FINAL EXAM (CUMALATIVE)
Tissues
Abdominal Regions (9 Regions)
Umbilicus
Bilateral Symmetry
2 Major Cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity Organs
Molecules
4 Main Tissues of Body
2 Parts of Pleura
Mediastinum
Ribosomes
Cilia
Mitochondrion
Microfilament
Gap Junction
3 Solutions
Diffusion
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Transcription
Transcription (End Product)
Translation (End Product)
Blood Tissue
Epithelial Tissue (Examples)
Function of Connective Tissue
Osteon (Haversian System)
Chondrocytes
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Bone Tissue
Simple Squamous
Microvilli, Goblet Cells, Cilia
Epidermis
Group of similar cells that perform a common function.
Appendix found in the Hypogastric region.
Midpoint of Umbilical Region. Houses a portion of the transverse colon and loops of
the small intestine
Right and left side of the human body is similar.
Ventral and Dorsal.
Abdominal cavity contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen,
kidneys, and ureters. Pelvic Cavity contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs,
and part of the large intestine
Combination of atoms.
There are four types. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.
Visceral inside covers lungs and Parietal outside towards bone
Cavity found in the thoracic cavity. Location is in ventral cavity.
It is synthesized in the nucleolus. Once the ribosome is made it passes from the
nucleus into the rest of the cell. Serves as the site of protein synthesis
Microscopic cell extensions supported by an arrangement of microtubules. Found in
Pseudostratified cells in respiratory tract.
Structure containing cristae
Known at the “Cellular muscles”
In the heart, it plays an important role in impulse conduction. They are intercellular
connections between cells.
Water moving into or out of cells determines cell volume. Cells such as blood placed in
a Hypertonic solution contain a greater concentration of solute than the cell. Cell
shrinks as water flows out of them. Isotonic solutions do not change volume.
Hypotonic solution (think hippo) water flows into cells and then swell up.
Move from area of high concentration to area of low conc. Concentration gradient
needed for diffusion. (Ex: Dialysis)
Diffusion, Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion (mediated passive transport)
Material moved from a low concentration to high. Requires energy by the cell.
Transport by pumps and by vesicles
Occurs in the nucleus.
The synthesis of mRNA.
After leaving the nucleus and being edited, mRNA links ups with a ribosome in the
cytoplasm. tRNA bring specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome. Peptide
bonds join them to eventually produce an entire polypeptide chain (Protein).
It’s connective tissue. Performs body transport functions including movement of
respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products. Plays a
critical role in maintaining constant body temperature and regulating pH of body fluids
Produce glands and membranes. Covers and protects body. Lines body cavities.
Most abundant. Do not contain epithelial components. Synovial membranes that line
the space between bones in joints. Have smooth and slick membranes that secrete
synovial fluid. Connects, supports, transports, and defends.
Structural unit of compact bone. Osteocytes. Holes called lucanae.
Only cells found in the cartilage.
Striations, voluntary, attached to bone
Compact and Cancellous
Consists of only one layer of flat, scale like cells. Substances can readily diffuse or filter
through this type of tissue. Found in alveoli of the lungs.
It’s a modification of the Simple columnar epithelium. Lines the stomach, intestine,
uterus, uterine tubes, and parts of respiratory tract. Increases the surface area of the
intestinal mucosa making it well suited for absorbing nutrients and fluids.
The superficial, thinner layer. Contains 5 layers. The epidermis is composed of several
types of epithelial cells. Palms keratinized stratified epithelium
Functions of skin
Stratum Corneum (Superficial)
Hypodermis
Body Temp Rises
Muscle Tendons
3 Types of Bone
Hematopoiesis
Activity of Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Epiphyses
Functions of Calcium
3 Types of Cartilage
Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitonin
Axial Skeleton (80)
Appendicular Skeleton (126)
Sutures
Occipital Bone
Vertebral Column (Order)
Xiphoid Process
Pelvis
Joints
Gomphosis
Glenoid Cavity
Mastication
Sphincter
Rotator Cuff
Trapezius
Hamstring
Sarcolemma
Sarcomere
T-Tubules Function
4 Proteins/Muscle Contraction
Myosin
Protection provides physical and immune barrier, Surface Film provides lubrication,
Sensation provides senses to pressure, touch, temp, and pain, Flexibility provides
elasticity without injury, Excretion of water, urea, ammonia, and uric acid, Hormone
Production provides vitamin D from UV light, Immunity destroys bacteria,
Homeostasis of body temperature keeps body temp in check.
Barrier area of the skin.
It’s also called subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia. Connects dermis to underlying
tissue that has loose fibrous and adipose tissue, along with nerves, blood vessels, and
lymphatic vessels.
Blood flow to skin increases.
Fibers attach to bone by connecting to periosteum.
Osteocytes (Mature Cells), osteoclasts (erosion), osteoblasts
Circulating blood tissue is formed in Red Bone Marrow. Process called hematopoiesis.
Involved in bone growth in medullary cavity when enlarged.
Bone formation. Calcium decreases in blood, calcium increases in bone. Osteoclasts do
opposite.
Ends of the long bone.
Clotting, Muscle function, Nerve impulse.
Consists the most of Hyaline cartilage (located in the trachea, bronchi, ribs and
sternum, nose, larynx). The other one is Fibrocartilage, which is the strongest located
in the Intervertebral Discs. Lastly there is Elastic, which is located in the ear.
Regulates the levels of calcium in blood. Stimulates production of active vitamin D.
Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly
stimulated by PTH.
Stimulates incorporation of calcium in the blood. High levels of calcitonin in the blood
stimulate the bone to remove calcium from the blood.
Bones at the midline. (Ex: Ribs, Cranium, Vertebrae, Maxilla, Mandible, Hyoid,
Sternum and others)
All other bones (Ex; Coxal, Clavicle, Scapula, Femur, Tibia, Humerus, Radius, Ulna and
more)
Lambdoid – Suture between the occipital and parietal, Sagittal – Top of skull between
left and right parietal bone, Squamous - cranial suture between the temporal and
parietal bones
Articulates with the first bone in vertebrae, Atlas bone.
Order from superior to inferior. Cervical (7), Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5), Sacral, & Coccyx.
The lower part of the sternum. The upper part called manubrium
Pubis – Anterior of the pelvic girdle. The Ilium – The largest bone of hip. Ischium –
Behind and below where weight falls in sitting.
Connective tissue that joins the bones together. Produce mobility. Most movable is
synovial joint. (Ball and Socket)
Found in mandible and maxilla.
Articulates with the head of the bone of the upper arm. Fibrocartilage found in it is
glenoid labrum.
Chewing muscle is called masseter.
Circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage.
Made up of muscles and tendons that keep the ball (head) of your upper arm bone in
your shoulder socket. Consists of infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor
Back of neck. Muscle that shrugs shoulders.
Muscle located posteriorly to the thigh.
It is the thin, transparent, extensible plasma membrane of the muscle cell.
Smallest basic contractile unit of the muscle fiber.
Function is to allow electrical impulses traveling along the sarcomere to move deeper
into the cell.
Actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyoin.
Contains the cross-bridges. Needs ATP.
Creatine phosphate
Aerobic Respiration
Contractility
Glucose
In muscle contraction replenishes ATP *given
Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen to break down food energy
(usually glucose and fat) to generate ATP for muscle contractions
The ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten
Converted into this in the skeletal muscle and liver.
NEW CHAPTERS
Myelin Sheath
Dopamine
Autonomic Nervous Syst. (ANS)
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid Function
The Choroid Plexus
The Cerebellum
3 Parts of Brain Stem
Pineal Gland
Infundibulum
CNS & PNS
Ventricles (Know 4th)
PNS
Cauda Equina
Vestibular cochlear nerve
Coccygeal plexus nerves
Somatic nerves
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System
Oligodendrocytes (Brain), Schwann cells (Nerve)
Cannot cross the blood brain barrier. Parkinson’s when not produced.
Consists of a somatic afferent pathways (CNS – Brain & Spinal Chord) and efferent
pathways that have sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
3 Layers that protect the brain and spinal cord. Pia mater is the delicate inner layer.
Arachnoid is middle layer with web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions brain.
Dura mater is the tough outer later and serves as the skull’s inner periosteum.
Inflammation is referred to as meningitis.
Maintains PH, carbon dioxide
A secretory tissue responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the vertebrae
and brain
Part of the Brain for Balance
Pons, Midbrain, Medulla
The biological clock due to the release of melatonin.
A tube-like structure that connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus
2 main divisions of nervous system. CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid and transport it. Right and left ventricles.
rd
th
3 ventricle situated in between the right and the left thalamus. 4 ventricle lies
within the brainstem at the junction between the pons and medulla
31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves. Has autonomic, sensory, and somatic nerves.
Nerve endings after the spinal cord. Not part of it.
Nerve that conveys balance. Damage causes loss of hearing
Found in the floor of the pelvic cavity and around the tailbone. (buttock area)
PNS associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of
skeletal muscles
Preganglionic neurons are short and Postganglionic neurons are long. Connect CNS to
ganglia. (Thoracic and Lumbar)
Preganglionic neurons are long and Postganglionic neurons are short. Connect ganglia
to effector organs.
Controls organs of body. Viscera