IV. Katutubong Panukat ng Sikolohikal:
Indigenous Personality Measurement
By: Nicasio A. Pimentel III
A. Indigenous Measures of Personality Assessment in Asia
Sue (1983) criticized the predominance of the ETIC APPROACH in Psychology at the
expense of EMIC APPROACH
Etic ApproachCore Similarities in All
Human Beings
Emic ApproachCultural Specific
Orientation
Relevant to Local
Context
Introduction
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Importation of Western theories and measures represents the imposed etic
approach in which Western constructs are assumed to be universally
applicable and are “imposed” on the local culture.
The most active movements of indigenous psychology are found in India, the
Philippines, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.
Many of the indigenous personality constructs reflect the relational nature
of human experience, which defines selfhood in a social and interpersonal
context
Despite the long history of indigenous psychology movements, relatively few
indigenous personality measures are available.
Indian Indigenous Measures of Personality (1/3)
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The indigenization of psychology started in India after its
independence in 1947.
Studies of indigenous psychology in India have focused on the
relationship between religion or spirituality and the transpersonal
growth of the self (Verma, 1997).
The indigenization movement attempts to integrate the logical
positivistic approach of Western psychology, the ancient wisdom of
psycho-spiritual nature, and folkways reflecting the social realities
( J. B. Sinha, 2000).
Development of a “rural psychology” that involves variables and
contexts very different from the industrialized urban culture in the
West (D. Sinha, 1985, 1993).
Indian Indigenous Measures of Personality (2/3)
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Story-Pictorial Embedded Figures
Test=psychological differentiation
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There is little systematic
study and development
of indigenous Indian
measures, despite the
theoretical discussion
and development of
Hindu concepts of
personality.
Indian Indigenous Measures of Personality (3/3)
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Clinical Assessment of Children/Adolescents
Indian tools are translated from Western tests, and some of the translated
tests are given new names, probably leading to “the erroneous impression
that these tests have been developed especially in India”
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For Adult Psychopathology
A Hindi translation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) and its short form have been used in a number of research studies
Korean Indigenous Measures of Personality (1/2)
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The Confucian tradition of Korean culture establishes the context
for the development of Korean indigenous psychology.
Emphasizes subjective experiences, including meaning, goals,
and consciousness, are important building blocks for
understanding Korean behaviors.
Views the relationship between an individual and a group as a
dynamic system of interaction and mutual influence.
Confucianism influences many aspects of behavior in Korean
societies. The emphasis on relationships, which is related but not
equivalent to collectivism, is prevalent in Korean culture.
Korean Indigenous Measures of Personality (2/2)
● There is no major personality assessment instrument
indigenous to Korean culture.
● Kim et al. (1999) developed an indigenous self-efficacy scale
based on Bandura’s (1999) sociocognitive theory, in which
the concepts and items for the subscales were derived from
focus group interviews with Korean samples.
● Imported instruments such as the MMPI–2 and the Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI), have been translated and
standardized for local use.
Japanese Indigenous Measures of Personality (1/2)
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For more than 100 years of its history, Japanese psychology
has been following Western research trends. In the early
stages, Japanese psychologists translated and modeled
Western theories and concepts (Azuma, 1984).
Although indigenous scales for specific aspects of
personality are available, there are very few attempts to
develop multidimensional indigenous measures.
Personality psychologists generally preferred imported
measures with rigorous translation and adaptation
procedures, for example, the Japanese version of the MMPI.
Chinese Indigenous Measures of Personality (1/2)
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The indigenization movement in Chinese psychology
began in Taiwan in the 1970s. Yang (1986, 1996) pioneered
the movement with a focus on important personality
constructs in Chinese societies, including
traditionality–modernity and social orientation.
Yang and his associates developed a number of scales to
measure these indigenous social constructs and studied
changes in the personality of Chinese people under
societal modernization.
Chinese Indigenous Measures of Personality (2/2)
● The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
- An indigenous instrument covering personality
characteristics for normal samples as well as
diagnostic assessment of Chinese people.
- The CPAI is a combined etic–emic measure that
includes both universal and indigenous
constructs.
Filipino Indigenous Measures of Personality: PPP (Carlota, 1987)(1/2)
Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
The authors ranked the personality dimensions
mentioned and added dimensions from their
literature review to derive 19 personality dimensions,
including Emotional Stability, Sociability, Risk
Taking, Cheerfulness, and Respectfulness.
● The most recent version of the PPP has 210 items and
is available in English and three other Philippine
languages.
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Filipino Indigenous Personality Measures: PPP (Carlota, 1987)(2/2)
Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino
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PPP dimensions were related to self-reported problem
behaviors:
PPP Honesty negatively correlated with smoking and drinking
habits,
PPP Thoughtfulness negatively correlated with the tendency to
gamble, and
PPP Intelligence and Creativity negatively correlated with
accident proneness.
PPP Sensitiveness positively correlated with accident
proneness.
Filipino Indigenous Personality Measures: PKP (Church et. al, 1996)
Panukat ng Mga Katangian ng Personalidad
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This instrument was developed using a lexical approach.
Individual differences in a culture are encoded in its language.
Some of the dimensions in the 253-item version of the PKP were correlated with
self-reported problem behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and gambling.
PKP Conscientiousness and Concern for Others negatively correlated with
smoking.
PKP Religiosity and Conscientiousness negatively correlated with drinking and
gambling.
Trait Psychology in the Philippines
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Filipinos have been influenced during and after the Spanish and American
colonial period. But it is still a largely collectivist culture (Church, 1986).
The first attempt to replicate the 5 Factor/Big 5 Model of Personality in
non-western culture was studied by Guthrie & Bennett (1971) in the
Philippines.
But, studies by McCrae, Costa, del Pilar, Rolland and Parker (1998) and
Katigbak, Church and Akamine (1996) provided clearer support for the
five-factor model in the Philippines which used Tagalog & English visions
using Revised NEO-PI-R .
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (1/7)
Mean Scores of Filipino samples to U.S. norms for Cattell’s 16 PF Inventory
(Bretana, 1987)
● Filipino adolescent men > American adolescent men
- In emotional stability, maturity, submissiveness, superego strength,
dependence and control
● Filipino adolescent women> American adolescent women
- More reserved, emotionally stable, conscientious, restrained, controlled and
relaxed
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (2/7)
Coppersmith’s Self-Esteem Scale (Calhoun & Sethi, 1987)
● American youth > Filipino & Indian Youth
- Has more self-esteem
California F-scale (to measure authoritarian personality)
Filipinos>Americans
-higher average on authoritarian personality
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (3/7)
Do Filipinos use traits in describing or understanding persons and their
behavior?
Filipinos readily apply trait terms in describing themselves and others (Church &
Katigbak, 2000). For example, in our own studies of mental health conceptions,
Filipino college students made extensive use of trait terms in describing Filipinos
with good or poor psychological health (Church & Katigbak, 1989).
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (4/7)
Are the trait terms used by Filipinos comparable to those used by persons in
other cultures?
Overall, yes. This question addresses the comparability of personality trait
lexicons across cultures. Clearly, one can identify many trait terms in Filipino
languages that are difficult to translate or that have culture-specific
connotations.
A Big Five taxonomy can encompass most, if not all, of the trait distinctions made
in most cultures.
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (5/7)
How culture-specific are the trait dimensions assessed by indigenous Philippine
personality inventories?
Most are not highly culture-specific. A large number of indigenous personality
measures have been developed in the Philippines, although only a few measure a fairly
comprehensive set of traits or dimensions (Guanzon-Lapeña et al., 1998).
Indigenous and Big Five dimensions overlap considerably,
The Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilpino (PPP) and Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP)
(Guanzon-Lapeña et al., 1998). most of the trait dimensions measured by these
indigenous measures overlap considerably with the Big Five dimensions.
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (6/7)
Are subgroup differences in personality traits the same in the Philippines as in other cultures?
Gender differences in personality traits, although modest in size, are indeed fairly consistent across cultures, so that
biological explanations can not be ruled out.
Filipino Women
Filipino Men
-In all neuroticism facets except impulsivity
-Straightforwardness facet of
Agreeableness
-Openness to aesthetics
Trust
Communal aspect of extraversion
(excitement-seeking)
-Openness to ideas
Gender differences were larger in cultures that are more western, wealthy, and individualistic; in particular,
gender effect sizes were larger for European and American cultures than for African and Asian cultures.
Gender differences in more traditional or collectivistic cultures might be attributed to gender role requirements
rather than to traits, so that perceived gender differences in behavior would not be reflected in trait assessments.
Trait Psychology in the Philippines (7/7): Conclusion
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Filipinos readily apply trait terms in describing themselves and others;
Filipinos make trait distinctions that are comparable to trait distinctions made in other languages
and cultures;
Trait dimensions assessed by imported personality inventories replicate rather well in the
Philippines;
Most indigenous Filipino personality dimensions are not highly culture-specific;
Indigenous Filipino personality measures provide additional prediction of behavior beyond that
provided by imported measures;