Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
Use your knowledge of Biology and your notes to define the following terms:
Compound- A compound is a unique substance that
Solution- A type of homogenous mixture in which the
consists of two or more elements combined in fixed
proportions. This means that the composition of a
compound is always the same.
particles of one or more substances (the solute) are
distributed uniformly throughout another substance (the
solvent).
Ionic Bond- is a chemical bond wherein there is a
Solvent- is a molecule that has the ability to dissolve
transfer of an electron from one atom to another. ... The
atom that loses one or more electrons will turn into a
positive ion and will be called a cation.
other molecules, known as solutes. A solvent can be solid,
liquid or gas.
Covalent Bond- is defined as a chemical bond wherein
Solute- is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent
two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs.
to create a solution. A solute can come in many forms. It
can be gas, liquid, or solid.
Hydrogen Bond- is a common type of chemical bond in
Denature- process modifying the molecular structure of
organisms. As the name suggests, this type of bond
involves a hydrogen atom. The hydrogen is attracted to a
strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen, fluorine,
or nitrogen of a polar covalent bond in the same or
another molecule.
a protein. Denaturation involves the breaking of many of
the weak linkages, or bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds), within
a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly
ordered structure of the protein in its natural (native) state.
Polar- describe the ways in which individual particles of
Competitive Inhibitor- an inhibitor that resembles the
matter, or atoms, interact with water in a living organism
and the ways in which groups of atoms that are stuck
together, or molecules, interact with water.
normal substrate binds to the enzyme, usually at the active
site, and prevents the substrate from binding.
Monomer- A molecule that may react chemically to
Noncompetitve inhibitor- the inhibitor binds at
another molecule of the same type to form a larger
molecule
an allosteric site separate from the active site of substrate
binding. Thus in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor
can bind its target enzyme regardless of the presence of a
bound substrate.
Cohesionrefers to the state of cohering or sticking
together of alike entities.
Polymer- are large molecules composed of many similar
smaller molecules linked together in a chain-like fashion.
The individual smaller molecules are called monomers.
Adhesion- The binding of a cell to another cell, or a cell
Aqueous Solution- is a type of solution wherein the
to a surface, via specific cell adhesion molecules.
(anatomy) A fibrous band of scar tissue that binds
together normally separate bodily structures.
solvent (dissolving medium) is water. Water is considered
as the universal solvent.
Active Site- refers to the specific region of an enzyme
Surface Tension- The property of the surface of a liquid
where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place or where
chemical reaction occurs.
gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its
temperature by one degree Celsius. For water, this amount
is one calorie, or 4.184 Joules.
that allows it to resist an external force, due to the
cohesive nature of its molecules." ... The cohesive forces
between liquid molecules are responsible for the
phenomenon known as surface tension.
Dissociates- The separation of a molecule into two or
more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions or free radicals)
produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or
by solvation.
Valence-
Polymerization- is the act or process wherein
Specific Heat- is defined as the amount of heat one
The relative capability of a substance
(e.g. antibody) to act upon, react, or bind with a biological
substrate
monomeric molecules join together to form a polymer or a
3D network. In biochemistry, polymerization occurs
through a chemical reaction that ends up in creating a
polymer as monomers link through chemical bonds.
Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
Use your knowledge of Biology and your notes to answer the following questions:
Atoms and Bonds
1. ____Matter__________ comprises everything.
2. What does all matter, which comprises all non-living and living material, have in
common? All matter is comprised of elements (atoms).
3. Which elements does all living matter consist of? There are 6 elements that make up 96%
of the mass of living things! Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus,
Sulfur
4. What elements make something organic? Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
5. What does inorganic mean? Carbon dioxide molecule
6. What is the smallest part of an element? Atom
7. What is inside of the nucleus? It contains most of an atom’s mass
8. What particle of an atom is positively charged and determines the atomic number? the
number of protons determines the atomic number.
9. What particle of an atom is neutral and can vary in number among atoms creating
different isotopes of an element? Neutron
10. Atomic mass = _ of an atom is found by adding the number of protons and
neutrons._
11. What high-energy particle of an atom is negatively charged to balance the protons
positive charge? Electron
Water
1. How does cohesion of water molecules work? Hydrogen bonding
between the positively charged hydrogen (H+) and negatively charged oxygen (O-)
(opposites attract or polarity) of another water molecule making it as if water forms
a web.
2. Give an example of cohesion. Each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds
with neighbor molecules.
3. How does adhesion of water molecules occur? Hydrogen bonding between the
positively charged hydrogen (H+) of water and another substances molecules
Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
making water climb, resulting in capillary action. A water drop is composed of
water molecule that like to stick together and example of the property of cohesion.
4. Give an example of adhesion. Pine needles above, the water droplets are stuck to the
end of the pine needles-an example of the property of adhesion.
5. How does water change states? Hydrogen bonds are formed to bring together a solid
or break apart into a liquid or a gas.
6. Why is water considered the universal solvent of life? Because it is able to dissolve
most other substances. Example: Water (Dissolver or Solvent) and Salt (Dissolved
or Solute)
7. What is the solvent in salt water? The water
8. What is the solute in salt water? The salt
9. Is water polar or nonpolar? It is polar
Macromolecules
1. What are the elements that make up carbohydrates? C, H and O
2. What is the importance of carbohydrates? Primary and quickest Source of Energy for
Cell Activity and Storage (Starch)
3. What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Glycerol and Three fatty Acids
(Triglycerides) / Glucose and Fructose
4. What are examples of carbohydrates? Saccharides (Sugars): Glucose (mono-plant),
fructose (mono-fruit), sucrose (di-table), lactose (poly-milk), cellulose (poly-cell
wall), Chitin (poly-shells) (i.e. sugars usually end in-ose)
5. What are the monomers of lipids? Glycerol and Three fatty Acids (Triglycerides)
6. What is the importance of lipids? : Major Source of Energy and Long Term Storage
(Glucagon), and Primary Component of the Cell Membrane (Phospholpid) and
Insulation
7. What are examples of lipids? Fats (solid at room temperature-1 bond between C
(saturated), Oils (liquid at room temperature-at least 1 double bond between C
(polyunsaturated), Waxes, and Steroids
8. What are the monomers of proteins? Amino Acids
Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
9. What is the importance of proteins? Catalyzes (Supports) and Speeds-Up Chemical
Reactions (Enzymes) and Transport Molecules Through and Provide Structural
Support for the Cell Membrane
10. What are examples of proteins? Enzymes, Hemoglobin, Antibodies, Collagen, and
Keratin
11. What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides (Five-Carbon Sugar Phosphate
Group, and a Nitrogenous Base)
12. What are examples of nucleic acids? DNA, RNA, tRNA
13. What is the importance of nucleic acids? Stores Genetic Information and Directs the
Synthesis (Production) of Proteins
14.
pH
1. Draw the pH scale below.
Make sure to include the following: Where H+ ions are located, where OH- ions are
located, which are acids, which are bases, draw arrows of the direction of increasing
acidity, draw arrows of the direction of increasing basicity, label where neutral is, include
all of the numbers on the pH scale.
2. Each pH is ____10________times ____stronger______________ than the next.
3. A pH of 1 is ____10 times stronger____________ than a pH of 2.
4. Of the following examples, list whether they are an acid, a base, or neutral. And if they
are strong or weak!!!
Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
a. pH 4: ______acid_____________
b. pH 9: ____base_______________
c. pH 2: ____acid_______________
d. pH 6: _____acid______________
e. pH 1: _____acid______________
f. pH 7: _____neutral______________
g. pH 14: ___base______________
5. What is a buffer? A solution that does not change pH when an acid or base is added.
Enzymes
1. What macromolecule group do enzymes belong in? Proteins
2. Do enzymes slow down or speed up chemical reactions? By enzymes (proteins)
which are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering its
activation energy by weakening bonds.
3. Is the following picture breaking down or building up chemical reaction? Breaking
Down-Hydrolysis
4. Is the following picture breaking down or
building up chemical reaction? Building-UpDehydration Synthesis
5.
Biology: Unit 2 Biochemistry Study Guide
6. How does a chemical reaction affect the enzyme and the substrates?
7. Draw and label: an enzyme, substrate, and an enzyme-substrate complex. Also, label
where you would find the active site.
8. How does temperature effect enzyme activity? High temperatures can destroy
enzymes, therefore decreasing enzyme activity. As temperature increases, enzyme
activity increases up to a point and then decreases.
9. How does pH effect enzyme activity? Enzymes work at specific pH (most function
best at a pH between 6-8). Changing the pH can destroy the enzyme, therefore
decreasing enzyme activity. As pH increases, enzyme activity increases up to a
point and then decreases.
10. Why does enzyme activity begin to decrease when exposed to high temperatures and high
or low pH? The enzyme loses its shape (it denatures), and changing its’ shape
unfolds it and keeps enzymes from functioning.