Solids, Liquids, and Gases
1 Matter and Thermal Energy
REVIEW
VOCABULARY
kinetic energy
Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
kinetic energy
- is energy due to motion.
NEW VOCABULARY
Use your book to define each term.
kinetic theory
kinetic theory - also known as kinetic molecular theory, is an explanation
melting point
heat of fusion
boiling point
of how the particles in gases behave.
melting point
- is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
heat of vaporization
sublimation
plasma
thermal expansion
heat of fusion
- is the energy requiered to change a substance from
solid to a liquid at its melting point.
boiling point
- is a liquid of temperature at which the pressure of the
vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface
of the liquid.
heat of vaporization - is the amount of liquid required for the liquid at its
sublimation - is the process of a solid changing directly into a gas
without forming a liquid.
plasma
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boiling point to become a gas.
- is matter that has enough energy to overcome not just the
attractive forces between its particles but also the attractive forces within its
atoms.
thermal expansion - is an increase in the size of a substance when the temperature
is incresed .
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1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
Complete the outline as you read about the states of matter.
States of Matter
A. Solid
1. Example: ice
2. Particle kinetic energy: kinetic energy unable to overcome their attractins to each
other
3. Particle behavior:
closely packed together
4. Other fact(s): most have geometric arrangment, chemical and physical properties often
due to geometric arrangment.
B. Liquid
1. Example: water
2. P
article kinetic energy: kinetic energy enough to partically overcome attractive force.
3. Particle behavior: can slide past each other.
4. Other fact(s): liquids can flow and take the shape of their container
C. Gas
1. Example: water vapor
2. P
article kinetic energy: enough to partically overcome attractive force.
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3. Particle behavior: positively and negativily charged particles.
4. Other fact(s): do not have fixed volume or shape
D. Plasma
1. Example: stars
2. P
article kinetic energy: high collision force strip electrons from atoms.
3. Particle behavior: positively and negatively charged particles.
4. Other fact(s): overall charge is neutral, most common state of matter in the
universe.
Sequence the kinetic energy, temperature, and density of most solids,
liquids, and gases. Use 1 to represent the lowest amount and 3 to
represent the highest.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Kinetic energy
1
2
3
Temperature
1
2
3
Density
3
2
1
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227
1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
Compare the density of water’s solid state to that of other solid
materials.
a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object.
Explain why the line on a heating curve is flat at the melting point and
boiling point.
Organize the features and examples of other states of matter in the
following table.
Amorphous Solid
Liquid
a liquid that don't float.
a solid that lacks an
ordered internal structure.
Examples
rubber, plastic, and gels.
a state of matter which has
properties between those of
conventional liquids.
it hasproperties between those
of conventional liquids and
those of solid crystals.
many proteins and cell
membranes are liquid crystals.
Get It? Describe how forces between and within water molecules
cause ice to float.
hydrogen bonding
Science Notebook • Solids, Liquids, and Gases
228
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Solid
Liquid Crystal
1 Matter and Thermal Energy (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. Describe the movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
gas vibrates and moves freely at high speed.
2. State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory.
the gas is exposed to a large number of identical molecules in random direction.
3. Describe, in terms of kinetic theory, how the particles of a substance behave at its
melting point.
by the order arrengmet of of a solid due to energy that is required.
4. Describe, in terms of kinetic theory, how the particles of a substance behave at its
boiling point.
by not being able to escape becasue of external pressure pushing down on a liquid.
5. Infer How would the heating curve for glass be different from the heating curve for water?
because water has a different behavior.
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6. Math Connection Using the graph in Figure 7, describe the energy changes that
are occurring when water goes from –15°C to 120°C.
it shows when the thermal energy is continuously added, the temperature increases.
7. Math Connection The melting point of acetic acid is 17°C, and the boiling point is 118°C.
Draw a graph similar to the graph in Figure 7 showing the phase changes for acetic acid.
Clearly mark the three phases, the boiling point, and the melting point on the graph.
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