k in g
m o v ie s in 1909. S in c e t h a t tim e A m e r ic a n m o v ie s h a v e m a d e
m o r e m o n e y t h a n a n y o t h e r c o u n t r y ’s f ilm s . T h e b ig g e s t
H o lly w o o d f ilm s o f th e p a s t t w e n t y y e a r s h a v e b e e n A v a t a r
(2 0 0 9 ), w h ic h m a d e ro u g h ly 7.6 b illio n d o lla rs , T ita n ic (1 99 8),
w it h 6 b illio n , a n d The D a r k K n ig h t (2 0 0 8 ) w h ic h m a d e
a p p ro x im a te ly 5.3 billion.
D is n e y s tu d io s in H o lly w o o d m a k e c h ild r e n ’s film s . T h e s e
m o v ie s h a v e b e e n p a r t o f p e o p le ’s c h ild h o o d s f o r y e a r s . T h is
began w ith th e fir s t M ic k e y M ouse
W a ll- E th e ro b o t e ig h ty y e a rs la te r
Ja z z b eg an a t th e b e g in n in g
o f th e 2 0 th c e n t u r y in A f r ic a n
A m e r i c a n a r e a s as a f o r m o f
m u sic th a t m ixed E u ro p e a n and
A f r ic a n s t y le s . B lu e s , a n o t h e r
fo rm
of
A fr ic a n
A m e r ic a n
m u sic, s ta r t e d in th e s o u th e rn
s t a t e s a t t h e e n d o f t h e 19th
ce n tu ry .
In th e 1950s ro ck and
ro ll b e c a m e p o p u la r, an d n o w
A m e r ic a n r o c k an d p op s o n g s
a re h e a rd a lm o s t e v e r y w h e r e .
i!
62
The USA and Canada
E a rly ro ck s ta rs w e re E lv is P re s le y and C huck B e rry . Rap, or hiphop, w h ic h uses sp o ke n w o rd s a g a in s t a s tro n g b eat, b eg an in
A frican A m e ric a n neig h b o u rh o o d s in N e w Y o rk and Los A n geles
in the la te 70s an d is n o w p o p u la r all o v e r th e w o rld .
A m e ric a has also p rod uced m a n y w r ite rs and th in k e rs. T h e re
are to o m a n y to lis t h e re , b u t so m e w e ll k n o w n
w rite rs are M a rk T w a in , E rn e s t H e m in g w a y and
I oni M o rriso n , w h o w o n th e Nobel Prize in 1993.
A m e ric a n p la c e s
E a s t. N e w Y o r k C ity is th e h o m e o f o v e r 8 m illio n p eop le, and
o v e r 8 0 0 la n g u a g e s a re s p o k e n h e re . It is on e o f th e w o r ld ’s
c e n tre s fo r a rt, fa s h io n , shop p ing , food , e d u c a tio n , s p o rts and
b u sin ess. T h e U n ite d N a tio n s is h e re , an d so is th e N e w Y o r k
Sto ck Ex ch an g e and m a n y o th e r fa m o u s sights. Peop le call it ‘th e
c ity th a t n e v e r sle e p s’ b ecau se it is a lw a y s busy. Pe op le also s a y
I hat you can fin d a n y th in g in th e w o rld in N e w Y o rk , a t a n y ho ur
of th e d a y or night.
New York, The Brooklyn Bridge.
W a s h in g to n , DC, is th e c e n tre o f g o v e rn m e n t in A m e ric a . ‘D C ’
s ta n d s fo r ‘D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia ’, w h ic h does n o t belong to a n y
s t a t e . In W a s h in g t o n DC y o u c a n fin d th e W h i t e H o u s e , th e
C ap ital D om e, and sig hts such as th e Lin co ln M e m o ria l and th e
W a s h in g to n M o n u m e n t.
S o u th . T e x a s is a huge s ta t e in th e A m e r ic a n S o u th w h e re
t w e n t y - f iv e m illio n p e o p le liv e . M a n y W e s t e r n s (m o v ie s w it h
c o w b o ys ) are set in Texas.
A riz o n a is a n o t h e r s o u th e rn s ta te . It is h o m e to th e G ra n d
C an yon , a deep 1,800 m e tre ca n y o n w h ic h is v is ite d b y 5 m illio n
people e v e r y y e a r. T he v ie w s are u n fo rg e tta b le .
Las V eg as is a c ity in th e m idd le o f th e N e v a d a D e s e rt w h ic h is
fa m o u s fo r b rig h t lights and g am bling. 3 The c ity o f N e w O rle a n s
in L o u is ia n a w a s o n c e o n e o f t h e m o s t b e a u t i f u l c i t i e s in
A m e r ic a , a n d it h a s its o w n s p e c ia l c u ltu r e , m u s ic an d fo o d .
U n f o r t u n a t e ly it w a s b a d ly d a m a g e d b y H u r r ic a n e K a t r in a in
2005 and people are still w o rk in g to re p a ir it.
W e s t. The s ta te o f C a lifo rn ia is on th e w e s t co a st. C a lifo rn ia
has th e h ig h e st p o p u la tio n o f a n y s ta te in th e U S A : 37 m illio n .
C a lifo rn ia is s u n n y and its b each e s a re fam o u s. T he c ity o f Los
A ngeles, hom e o f H o lly w o o d , is here. Sa n F ra n c is c o is also in
C a lifo rn ia . It is k n o w n fo r its lo v e ly buildings, g re a t
fo o d , an d s te e p h ills. T h e G o ld e n G a te B rid g e is a
fa m o u s sig ht o f Sa n Fra n cisco .
3.
g a m b lin g : when people win or lose money by
playing games or guessing winners.
:
N o rth . F a r th e r n o rth on th e w e s t c o a st yo u
can fin d g ia n t R e d w o o d fo r e s ts . R e d w o o d s a re
trees th a t can live fo r o v e r a th o u sa n d y e a rs and
( an g ro w to be 115 m e tre s high and 9 m e tre s across.
The G re a t Lakes are in th e n o rth , in th e c e n tre o f th e
co u n try. T h e y are th e 5 la rg e st lakes on e a rth . In to ta l
they c o v e r 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 sq u are k ilo m e tre s. The U S A sh ares
these lakes, and N ia g a ra Falls, w ith C anada.
The c ity o f C hicago is on La ke M ichigan. It is a c e n tre
lo r business, cu ltu re, sp o rts and m usic.
N ia g a r a F a lls is t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l w a t e r f a l l in
N orth A m e rica . O v e r 12 m illio n p eople com e to v is it th e
falls each y e a r. In th e p a s t th e y w e re a p o p u lar p lace
for h o n eym o o n s. If yo u go to N ia g a ra Falls yo u can go
on a b o a t c a lle d The M a id o f the M ist. T h is b o a t w ill
t ake you u n d e r th e falls. W e a r a ra in c o a t!
Canada
To th e n o r t h o f A m e r ic a
t h e r e is a n o t h e r E n g lish s p ea k in g c o u n try w ith its
o w n la w s and w a y o f life.
It m a y s e e m s i m i l a r t o
A m e r ic a ,
but
c o u n tr ie s
th e
are
tw o
v e ry
d iffe re n t places.
C a n a d a : The S t o r y
a n d t h e Land
C a n a d a w a s also a co lo n y o f B rita in , but large
p a rts o f it w e re held b y F ra n c e fo r m a n y y e a rs. In th e late
18th c e n tu ry B r ita in w a s a t w a r a g a in s t F ra n ce, and in 1763
it to o k o v e r th e F re n c h colo n ies in C an ad a, b ut th e people w h o
lived th e re kep t th e ir lang uag e and cu sto m s. N o w in th e p ro v in c e
o f Q u e b e c m o s t p e o p le s p e a k F r e n c h , a n d y o u c a n a ls o fin d
F re n c h s p ea k ers in p a rts o f th e e a st co a st. O v e r th e y e a rs m o re
p eo p le c a m e to C a n a d a an d b ro u g h t t h e ir o w n la n g u a g e s an d
tra d itio n s . N o w it is th o u g h t to be one o f th e b est p laces to live
in th e w o rld .
The USA and Canada
C an a d a c o v e rs a lm o s t 10 m illio n sq u are k ilo m e tre s and 6 tim e
/ones. M o s t p eo p le live clo se to th e b o rd e r w ith A m e ric a . T h e
t e r r it o r y o f N u n a v u t is in th e n o r t h an d h a s a p o p u la tio n o f
m o stly In u it N a tiv e C an ad ian s.
It can get v e r y cold in C a n a d a — te m p e ra tu re s in som e cities
• an d ro p to -17 d e g r e e s C e ls iu s , a n d in N u n a v u t a n d o t h e r
n o rth ern p laces th e w in te r te m p e ra tu re s can re ach -37. B u t th e
iim m ers in m a n y p laces in C a n a d a are hot.
p o rts an d P la c e s in C a n a d a
i od ay ice-ho ckey is th e m o st p o p u la r sp o rt in C an ad a. This gam e
v e ry fa s t and toug h and yo u need a lot o f p ro te c tiv e g e ar to
I'la y it. P la y e rs s k a te o v e r ice an d t r y to score goals w ith a v e r y
m all r u b b e r d is k c a lle d a p u c k . H o c k e y g a m e s a re a p a r t o f
in te r fo r C an a d ian s. O th e r p o p u la r sp o rts are d o w n h ill skiing,
r o s s - c o u n t r y s k iin g , s k a t in g , a n d s n o w - b o a r d in g . C a n a d a
isu ally does v e r y w e ll a t th e W in t e r O lym p ic s . In s u m m e r and
m tum n b aseb all and A m e ric a n fo o tb a ll are also popular.
T h e e a s t c o a s t o f C a n a d a is f a m o u s f o r lo v e l y s c e n e r y ,
s p e c ia lly in th e a u tu m n , w h e n th e co ld t e m p e r a t u r e s b rin g
c a u tifu l colo urs to th e leaves.
Q uebec is th e m o st E u ro p e a n p a rt o f N o rth A m e ric a . M o n tre a l
nd Q uebec C ity are both m o d e rn citie s w ith som e b e a u tifu l old
11ildings, and th e food is v e r y good. B o th cities a re c e n tre s o f a rt
id cu ltu re.
T o ro n to is C a n a d a ’s la rg e s t c ity .
H e re y o u c a n fin d p e o p le f r o m all
o v e r t h e w o r ld . T h e C N T o w e r in
T o r o n to is 553 m e tr e s high. If y o u
are b ra ve , yo u can go to th e top and
w a lk on th e g la s s f lo o r w h e r e y o u
c a n lo o k a ll t h e w a y d o w n a t th e
g round, h u n d red s o f m e tre s below .
T h e p r a ir ie s 4 a re s u n n y an d
w id e , alth o u g h it can get d a rk e a rly
d u rin g th e w in t e r , a n d th e c it y o f
E d m o n to n in th e p ro v in c e o f A lb e rta
is g ro w in g v e r y q u ic k ly . T h e R o c k y
M o u n ta in s a re in th e w e s t. Y o u can
g e t g o o d v ie w s
o f th e m
in t h e
p ro v in c e s o f A lb e rta and B ritis h C olu m b ia, e s p e c ia lly in p arks like
B a n ff N a tio n a l Park .
The land in th e n o rth is unique. In th e su m m e r it can s ta y light
u n til a ft e r 11 o ’clo ck a t nigh t. In th e w in t e r th e re a re b e a u tifu l
g reen ligh ts in th e s k y — th e N o rth e rn Ligh ts, one o f th e m o st
fa m o u s sig hts on e a rth !
4.
p r a ir ie s : wide f la t land w h e r e tall g r a s s g ro ws.
ACTIVITIES
he text and b e y o n d
I O C o m p re h e n sio n
For each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C or D.
W h y did the colonists in Am erica start a revolution?
A
]
The wanted to pay less tax to England.
B
The wanted to be independent.
C
They w ere fighting against the native people.
D
France, England, Holland and Spain were fighting.
W h a t is one reason for the Civil W a r in Am erica?
A
People in the northern states did not accept slavery.
B
Black people w anted to leave America.
C
D
The native people of Am erica w ere badly treated.
j Taxes all over Am erica were too high.
W h a t kind of music was started in Am erica?
A
Reggae and pop
B
Classical and folk
C
Jazz and rock and roll
D
j All of these
W hich statem ent about Niagara Falls is true?
A
It is still a very popular place to go for a honeymoon.
B
It can only be reached by boat.
C
It is on the border between the U SA and Canada.
D
It is the largest w aterfall in the world.
W h y are there French speakers in Canada?
A
M any French people moved to Canada after the Second
W orld W ar.
B
; France won against England in several w ars in the 18th
century.
C
Canadians see them selves as part of Europe.
D
French colonists in Quebec w ere allowed to keep their
language.
69
9
I
Q
Comprehension - When did it happen?
Pu t the events in order. W rite 1 next to the event th a t happened first,
2,for the event th a t happened next, and so on.
A
| | England took over the French colonies in Canada.
B
C
D
E
F
Native people lived in Am erica and Canada.
|
Am erican colonists protested in Boston.
j Europeans began to arrive in Am erica and Canada.
Hurricane Katrina badly damaged the city of N ew Orleans.
: Rock and roll was invented.
G
The Civil W a r began in America.
H
People began making movies in Hollywood.
I
Am erica became independent from England.
J
K
L
j The first Disney cartoon was made.
Jazz was invented.
I Barack Obama became president.
Listening
*
Listen to the conversation between a wom an, Anna, and a man, Chris,
about the difference between Canadians and Am ericans. Look at the
six sentences below and decide if each sentence is correct or incorrect.
If it is correct, put a tick ( / ) in the box under Y ES. If it is not correct,
put a tick ( / ) in the box under NO.
Y E S NO
1
Anna believes that Canadians are better looking than
Americans.
2
Chris believes that all Canadians are polite.
3
Chris and Anna agree that the laws in Canada are different.
4
Chris agrees that it’s easy to buy a gun anyw here in
America.
5
6
Chris and Anna agree that the question m ay not be fair.
Chris says that it’s im portant not to mistake Canadians for
Americans.
70
•
Q
Y o u r n ew life
Imagine th a t you have been living or w orking for 6 m onths in one of
the following cities: N ew York, Los Angeles, Chicago or M ontreal.
A
First, choose a city and th in k about your life there. W h a t is your
jo b ? W h a t do you do every d ay? W h a t are your favou rite places or
activities in this c ity ?
B
W ritin g . This is part of an em ail you receive from a friend in your
hom e cou ntry: “Y o u r life i n
(the c ity you chose) sounds so
exciting! Please w rite and tell me all about it!”
Now you are w ritin g an em ail to this friend. W rite your em ail in about
100 words.
eon
Q
P lan y o u r jo u rn e y (part 4)
W o rk w ith a friend. You both have one w eek to explore Am erica and
Canada. You have all the m oney you need, but you m ust stay together.
This means you have to agree on w hich places you w ill visit, how long
you w ill stay, and w h at you w ill do there. Fill in the schedule.
Place
Things to see and do
Monday
Tuesday
W ednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
71
1
ACTIVITIES
B e fo r e you read
Q What do you already know?
All of these people and scenes w ill appear in the next chapter. W h o
and w h at are th e y ? Guess by m atching the pictures (A-D) w ith the
w ords (1-4). Use a d iction ary if you don’t know the w ords in bold. Try
to guess how each of these w ill be im portant to the chapter. (If you
can’t guess, m ake up a story!) A fte r you read the chapter, check your
answers. W e re you righ t?
1 Bob M arley
Q
2 skyscrapers
3 a pirate
4 a UFO
Places
Look at the list below. All of these islands w ill appear in this chapter.
If you know something about any of these places, w rite it in a few
words.
1
Ja m a ic a .........................................
2
B e rm u d a .........................................
3
B a rb a d o s .........................................
4
The B a h a m a s .........................................
5
M a lt a .........................................
6
Hong K o n g .........................................
72
Island English
Sun, sand and
skyscrapers
The C arib b ean
T h e re a re m a n y m o re c o u n t r ie s w h e r e p e o p le s p e a k E n g lis h .
S e v e r a l o f t h e m a r e g ro u p s o f s m a ll is la n d s . M a n y o f t h e s e
islands are in th e C arib b ean .
T h e C a r ib b e a n is k n o w n f o r its b lu e w a t e r , w h it e s a n d y
b e a c h e s an d s u n s h in e . P e o p le co m e h e re in g re a t n u m b e rs to
relax an d e n jo y a h o lid a y on th e beach. T h e se v is ito rs are v e r y
im p o rta n t to th e e c o n o m y o f th e islands.
T he En g lish d is co v e re d land in th e C a rib b ea n in th e la te 16th
c e n t u r y . T h e B r it is h s e t up h u g e f a r m s (c a lle d
■ 11
p la n t a t io n s ) to g ro w s u g a rc a n e . T h e w o r k on
hese sugar p lan ta tio n s w a s done by slaves w h o
w e re ta k e n fro m A frica. N o w a high p ercen tag e
o f th e p o p u latio n o f the C arib b ean are
d esce n d an ts o f these A frican s.
73
Bahamas Islands
o M iam i
T od ay m ost o f B r ita in ’s C aribbean
O
BAHAMAS
r e a /
1f ' ^ ”
A
SanHago n f i I t
islands are independent fro m Britain .
deCuba
Puerto R k i
°SanJuan
th e 1960s, 70s a n d 80 s. E n g lis h is
still spoken on these islands.
DOMINICAN
HAHI ?EP
M ost of them b ecam e independent in
AND NEVIS r
Caribbean
Venezuelan
Basin
Sea
T lib \ R A G U A
Cartagena
B r ita in still co n tro ls som e o f th e
sm aller islands, like the Caym ans and
A R IC A f
f PANAM A^(
) m .T t 1aracaibo
0 / Bawuislm elo 0
^ j
VENEZUELA
M o n ts e rra t. T h ere is also an area, th e U S V irg in Islands, w h ic h is
Eng lish-sp eakin g b ecau se it is co n tro lle d b y A m e ric a .
H ere are ju s t a fe w o f th e islan ds and groups o f islan ds in th e
C arib b ea n w h e re Eng lish is spoken.
J a m a i c a : L an g u ag e, Music an d S p o rts
Ja m a ic a is th e th ird la rg e s t islan d in th e C a rib b ea n , a f t e r C uba
and H isp an io la, and it is one o f th e m o st fam o u s.
Ja m a ic a w a s d is co v e re d by C h risto p h e r C olum bus in 1494. In
th e p ast it w a s a S p a n ish co lo n y and a B ritis h colony. It b ecam e
in d e p e n d e n t in 1962. N o w 2.8 m illio n peop le live here, m o st o f
th e m d e sc e n d a n ts o f A fric a n s.
Ja m a ic a
is
ve ry
b e a u tifu l,
w ith
a
m o u n ta in ran g e called th e Blu e M o u n tain s,
and s a n d y b each es like M onteg o. O v e r 1.3
m illio n people v is it Ja m a ic a e v e r y y e a r.
E n g lis h is an o f f ic ia l la n g u a g e . B u t m o s t
p eop le s p e a k a kind o f En g lis h w h ic h is a m ix o f
E n g lis h an d A f r ic a n w o rd s . It is c a lle d Ja m a ic a n
P a to is . In P a to is , ‘g w e h ’ m e an s ‘go a w a y ’, ‘h u sh ’
m eans ‘s o rry ’ and ‘w h a g w a a n ’ is a greeting w hich
m eans ‘w h a t’s going o n ? ’
^
iff riH iM h r ir i i f r *
1
Y o u h a v e p ro b a b ly h e a rd o f Ja m a ic a n m u sic.
Reg g ae m u sic is e s p e c ia lly fa m o u s . T h e re is also
ska, d an ceh all, and ragga. Bob M a rle y , w h o died in
1981, is t h e m o s t f a m o u s r e g g a e s t a r f r o m
Ja m a ic a . O t h e r fa m o u s Ja m a ic a n m u s ic ia n s a re
Sea n Paul, G ra c e Jo n e s , and Sh a b b a R an ks.
C ric k e t is th e n u m b e r one spo rt. Ja m a ic a n s are
a lso g o o d a t a t h le t ic s , e s p e c ia lly ru n n in g , a n d
re g u la rly w in m ed als a t th e O lym p ics. N o w n etb all
is th e m o st p o p u la r s p o rt in Ja m a ic a fo r w o m e n . T he Ja m a ic a n
n e t b a ll t e a m , th e S u n s h in e G irls ,
h a ve been v e r y successfu l.
F o r a f e w y e a r s Ja m a ic a h ad a
b o b s le d d in g te a m , an d t h e y w e n t
t h e 1 9 8 8 O l y m p i c s in C a l g a r y ,
C a n a d a . B o b s le d d i n g is a s p o r t
w h e r e y o u s lid e d o w n ic e in a
special sled. This w a s v e r y u n usu al
b ecause Ja m a ic a has no snow !
The B a h a m a s , B a r b a d o s , B e r m u d a
T h e se is la n d s a re v e r y b e a u tifu l an d m a n y p e o p le d re a m o f a
h o lid ay th e re . M o st o f th e people w h o live th e re are d e sc e n d a n ts
o f A fric a n s .
The B a h a m a s is a group o f 29 islands. This w a s th e fir s t place
C h r is t o p h e r C o lu m b u s fo u n d in 1492, w h e n he w a s t r y in g to
re ach India. D uring th e 18th c e n tu ry it w a s co m m o n fo r p ira te s to
c o m e h e r e , in c lu d in g th e f a m o u s B la c k b e a r d . T h e B a h a m a s
b e c a m e a B r it is h c o lo n y in 1718, p a r t l y b e c a u s e th e B r it is h
g o v e rn m e n t w a n te d to re s to re o rd e r th e re and d e s tr o y it as a
p ira te base.
75
The Englishspeaking
W orld
N o w th e islan d s a re q u ite rich and life is en jo y a b le . T h e re is
still a s tro n g c o n n e c tio n w ith A fric a . E v e r y y e a r a f t e r C h ristm a s
t h e r e is a t r a d i t i o n a l A f r ic a n s t r e e t p a r a d e w it h m u s ic a n d
co lo u rfu l co stu m es, called Ju n k a n o o .
B a rb a d o s is a n o th e r rich islan d and a v e r y p o p u la r p lace fo r
h o lid a y s. E v e r y y e a r th e re is a C rop O v e r f e s tiv a l a t th e s u g ar
h a r v e s t w it h m u s ic c o m p e titio n s . M u s ic is v e r y im p o r t a n t to
B arb ad o s, and th e sin g er R ih a n n a is fro m th ere .
B e rm u d a is a group o f 181 islands. It is still a B ritis h te rr ito r y .
M a n y o f B e r m u d a ’s b each e s are a c tu a lly pink, b ecau se o f sm all
sea an im a ls w h o se shells are cru sh ed in to sand by th e ocean.
B e r m u d a is a ls o k n o w n f o r a s tr a n g e m y s t e r y c a lle d ‘T h e
B e rm u d a T ria n g le ’. Ships and p lan es d is ap p ea re d in a p a rt o f th e
o cea n w h ic h w a s close to B e rm u d a . So m e peop le said th a t th is
w a s b ecau se o f U F O s , b ut la te r s c ie n tis ts fo u n d t h a t th e ships
and p lan es w h ich d is ap p ea red w e re p ro b a b ly cau g h t in sto rm s.
In th e M e d it e r r a n e a n S e a , to th e n o rth o f A f r ic a , t h e r e is
a n o t h e r s m a ll g ro u p o f E n g lis h - s p e a k in g is la n d s w it h lo v e ly
s c e n e ry w h e re people like to go on h o lid ays: M alta .
M alta
M a lt a
is
m ade
up
of
th re e is la n d s : M a lta , G ozo an d
C om ino. M a lta is th e m a in island, and
the m o st b u sy and m o d e rn one. Life on
the islan d o f G ozo is re lax ed and th e re are
m a n y f a r m s . P e o p le s a y t h a t lif e on G o z o
m akes th e m th in k o f th e p ast. T he islan d o f C o m in o is fa m o u s
fo r its Blu e Lagoon, an a re a o f b rig h t blue w a t e r o v e r w h ite sand.
M a lta w a s an English colony fro m 1814 until 1964. B efo re this,
M a lta w a s im p o rta n t to E u ro p e a n c u ltu re fro m th e tim e o f th e
Rom ans to the Ren aissance. M a n y fam ous a rtists cam e to live here,
including Caravaggio. It w a s also im p o rtan t to shipping and trade.
N o w M a lta is a m o d e rn c o u n try w ith a stro n g eco n o m y. One
w a y th e islands m ake m o n e y is th ro u g h th e film business. M a n y
m ovies have film ed scenes there, including, G la d ia to r (2 00 0), The
D a V in c i C od e (2 0 0 6 ), an d T ro y
(2004).
T h e re a re m a n y c u s to m s an d
t r a d it io n s . W h e n a w o m a n g e ts
m a rrie d , she w a lk s th ro u g h to w n
w ith h e r frie n d s an d fa m ily w h o
c a rry a c an o p y 1 o v e r her head.
Im p o r t a n t f e s tiv a ls a re C a r n iv a l
in F e b ru a ry or M arch , w h ic h is a
t im e o f c o s t u m e s , d a n c in g a n d
p arad es, an d M a n a rja a t th e end
o f J u n e , w h ic h is a c e le b r a t io n
w ith g re a t food and m usic.
1.
c a n o p y : a cloth covering which is
held above something.
T h e sp eed o f life on th e s e is la n d s is s lo w an d c o m fo rta b le .
B u t yo u c a n ’t s a y th e sam e fo r a n o th e r Eng lish - sp eak in g island
on th e c o a st o f C hina: H ong Kong.
H ong Kong
Eng lish and C h in ese a re th e o ffic ia l lang uag es o f H ong Kong. The
m a jo r it y o f th e p o p u la t io n s p e a k C a n t o n e s e , a v e r y s im ila r
l a n g u a g e t o C h in e s e . M a n d a r in C h in e s e is a ls o b e c o m in g
c o m m o n as a s p o k en la n g u a g e as m o re p eo p le fro m m a in la n d
C hin a com e to live on th e islands.
H o n g K o n g is m a d e up o f H o n g K o n g Is la n d , th e K o w lo o n
P e n in s u la , th e N e w T e rrito rie s , an d 2 00 islan d s. T he la rg e s t o f
th e s e is L a n ta u .
H o n g K o n g b e c a m e a B r it is h c o lo n y in 1842, a f t e r th e f ir s t
O pium W a r b e tw e e n B r ita in and C hina. It w a s re tu rn e d to C hin a
in 1997, b ut it has its o w n la w s w h ic h are d iffe re n t fro m th e law s
in th e re st o f C hina, and is a c e n tre fo r business and cu ltu re.
H o n g K o n g is o n ly a b o u t a t h o u s a n d
s q u a r e k ilo m e t r e s . M o s t o f t h is la n d is
m o u n ta in o u s . In fa c t, o n ly a b o u t 2 5 % o f
th e land in H ong Ko ng has buildings on it.
O v e r 7 m illio n people live th e re , and H ong
K o n g ’s p o p u la tio n is still g ro w in g .
W h a t w a s H ong K o n g ’s s o lu tio n ? Build
u p w a rd s!
Hong
Kong
has
th e
m ost
s k y s c ra p e rs o f a n y c ity in th e w o rld . M a n y
people live in ta ll a p a rtm e n t buildings and
w o rk on high flo o rs in o ffic e buildings. A t
n ig h t y o u can see th e re s u lts o f so m a n y
p e o p le liv in g c lo s e t o g e t h e r . T h e n ig h t
lights in H ong K o n g are an am az in g sight.
The text and b e y o n d
i "I ►r Q
C o m p re h e n s io n
Look at the statem ents below. Decide if each statem ent is correct or
incorrect. If it is correct, m ark A. If it is not correct, m ark B.
A
1
The islands of the Caribbean are now all independent.
2
Slavery was common under British rule in the Caribbean.
3
Jam aica, Bermuda, the Baham as and Barbados are the
only English speaking islands in the Caribbean.
4
5
The Baham as were a British colony for over 500 years.
M any ships and planes disappeared around Berm uda
because of U FO ’s.
6
It is not possible to put buildings on most of the land in
Hong Kong.
7
Hong Kong was not part of China for most of the 20th
century.
Q
B
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
□□
C o m p re h e n s io n - W h ic h is la n d ?
M atch the statem ents (1-6) w ith the letter of the right island (A-F).
You m ay use some islands m ore than once.
A Jam aica
B Berm uda
C the Baham as
D Barbados
E M alta
F Hong Kong
1
2
3
4
was returned to China near the end of the 20th century.
□
is the home of reggae.
still belongs to England.
Come here to see the Jankanoo street parade.
5
j Several well-known Hollywood movies were filmed here.
6
It w as common to find pirates here in the 18th century.
79
PET 0
W ritin g
Here are some sentences about the islands in this chapter. For each
question, com plete the second sentence so th a t it means the same
thing as the first, using no m ore than three words. W rite only the
missing w ords below. The first one has been done for you as an
example.
0
Fighting in Cyprus ended in the 1980’s.
Fighting in Cyprus did not s to p ................. H.P.t'J................. the 1980’s.
1
The reason for the ships’ disappearance is a m ystery.
No one k n o w s ................................................. the ships disappeared.
2
Comino is fam ous for its Blue Lagoon.
The Blue Lagoon has made Comino ....................................................
3
Life on the islands is relaxing.
Life on the islands is perfect for people who w ant ...........................
4
In 1997 Hong Kong was returned to China.
Hong Kong has been part of China a g a in ...................................1997.
5
It’s very difficult to find land for building in Hong Kong.
There isn’t ................................................. for building in Hong Kong.
Q
P la n y o u r jo u rn e y (p a rt 5)
Find tw o friends and w o rk as a group of three. Imagine you have the
chance to vis it the countries in this chapter. You have all the m oney
you need, but you just have three days and you can only see one
country. You also m ust stay together. Decide as a group w hich place
yo u ’ve chosen, w h y you chose it, and w h at you w a n t to do there.
Name of country
80
W h y did you choose
W h a t are you going
it?
to do th e re?
Real Pirates
of the Caribbean
There really w ere pirates in the C aribbean in the 17th and early 18th
centuries. A t this tim e there w ere w ars betw een England, France and
Spain. The British governm ent paid privately ow ned ships to a tta ck
and rob French and Spanish m erchant ships. The sailors on these
s h ip s w e re c a lle d p riv a te e rs . W h e n th e w a r e n d e d , th e p ira te s
co ntin ue d th e ir actions, but these pirates w ere called buccaneers,
and w e re th o u g h t o f as c rim in a ls . T he y ro b b e d m e rc h a n t s h ip s
around the C aribbean and the east co ast o f North Am erica.
It w as d ifficu lt fo r England and o the r co untries to govern the m any
islands of the Caribbean, and there were several places w hich seemed
to have no laws. Pirates gathered in Port Royal in Jam aica and at the
French island of Tortuga, w here they spent the m oney that they stole.
Did pirates really have eye patches 1 and keep
parrots as pets? This seem s to be true. It is
also true th a t m any pirates w ore earrings
- th e y b elieved th a t e arrin gs p re ven te d
sea sickness. But a lot o f the ideas about
pirates from books and m ovies aren’t true.
Life fo r a pirate w a sn ’t fun and exciting - it
w a s d a n g e ro u s , d if f ic u lt a n d s h o r t. M o s t
p ira te s w ere ve ry p o o r and th e re w ere te rrib le
sto rm s at sea and dangerous battles.
fr
f
!****''
S o m e ve ry fa m o u s p ira te s s a ile d in th e C a rib b e a n ,
B la c k b e a rd , o r E d w ard T ea ch, w as p ro b a b ly th e m o s t
fa m o u s . B la c k b e a rd o fte n p u t s lo w - b u rn in g fu s e s fro m
cannons in his beard and hair. W hen he attacked ships, he set the
fuses on fire so th a t he looked like a devil w ith dark sm oke all around
him.
Edward Teach tried to retire to Virginia, but he becam e bored
and w en t b ack to his old w ays. He w as killed in a b attle w ith the
governor o f V irgin ia ’s men in 1718.
A n ne B o n n y and M ary Read w ere fe m a le p ira te s w h o sa ile d th e
C aribbean Sea in the early 18th century. Both of them w ore m en ’s
clothing. They w ere dangerous fighters and successful pirates. Both
w om en w ere arrested to g e th e r in 1720. The o the r pirates on th e ir
s h ip s w e re h a n g e d , b u t A n n e a nd M a ry w e re a llo w e d to live because they w ere both pregnant. M ary died of a fever in prison, but
Anne disappeared. No one is sure w ha t happened to her.
By the late 19th ce ntu ry pirates w ere legends o f the past. In 1883
R o b e r t L o u is S te v e n s o n w r o te a
p o p u la r b o o k ca lle d Treasure Island.
1.
eye p a tc h e s : a small covering over
o ne ’s eye, used if the eye is
damaged or missing.
82
This b oo k helped to m ake pirates fam ous as characters
from a d ve ntu re stories. Later th ere w ere p irate m ovies, from
s ile n t film s such as The Black Pirate (1926) to M u p p et Treasure
Island (1996) and the Pirates of the Caribbean film s.
H I C o m p re h e n s io n
A n sw er the questions.
1
W h a t was the name for pirates who worked for the
British governm ent?
2
W h a t was the name for pirates who only worked
for them selves?
3
W h y was life difficult for pirates?
4
W h y did pirates w ear earrings?
5
W h a t was Blackbeard the pirate’s real
name?
6
W h a t happened to Anne Bonny?
7
W h a t book made pirates fam ous?
B e fo r e you read
Q What do you know about India and Pakistan?
W o rk w ith a friend. Ask each other these questions. Compare your
answ ers w ith the rest of the class.
1
W h a t is the first word (or name) that you think of when someone
says:
A
2
3
In d ia
B P a k is ta n .................................
Have you heard of any of these things? W h a t are they?
A
Bollywood
D M ahatm a Ghandi
B
The TajMahal
E The Him alayas
C
Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism
Have you ever seen an Indian movie, or a movie which was filmed
in India?
0
Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks w ith a w o rd from the box below. You m ay need to use
a dictionary.
w restling
carvings
1
mosque
polo
rebellion terrorism
W hen people fight against the governm ent and try to take control
of their country it is called a .............................
2
............................are pictures or designs made by cutting into wood
or rock.
3
............................is a kind of sport w here one person fights another
person w ithout hitting or kicking them.
4
A .............................is a place w here Muslim people come to pray.
5
............................is a team sport played on horseback.
6
............................usually means a person or group attacking
ordinary people, often using bombs, because of political ideas.
84
CHAPTER SEVEN
India
and Pakistan
A land that is both ancient
and very modern
India
I
In d ia is a huge c o u n try w h e re o v e r 1.2 billion people live. Eng lish
is an o ffic ia l lang uag e and m a n y people sp eak it.
In d ia w a s a co lo n y o f B r it a in fo r m a n y y e a rs . Th is beg an in
th e mid-18th c e n tu ry w h e n th e B ritis h E a s t In d ia C o m p a n y began
to e s ta b lis h s m a ll s e ttle m e n ts f o r tra d in g . T h e c o m p a n y used
sold iers a g a in s t th e ir c o m p e tito rs and a g a in s t local p rin ces, and
g r a d u a lly to o k c o n tr o l o f m o s t o f In d ia . In 1857 t h e r e w a s a
re b ellio n a g a in s t it, but it failed . A f t e r th e re bellion , th e B ritis h
g o v e rn m e n t to o k charge, and In d ia b ecam e a co lo n y o f B rita in .
In d ia n people co n tin u e d to t r y to ta k e th e ir c o u n try back. For
th irty - tw o y e a rs, M a h a tm a G an d h i led th e people in no n -vio len t
p r o t e s t s an d in 1947 In d ia b e c a m e in d e p e n d e n t. A t th e s a m e
tim e , a f t e r a v io le n t co n flic t, P a k is ta n s e p a ra te d fro m India.
85
India: The Land, t h e P la ce s
In d ia is a land o f v a r ie t y . T h e re are 28 s ta te s here, and p eople
sp ea k m a n y d iffe re n t lan g uag es and fo llo w d iffe re n t relig ion s. In
fa c t, th e re lig io n s o f B u d d h ism , H in d u ism , S ik h is m and Ja in is m
began in Ind ia. T h e y are still fo llo w e d in In d ia to d a y , along w ith
C h ris tia n ity and Islam .
In d ia has m o u n ta in rang es, fo re sts , d e se rts and p lains, as w e ll
as large and b u sy m o d e rn cities. The H im a la y a n M o u n ta in s are in
th e n o rth . C lim b ers fro m m a n y d iffe re n t c o u n trie s w h o w a n t to
ch allen g e th e m s e lv e s v is it th e H im a la y a s . The h ig h est and m o st
f a m o u s m o u n t a i n in t h e w o r ld , M o u n t E v e r e s t , is in t h e
H im a la y a s , in th e sm all c o u n try o f N ep al to In d ia ’s no rth .
H a lf o f th e w o r ld ’s p o p u la tio n o f B e n g a l tig e rs live in Ind ia.
T h e re a re a lso lions, ja c k a ls , rh in o c e ro s e s , g a z elle s, m o n k e y s ,
and th e H im a la y a n red p an d a. Th is a n im a l, a b o u t th e size o f a
cat, has red d ish fu r and lives in tre e s. In d ia has its o w n v a r ie t y of
e le p h an ts. T h e y are like A fr ic a n e le p h an ts, but th e y are sm aller.
T h e re are m a n y sn ak e s in Ind ia, in clud ing d an g ero u s sn ak es such
as cob ras, k ra its , and v ip ers. In d ia is also th e hom e o f th e golden
langur, w h ic h is one o f th e ra re s t m o n k e ys in th e w o rld . It is a
sm all an im a l w ith a d a rk face, y e llo w fu r and golden eyes.
If yo u w a n t to see th e a n im a ls o f India, yo u can go to C o rb e tt
N a t i o n a l P a r k , in t h e n o r t h . T h e p a r k c o v e r s 5 2 0 s q u a r e
k ilo m e tr e s . Y o u c a n see e le p h a n ts , s lo th s , b e a rs , an d B e n g a l
tig ers th e re . Tig ers are in d an g er and m a y d isap p e a r, but in th is
p a r k p e o p le a r e t r y in g to g iv e t h e m a h o m e a n d h e lp t h e i r
p o p u la tio n to in crease .
O f cou rse, if you go to India, yo u m u st see th e Taj M ah al! M o st
people ag ree th a t th is is one o f th e m o st b e a u tifu l buildings on
e a rth , and it is p ro b a b ly th e m o st fa m o u s sig ht in Ind ia. The Taj
M a h a l w a s b u ilt b y th e E m p e ro r S h a h Ja h a n fo r his w ife , w h o
died a t a yo u n g age, and b ecau se o f this, it is k n o w n as a sym b o l
o f love. It is m ad e o f w h ite m a rb le and sem i-p recio us sto nes, and
th e in sid e is c o v e re d in
b e a u t if u l d e t a ile d a r t .
T h e re is also a p e a c e fu l
g a rd e n w ith f lo w e r s ,
tre e s and a long pool o f
w a te r. The T aj M ah al
w a s b u il t in 1653 a n d
to o k
20
years
to
c o m p le te . B e t w e e n 2
a n d 4 m illio n
p e o p le
v is it it e v e r y y e a r.
A n o th e r fa m o u s s ig h t is
he K h a ju ra h o T em ples,
v h ic h a r e a lm o s t o n e
th o is a n d y e a r s old . T h e y
are H ind u te m p le s m ad e o f
s a n d s t o n e , a n d t h e y a re
co vered
w ith
s to n e
ca rvin g s.
87
T h e A ja n t a C a v e s a re 29 c a v e s in th e side o f a hill o f ro ck.
T h e y w e r e m a d e b y B u d d h is t m o n k s o v e r tw o th o u s a n d y e a r s
a g o . T h e s e c a v e s c o n t a in p a in t in g s a n d s t a t u e s w h ic h a r e
th o u g h t to be th e g re a te s t B u d d h is t a r t in h isto ry.
T h e c i t y o f M u m b a i, w h i c h u s e d t o b e B o m b a y , h a s a
p o p u la tio n o f o v e r 12 m illio n. It is an ex citin g c ity and a c e n tre of
business, te c h n o lo g y and cu ltu re . The e c o n o m y th e re is strong .
B u t u n fo rtu n a te ly th e re are still m a n y people in th is c ity w h o are
e x tre m e ly poor.
Indian Cu lture
In d ia has a v e r y e x citin g and liv e ly cu ltu re.
T ra d itio n a l clo th in g fo r w o m e n is th e sari. This is a long strip
o f co lo u rfu l clo th w h ic h is w ra p p e d aro u n d th e b od y in d iffe re n t
w a y s . T h e re is u s u a lly a c lo th w h ic h is w o rn o v e r th e h e a d as
w ell. T ra d itio n a l c lo th es fo r m en are a long loose s h irt t h a t hangs
alm o s t to th e knees and loose light tro u se rs .
M u s ic is p a r t o f In d ia ’s c u ltu r e . S o m e t r a d it io n a l m u s ic a l
in s t r u m e n t s a re th e s it a r , a s tr in g e d in s t r u m e n t w it h a lo ng
neck, tra d itio n a l b am b oo flu te s , and m a n y kinds o f sm all d rum s
w h ich are p layed using hand s and no t d ru m stick s.
India and Pakistan
If y o u w a n t to h e a r m o d e rn In d ia n p op
m usic, yo u can go to a d an ce club in M u m b ai,
or go to see a B o lly w o o d M usical.
W h a t is B o lly w o o d ? B o lly w o o d f ilm s a re
p ast M u m b ai w a s called B o m b a y, so th e n am e
aM
B o lly w o o d is a m ix o f B o m b a y and H o llyw o o d .
M a n y serio us, re a lis tic film s h a ve been m ade in M um b ai, but n o w
In d ia n m o v ie s a re fa m o u s fo r sin g in g and d an cin g . In th e p a s t
th e d a n c in g w a s t r a d i t i o n a l , b u t n o w it is c o m m o n to m ix
tra d itio n a l In d ia n d an ces w ith m o d e rn d ance m o ve s.
T h e r e h a v e b e e n h u n d re d s o f A m e r ic a n a n d B r it is h f ilm s
w h ic h w e r e m a d e in In d ia as w e ll. Ju s t a f e w a re A P a s s a g e to
In d ia (1984), The D arjee lin g Lim ite d (2 0 0 7 ), and Slu m d og
M illio n a ire (2 0 0 8 ).
Indian Food
In d ia n food is m ade w ith ho t spices like c u rry and chilli
p ep pers and th e re is u s u a lly rice or len tils. Y o u can fin d
le a t in In d ia n cooking, b ut m a n y In d ia n s are v e g e ta ria n s .
>amosas} are m ade w ith p a s try w h ich is w rap p ed around
veg etab les or m e at and th e n fried. There is also a so ft fla t bread
called n a a n w h ic h people s o m e tim e s use in ste a d o f a k n ife and
fo rk to pick up pieces o f food. A fte r a m eal you m igh t h ave a sw e e t
rice pudding fo r dessert, or som e chaz, w h ich is hot te a w ith spices
like cin n am on and cloves and a lot o f hot sw e e t milk. Or you m ight
cool d ow n w ith a lassi, w h ich is a m ix of yoghurt,
w a te r or milk, and spices. B re a k fa s t m ight be fla t
bread, veg etab les, and p ic k le s .1
1.
p ic k le s : vegetab les th a t are kept
in ja rs of vinegar.
Indian S p o r ts a n d F e stiv a ls
The m o st p o p u la r sp o rt in In d ia is cric k e t. In fa c t, m a n y In d ia n s
fe e l m o re s tr o n g ly a b o u t th is g am e th a n th e E n g lis h do! F ield
h o c k e y is also p lay e d by m a n y people.
Chess w a s in v e n te d in Ind ia, as a gam e called c h a tu rn g a in th e
6th c e n tu ry , and it co n tin u e s to be p layed to d a y . T h e re are also
sp o rts like k a b a d d i, w h ic h is a kind o f te a m w re stlin g .
The co lo u r and b e a u ty o f In d ia is sh o w n in its fe s tiv a ls . T w o
im p o rta n t fe s tiv a ls are th e H ind u fe s tiv a ls o f D iw a li and Holi.
Diwali lasts fo r five days in O ctober or Novem ber. It is also called
the festival of light. E v e ry home is lit w ith small clay lamps, and there
are firew orks in the sky. People hang flow ers and m ango leaves on
th eir doors and w ind ow s and th ey give each other gifts.
H oli is a spring fe s tiv a l o f colours. Peop le p ut colo u red p o w d e r
on each o th e r’s fa c e s and th r o w colo u red w a te r
on e a c h o th e r . T h e re
a r e a ls o s t r e e t
p arad e s and fo lk songs and dances.
P a k is ta n
W h e n In d ia b e c a m e
in d e p e n d e n t in 1947,
it
s p lit
in to
tw o
c o u n t r ie s . P a k is t a n ,
in th e n o rth , b e c a m e
s e p a ra te fro m Ind ia.
O v e r 170 m i llio n
people live here, m o st
o f th e m M u s lim s . P a k is t a n has a c u ltu re w h ic h
goes b ack to a n c ie n t tim e s, w h e n it w a s a p lace
w h e re m a n y o f th e im p o rta n t old tra d e ro ad s m et.
P a k i s t a n h a s h a d m a n y p r o b le m s . T e r r o r is m h a s b e e n a
t h r e a t , a n d t h e r e h a v e b e e n s e r io u s e a r t h q u a k e s . H o w e v e r ,
P a k is ta n is also a b e a u tifu l land o f fo re sts , m o u n ta in s and plains,
as w e ll as a n c ie n t te m p le s and m osques, and th e people here are
v e r y frie n d ly to stra n g e rs.
In P a k i s t a n t h e m o u n t a in r a n g e s o f t h e H im a la y a s , t h e
K a ra k o ru m s, and th e H ind u Kush m o u n tain s m eet, and th e v ie w s
are s p e c ta c u la r. If you w a n t a good v ie w o f th e m o u n tain s, you
can ta k e th e K a ra k o ru m h ig h w a y th ro u g h them . The K a ra k o ru m
h ig h w a y is 5 0 0 0 m e tre s high, th e high est p aved road in th e w o rld .
The c ity o f La h o re is a large and co lo u rfu l c ity full o f shop and
b az aa rs. The B a s h a h i M osq u e is in La h o re. It w a s b u ilt in 1671,
an d is o n e o f th e la r g e s t an d m o s t b e a u tifu l m o s q u e s in th e
w o rld . T h e re a re a lso th e ru in s in T a x ila , w h ic h w a s o n c e an
im p o r t a n t c e n tr e f o r H in d u an d B u d d h is t c u ltu re an d a p la c e
w h e re th re e m a jo r tra d e ro ad s m et, and lo v e ly sig hts like Lake
Sa ifu l M uluk, w ith its b rig h t blue w a te r u n d er s n o w y m o u n tain s.
Leg en ds s a y t h a t th e lake is so b e a u tifu l th a t fa irie s com e d ow n
to see th e lake in th e full m oon.
91
C u lture, Food an d
F e stiv a ls in P a k is ta n
The tra d itio n a l clo th in g o f
p e o p le in P a k is t a n is th e
s h a la w a r q am e ez , w h ic h is
w o rn by m en and w o m e n .
T h is is a lo n g lo o s e s h ir t
o v e r la r g e lo o s e p a n t s ,
w h ic h a r e w id e a t t h e w a is t a n d n a r r o w a t t h e f e e t . M e n ’s
s h a la w a r qam eez are u s u a lly in d a rk colo urs and h a ve b u tto n s in
th e fro n t. W o m e n ’s h a ve s o fte r, b rig h te r colo urs and m a y h a ve
p ic tu re s o f flo w e rs . W o m e n u s u a lly c o v e r th e ir head s as w ell.
Food in P a k is ta n is like In d ia n food, b ut w ith its o w n special
fla v o u rs . B r e a k fa s t is u su a lly eggs, fla tb re a d or a n o th e r kind of
b read , fre s h fr u it and te a. In P u n ja b peop le m a y h a v e m u s ta rd
le a ves and c o rn b re a d fo r b re a k fa s t.
T h e m o s t im p o r t a n t f e s t iv a l is R a m a d a n . D u rin g R a m a d a n
people do n o t e a t fro m s u n rise to s u n d o w n . T his goes on fo r a
m o n th . A t th e end o f R a m a d a n th e re is a c e le b ra tio n . Pe op le give
e a c h o t h e r g if t s , t h e s t r e e t s a n d b u ild in g s a r e b e a u t i f u l l y
d e co ra te d , and th e re are co lo u rfu l ligh t show s. The d a te o f th e
m o n th o f R a m a d a n m o ve s a ro u n d : in 2011 it w a s in A u g u st, in
2005 it w a s in O cto b er, and in 2015 it w ill begin in m id-June.
N o w ru z is a fe s tiv a l w h ic h c e le b ra te s spring and ta k e s place
^
n e a r th e e n d o f M a r c h . P e o p le g iv e e a c h o t h e r
colo ured eggs and th e re are polo m a tch e s. In som e
p la c e s t h e r e a re la rg e m e a ls o u ts id e an d
people ju m p o v e r a fire fo r good luck.
A u g u st 14 is P a k is t a n ’s In d ep en d e n ce
D ay, an d th e re a re p a ra d e s and
s in g in g
s tre e ts .
and
d a n c in g
in
th e
ACTIVITIES
The text and b e y o n d
PET
Q
Comprehension
For each question, m ark the letters next to the correct an sw er — A, B,
C or D.
W h a t happened in 1947?
A
Pakistan fought against India.
There was a rebellion against England.
| India became independent and divided into tw o countries.
India became independent from the British East India
Company.
W h y is the Taj Mahal a symbol of love?
A
□
□
□
An em peror gave it to his w ife as a present.
M any people travel here to get married.
It is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
It w as built in m em ory of an em peror’s w ife who died.
W h a t is Bollyw ood?
A
B
□ It’S a name for Indian films which are made in Hollywood.
j It’s a name for old films which used to be made in Bombay.
C
These are Hollywood movies which are filmed in India.
D
These are Hindi language films which are made in Mumbai.
W hich statem ent about Pakistan is true?
Most of the people living there are terrorists.
An earthquake destroyed most of the city of Lahore.
The people are trying to change negative ideas about their
country.
D
It is impossible to travel through the mountains.
W h a t happens during Ram adan?
A
People don’t eat during the day for a month.
B
People are not allowed to eat anything for a month.
C
There are th irty days of celebrations.
D
People give each other gifts at the end of each day.
93
9
T R IN IT Y P R A C T IC E - G R A D E 4
Q
S p e a k in g - F o o d
A n sw er the questions.
•
W h a t is your favourite kind of food?
How often do you have it?
Do you cook this food at hom e?
•
Is there any kind of food that you don’t like?
Prepare a short talk about your favourite food and practice w ith a
friend. Be sure to answ er the questions if you can.
T h e s e re lig io n s a r e still f o llo w e d in In d ia t o d a y . ..
The passive voice is used when the object of the action becomes the
subject of the sentence. It is formed using a form of ‘to be’ and a
particle of the main verb.
People fo llo w these religions, (active)
These religions are follow ed, (passive)
You can often use an adverb between ‘be’ and the participle.
These religions are s till followed.
PET Q
T h e p a s s iv e v o ic e w ith a d v e rb s
Change the following sentences from active to passive and choose the
best adverb from the box. You only need to w rite three words.
^j^ tsu d d en ly
0
beautifully
recently
ra rely
badly
People follow these religions today.
These religions ........................... 9.T&. s.fj!!.f 2!l9.Vy.£^.............................
1
A hurricane damaged m any buildings in New Orleans.
2
Lisa decorated her house for Christmas. It looked great.
M any buildings in New Orleans ................................ by a hurricane.
Lisa’s house ..................................................................for Christmas.
3
People almost never find polar bears in India.
Polar b e a rs ................................................................................ in India.
4
The governm ent divided Sudan into tw o countries a short tim e ago.
Sudan ..................................................................... into tw o countries.
94
P ET
Q Writing
Y our English teach er has asked you to w rite a story. Y o u r sto ry m ust
begin w ith this sentence.
I was lonely a t the top o f the m ountain in the H im alayas.
Or this one:
A t the H oli fe stiva l, someone sm iled and em ptied a bucket o f coloured
w ate r over m y head.
W rite your sto ry in about 100 words.
Q
Plan your journey (part 6)
Get into a group of three. This tim e you are all going to India and
Pakistan, but you only have one day and can vis it only one place. You
m ust stay together, so you have to agree.
Look at the following list of six places. Then roll a dice or choose by
pointing w ith your eyes closed. The num ber you ’ve rolled or chosen is
the place th a t you w a n t to visit.
You w ill have to make the other members of your group w a n t to go
there. The w in n er is the person w ho can argue w ell and make the other
tw o change th e ir minds.
Places
1
The Taj Mahal
2
The Karakorum mountain highway
3
Corbett National Park
4
Mumbai
5
Lake Saiful Muluk
6
The Ajanta Caves
95
This reader uses the E X P A N S IV E R E A D IN G approach, where the text
becomes a springboard to improve language skills and to explore historical
background, cultural connections and other topics suggested by the text.
The new structures introduced in this step of our R E A D IN G & T R A IN IN G
series are listed below. Naturally, structures from lower steps are included
too. For a complete list of structures used over all the six steps, see The
Black Cat Guide to Graded Readers, which is also downloadable at no cost
from our website, www.blackcat-cideb.com.
The vocabulary used at each step is carefully checked against vocabulary
lists used for internationally recognised examinations.
Step T w o B 1 .1
All the structures used in the previous levels, plus the following:
Verb tenses
Present Perfect Simple: indefinite past with yet, already, still; recent past
with just\ past action leading to present situation
Past Perfect Simple: in reported speech
Verb forms and patterns
Regular verbs and most irregular verbs
Passive forms with going to and will
So / neither / nor + auxiliaries in short answers
Question tags (in verb tenses used so far)
Verb + object + full infinitive (e.g. I want you to help)
Reported statements with say and tell
Modal verbs
Can’t: logical necessity
Could: possibility
May: permission
Might (present and future reference): possibility; permission
Must: logical necessity
Don’t have to / haven’t got to: lack of obligation
Don’t need to / needn’t: lack of necessity
Types of clause
Time clauses introduced by when, while, until, before, after, as soon as
Clauses of purpose: so that; (in order) to (infinitive of purpose)
r / M ik
N11<
42025467
109
Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin
III
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T h e la n g u ag e o f a s m a ll is la n d has s p re a d to e v e r y c o r n e r o f th e
w o rld . H o w ? A jo u r n e y o v e r fiv e c o n tin e n ts to d is c o v e r c o u n trie s
w h e re English is used in d aily life.
This re a d e r uses th e EXPANSIVE READING ap p roach, w h e re th e te x t
b ecom es a sp rin g b o a rd to im p ro v e lang uag e sk ills an d to ex p lo re
h i s t o r ic a l b a c k g r o u n d , c u l t u r a l c o n n e c t io n s a n d o t h e r t o p i c s
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• PET - style a c tiv itie s and T rin ity - s tyle a c tiv itie s (G rad es 4/5)
• A fu ll re co rd in g o f th e te x t
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Step One
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CEFR B1 .2
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CEFR B2.2
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