PHY2390 ASSIGNMENT 8
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
1.Moon has all characteristics of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets’ surfaces are composed
of rocks and metals. Moon too has craters and flooding of basins by lava and has density lower
than terrestrial planets.
4.Hawaii earthquakes occur from volcanic activities since Hawaii is situated on the top of a
volcanic hot spot in the middle of a tectonic plate. They are more frequent. However, southern
California occur from relative motion of moving plates and collision of large rocks in Pacific and
North American plates since southern California is situated on an active plate margin. These
earthquakes are less frequent than Hawaii earthquakes.
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7.Plants – they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through the process of
photosynthesis.
8.Carbon dioxide creates a greenhouse effect. Earth’s atmosphere allows for sunlight to pass
through which warms up its surface. Infrared radiations emitting from earth’s surface are mostly
absorbed by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and then re-radiated in all directions which
increases the temperature of the planet.
10. Active crust and erosion have smoothed out all the craters. Continuous sliding of crusts,
shifting of continents, moving air and water have eroded the surface and left no traces of
geological attributes. Also, the gravitational pulls give rise to atmosphere that traps the gases,
and this causes asteroids to burn up even before they strike the earth’s surface.
CHAPTER 14 REVIEW
1. Jupiter formed in solar nebula is composed of icy planetesimals and grew rapidly from
gravitational collapse. It had gravitational force that attracted lighter molecules like Hydrogen
and Helium. It was also difficult for these molecules to escape Jupiter because having large
gravitational force, it also had large escape velocity. Due to this the gas molecules cannot reach
sufficient kinetic energy easily and hence stay trapped. This is why Jupiter has higher
concentration of Helium and hydrogen than Earth.
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2. Jupiter’s is massive and bulky and is significantly hot with high pressure which compresses
the hydrogen in its interior into liquid. Due to liquified hydrogen, it is said to have a liquid interior.
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5. Jovian planets have rings around them. These rings can be potentially destroyed from the
effects of pressure from sunlight, electromagnetic fields, radiations and heat from the core of the
planets. This is why astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian
planets' rings can be left over from the formation of the
planets.
6. Moon can produce a gap in a planetary ring system due to its orbital resonance with particles
in the rings. Resonance causes every particle in the gap to experience gravitational pull from
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the moon. This causes the particle’s orbit to become elliptical as a result of which the shape of
the orbit of the affected particle interferes with the orbits of other particles. This leads to collision
and elimination of the distorted particles from the gap.
14. Few evidences of catastrophic impacts include:
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Unique shape of Neptune’s moon, Nereid follows a large elliptical path with
Triton, its largest moon orbiting backwards.
Surface of moon being covered with craters visible from the earth surface.
Presence of planetary rings illustrate forces that have scattered the small
particles and formed rings.
Retrograde rotation of Venus and high density of Mercury
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