“People living in the world’s most peripheral regions do not experience a ‘shrinking world’.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? - different strands of the shrinking world effect, eg use of transport, arrival of tourists, exposure to information flows - travel as refugees or economic migrants, often considerable distances// poor places are visited by representatives of the wealthy (charities, agencies) - CC: companies such as nike operating their manufacturing in peripheral regions due to low cost which does connect them globally rather than if they were completely independant “Globalization is unstoppable.” Discuss this statement. - Globalization has accelerated over time as different indexes of globalization (Kearney, KOF) show - Technology continues to develop, furthering possibilities for economic and social integration - CC: Resistance could also be mounted against further losses to sovereignty and independence posed by the growth of MGOs Explain how global core areas (hubs) can be distinguished from peripheral areas. - high levels of global participation which could be measured using KOF or AT Kearney indices. - Source of TNCs Examine the geographical consequences of international outsourcing. - Outsourcing: taking internal company functions and paying outside firm to handle them - Improvements in ICT due to the need for enhanced videoconferencing capability - trade blocs (MGOs), as businesses want tariff-free trade areas to outsource at lower cost - loss of jobs in “source” economies, but growth for emerging “host” economies. Examine the relative importance of the different financial flows that connect global core areas with peripheral areas. - trade blocs (MGOs), as businesses want tariff-free trade areas to outsource at lower cost - FDI from core to periphery through TNC - aid - The power of TNCs is arguably greater than that of many sovereign states and aid agencies//suggesting that trade flows may be more influential than aid flows in terms of the impact they have Explain how global interaction may be measured. - Kearney and kof index Using examples, explain how financial flows transfer wealth between places. - Financial flows: loans, debt relief/repayment, international aid, FDI (foreign direct investment//TNCs), remittances - legal and illegal (criminal, informal) mechanisms of money transfer Ex, international aid or FDI (for TNCs or outsourcing) flows transfer wealth towards an LIC, yet do not necessarily reach the poorest people/parts of that state “All societies, wherever they are, enjoy the benefits of a shrinking world.” Discuss this statement. - No, peripheries not having as much, and maybe being taken advantage of (not paying workers as much//TNCs taking over) - CC: having more jobs ig bc of FDI and big companies Using examples, analyse how foreign direct investment and glocalization are used by transnational corporations (TNCs) to help their expansion. - Foreign direct investment (FDI) includes a range of different kinds of overseas (mention different important kinds of investments) investments made by TNCs - Glocalization describes the adapting of a “universal” product to meet the cultural requirements of local markets - TNCs achieve greater profits/market share through their geographic strategies, and can win local acceptance by embracing local people’s culture. Examine the relationship between a country’s gross national income (GNI) and its level of participation in globalization. - well-known indexes show high globalization scores for countries with a high GNI - foreign direct investment by TNCs can bring many financial benefits that lead to greater global economic participation for businesses and citizens (if incomes grow, allowing people to consume more globally-produced services or participate in tourism) - poorer societies remain “non-globalized” eg, Amazonian tribes - poorer nations only experience one-way interactions – their assets are stripped by powerful nations/TNCs Explain why it might be hard to observe and measure some types of global interaction. - Illegal flows - Index: (Kearny only looking at 72 countries) (KOF making it hard to measure some things ex, “social dimension: spread of ideas”) Using examples, analyse the concept of “loss of sovereignty”. - IMF/World Bank or other “top-down” assistance that comes with strings attached - the shift in power away from states and towards TNCs as a result of their economic size and dominance. - Cultural changes and loss of native languages “Individuals, national governments and international organizations are increasingly resistant to global interactions.” Discuss this statement. - Global interactions should be defined as a broad set of economic and sociocultural exchanges. - Not rly bc of MGOs wanting to form bonds and trades (EU, NAFTA) CC: anti-immigration/nationalists “Due to global interactions, there is no longer a global periphery.” Discuss this statement. - Shrinking world: connections mean theres less divide - TNCs investment in areas (FDI) - But the shrinking world doesn't connect everyone equally//in the right ways - Taking advantage of workers - TNCs reducing local businesses - Still; it is connecting - CC: poor areas that don't have access to the tech and social growth (ex, media, internet) are now “further” away than before (ex, amazonian tribes) Analyse the spatial and temporal pattern of adoption of one or more branded commodities. - have been adopted in a greater number of places as more time has passed. - Ex, McDonald Examine how disparities between countries give rise to different global flows. - FDIs and remittances and aid as money flow - Outsourcing (apple and nike) of material flows Referring to named countries, analyse how people’s participation in information and communications technology (ICT) networks is changing - either consumers of ICT services or producers (call centre workers, outsourcing goods) “Barriers to globalization are no longer falling but are rising instead.” Discuss this statement. - Real barriers border controls and walls (political barriers) - virtual firewalls (technological barriers). - There are also the real or perceived cultural barriers of language and religion. - falling barriers for data: the shrinking world and time–space convergence - increasing barriers as governments react to the real or perceived loss of sovereignty through retreat from MGOs or increased protectionism - isolated societies for whom barriers neither rise nor fall Examine the challenges that increased global adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) brings to different places. - ICT enables increased outsourcing which may have negative impacts - the digital divide and lack of participation in ICT (factors include income, age, literacy level), which in turn link to disparities in wealth at varying scales Explain how the actions of world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund) influence global financial flows. - IMF, World Bank, New Development Bank (NDB), trading blocs/MGOs such as EU - Financial flows may include: - loans (with structural adjustment programmes) - remittances (linked with EU rules; or development policies of the World Bank) - movements of capital and FDI (made easier by EU or NAFTA, etc) - aid flows (providing this can be linked with the work of world trading organizations and financial institutions). “The interdependence of countries has been greatly exaggerated.” Using examples, discuss this statement. - economic interdependence due to outsourcing and FDI relationships - MGO economic and political interdependence Examine how different global flows are affected by the availability of information and communications technology (ICT) and transport. - the shrinking world (the combined outcome of ICT and transport) and how this affects multiple flows such as travel, tourism and social networking - labour migration (transport), financial flows (electronic money transfers) and outsourcing “Geographical differences in wealth are increasing, not decreasing.” Using examples, discuss this statement. - MGO ameliorate and accentuate disparities through trade agreements - Core and periphery Analyse how the growth of multi-governmental organizations (MGOs) can impact on the political borders of member states. - Political borders are potential barriers to flows of goods, capital or people - Not all MGOs impact on the effectiveness of member states’ borders to the same extent. Only the EU allows full freedom of movement - Trade blocs like NAFTA allow movement of commodities across borders without imposition of tariffs - Illegal migration / smuggling may render borders ineffective. Analyse how increased internet use has affected different global financial flows. - Online flows - Shrinking world and outsourcing - Tech industries internationally (iphones in china) Explain how a reduction in the friction of distance results in time–space convergence. Explain what is meant by time–space convergence. https://www.ibdocuments.com/IB%20QUESTIONBANKS/4.%20Fourth%20Edition/questionbank .ibo.org/en/teachers/00000/questionbanks/1-dp-geography/questions/791.html Explain how one multi-governmental organization has led to a loss of sovereignty. - EU a common market and fuller economic union with shared currency and freedom of movement for workers//sovereignty has been lost, Discuss the interrelationships between global interactions and changes in technology. - cheap air flights driving global tourism - the internet driving the growth of virtual communities (Facebook), spatial diffusion into new markets (for example, mobile uptake in Africa and Asia). - Various forms of technology are a key factor explaining the growth in power and influence of TNCs - CC: Another reciprocal view exists, which is that globalization drives technology. It is global consumerism which drives innovation, outsourcing and the technologies needed to make it all possible. - Demand from people for faster internet (HD TV on demand etc.) leads to large TNCs re-investing profits into research and development hubs. Examine the importance of loans, debt repayment, development aid, remittances, foreign direct investment and repatriation of profits in the transfer of capital between the developed core areas and the peripheries. Examine the influence of governments, world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and World Bank) in the transfer of capital. Explain the causes and effects of one major flow of labour between two countries. - Avocados from mexico to USA - Cause: through nafta there is more export of this - Effect: high levels of this consummation in USA, local avocado farmers cant compete so they lose business, the avocado industry being a major source of GDP in Mexico, but then avocados becoming so uncommon/expensive for Mexico locals Explain the role of ICT in the growth of international outsourcing. - Outsourcing: taking internal company functions and paying an outside firm to handle them (not “in-house”). - International outsourcing: domestic firms ask foreign firms to produce a product, for which it can perhaps supply the inputs to the producer. - Industries (agribusiness to call centres) use ICT in different ways to support outsourcing. - ICT helps with just-in-time ordering from suppliers, etc, thereby supporting outsourcing of other sectors of industry including manufacturing and food. Analyse recent growth trends in the use of ICT for one or more countries or regions you have studied. https://www.ibdocuments.com/IB%20QUESTIONBANKS/4.%20Fourth%20Edition/questionbank .ibo.org/en/teachers/00000/questionbanks/1-dp-geography/questions/63285.html “Global interactions are putting all the world’s wealth into the hands of a small number of people and countries.” Discuss this statement. - high growth rates of emerging economies, especially those of China and India and the continued lack of FDI for the poorest 50 LDCs. - The benefits of globalization are not evenly spread within nations and this is a reason for resistance from some groups - examine the claim that “the rich get richer while the poor get poorer” and describe evidence for worker poverty within some nations, - linked to FDI/TNCs outsourcing or agro-industry employment - Societies that have been excluded from global interactions (indigenous tribes, etc) may also be discussed Analyse the increasing influence of one multi-governmental organization you have studied. https://www.ibdocuments.com/IB%20QUESTIONBANKS/4.%20Fourth%20Edition/questionbank .ibo.org/en/teachers/00000/questionbanks/1-dp-geography/questions/63283.html Using examples, analyse how global financial flows can be affected by the actions of governments. - National governments directly transfer money: - international aid programmes (bilateral or multilateral contributions) - loans (including sovereign wealth funds) investment (state-owned companies may purchase assets abroad). - National governments affect financial flows: - policy-making//can impact on migration (and thus remittances) - investment patterns of TNCs (and thus flows of FDI, including investment, acquisitions, outsourcing). - National governments also protect their economy from financial currency inflows/outflows. - Money laundering is another possible theme. - MGOs (flows can accelerate with removal of tariffs/market expansion) - intergovernmental nature of financial institutions/global governance (IMF and World Bank). Using examples, distinguish between local adoption and local adaptation of globalized cultural traits. Adoption of a trait - can take the form of cultural imperialism (where one culture imposes its culture on another eg spread of English and Christianity under British Empire). Adaptation - globalization of culture/commodities, resulting in a hybrid or fusion of local and global. - many different variants of spoken French or Spanish around the world “International migration is the main cause of local opposition to global interactions.” Discuss this statement.
