體育運動科學系 教育學院‧香港中文大學 SPED2520 Functional Human Anatomy And Sports Injuries Topic 1: Introduction to anatomy and the skeletal system • Anatomical terminology • Structural organization • Introduction to bone anatomy Mr. Lo King Yuen, Felix (physiohk@gmail.com) Today’s Agenda 2 Introductions Arrangement during face-to-face teaching General rules Course description and logistics Assessment and points to note Textbook and general issues Begin lecture: Introduction to anatomy and the skeletal system Course instructors 3 Prof. Yang Yijian(yyang@cuhk.edu.hk) Office: G07, Kwok Science Building Office phone: (852) 3943 4001 Mr. Felix Lo King Yuen (physiohk@gmail.com) Registered physiotherapist Part-time lecturer Self-introduction (Prof. Yang) MD, Sun Yat-Sen University, China PhD, Simon Fraser University, Canada Postdoc, University of British Colombia, Canada Teaching (UG programme) SPED2520 Functional Human Anatomy and Sports Injury SPED2610 Introduction to Exercise Biomechanics SPED3630 Introduction to Research Methods SPED4640 Human Kinematics and Kinetics SPED4900 Research Project Asist. Professor CUHK, Hong Kong Self-introduction (Mr. Lo) 5 Teaching (UG programme) SPED2520 Functional Human Anatomy and Sports Injury Arrangement during face-to-face teaching Students and teachers will need to have their masks on during classes, except if vigorous exercises are involved Social distancing should be observed as far as practicable in seating arrangements When students’ masks are taken off, they will need to keep 1.5m social distancing Students should not share equipment as far as possible Cleansing the equipment with spray sanitizers is necessary before and after usage Students should be divided into small groups to avoid large group gathering No eating or drinking is allowed inside the venue General rules 7 Backboard Absence Please download and pre-read lecture material prior to class Please watch the videos for the preparation of the lecture & answer the questions posted along with them before class Please email course instructor before class if you know that you will be late, absent, or need to leave early Please contact administrative office if you need to apply sick leave or official leave for competition Respect Respect your instructor and classmates! Keep quiet during the class and not to disturb others (己所不欲,勿 施于人) Course description 8 Importance of the course One of the core courses for all SSPE students Application to biomechanics, physiology, and resistance training Course objectives To develop knowledge of the structure and function of the body’s systems involved in human movement To develop the ability to describe and analyse joint movement and muscle function in human movement Course logistics 9 Lectures: Venue: Tuesdays, 9:30 am - 12:15 pm (face-to-face teaching) Cheng Yu Tung (CYT) LT 1B Office Hours: Prof. Yang: online communication is preferred (email or zoom) Mr. Lo: online communication is preferred (email or zoom) Course website Blackboard Course organization 10 Taught by Mr. Lo Week 1: Introduction to anatomy Week 2 -3 : Skeletal system Week 4: Introduction to soft tissues & joint movements Week 5: Joints and ligaments Taught by Prof. Yang Week 7 – 9 : Muscular system Week 10: Common sports injuries I Week 11: Common sport injuries II Week 12: Revision session Week 13: group presentation (25%) Week 6: Written Week 14: Written final mid‐term exam (30%) examination (30%) Note: schedule may be subjected to changes Assessment 11 Quizzes (8 in total) Week 2‐5, 8‐11 Best 6 x 2% 12% Midterm exam Week 6 1 x 30% 30% Group project Week 13 1 x 25% 25% Final exam Week 14 1 x 30% 30% Active participation & discipline Continuous assessment 3% 3% TOTAL 100% - 15min, 3min Q&A - 4 students/group Written assessment Points to note: Write down your name and student ID number in the answer sheet Please put all the belongings under your chair except pens and correction pen Keep quiet during the whole assessment until the instructors finish collecting all the question and answer papers Take alternate seat to prevent cheating Raise up your hand if you have any questions during the assessment Put down your pen at once when the assessment time is up Textbooks No required textbook Recommended reading 1) Marieb, E.N. Essentials of human anatomy & physiology. Pearson 2) Hall, S.J. Basic 3) biomechanics. McGraw‐Hill. Spence, A.P. and Mason, E.B. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Benjamin Cummings Pub. Co. General issues 14 How to get a good grade Pay attention in class Read the course materials Plagiarism and cheating Copying assignment and cheating in exams will NOT be tolerated This can result in failure of the course Reference your sources even in presentations http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/policy/academichonesty Definitions Anatomy - The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology - The study of the function of living organisms. Function is dependent upon structure Anatomy & physiology are truly inseparable sciences Lecture objectives By the end of this lecture, you should know: 1. Terminology for anatomical body positions, reference systems, and anatomical directions 2. The different levels of organism 3. The different types of connective tissues 4. Why different connective tissues have different mechanical properties 5. Properties of bone tissues 6. Bony landmark definitions Terminology Body positions Anatomical reference systems Anatomical directions Terms relating to position Anatomical position All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the body is standing erect with arms by the sides face & palms of the hands directed forward feet & toes pointing forward Terms relating to position Terms for a lying body Prone position Body Supine Body is lying face down position is lying face up Terms relating to position What is this position? Regional Names Most principal regions Head Skull and face Supports the head & attaches to trunk Neck Trunk Chest, abdomen & pelvis Attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit & arm) Upper Lower limbs limbs Attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle & foot) Directional Terms Describe the position of one body part relative to another Group in pairs with opposite meaning Anterior (front) & Posterior (back) Only make sense when used to describe a position of one structure relative to another The esophagus is posterior to the trachea Knee is superior to the ankle Directional Terms Common Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) To Posterior (dorsal) To the front or in front the back or behind Superior (cephalic) Above, toward the head Inferior (caudal) Below, away from the head Functional Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology & palpation for manual therapists, page 3 Common Directional Terms Proximal Distal Further away from the trunk or root of the limb Lateral Closer to the trunk or root of the limb Away from the median plane or midline Medial Towards the median plane or midline Functional Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology & palpation for manual therapists, page 3 Terms relating to position Planes Various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary planes passing through the body. Planes and Sections Sagittal plane A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides (parallel to midsagittal plane) Planes and Sections Frontal or coronal plane Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions Planes and Sections Transverse plane Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane Planes and Sections Oblique plane Passes through the body or an organ at an angle Between transverse and sagittal plane Between transverse and frontal plane Planes and Sections Sections Cut of the body made along a plane Axes Axes are lines, real or imaginary, about which movement takes place Sagittal axis lies in the sagittal plane; extends horizontally from front to back Frontal/Coronal axis lies in the frontal/coronal plane; extends horizontally from side to side Longitudinal often axis vertical; extends in the cranial-caudal direction Axes Terms relating to movement Movement occurs at a joint on the plane at right angles to the axis Joint Movement Plane of Movement Axis Flexion & extension Sagittal Abduction & adduction Frontal/Coronal Frontal/ Coronal Sagittal Medial & lateral rotation Transverse Longitudinal Terms relating to movement Flexion or ↓ the angle between the bones or parts of the body. bending Extension straightening of the body. or ↑ the angle between the bones or parts For most joints (e.g., elbow), flexion involves movement in an anterior direction; extension usually occurs in a posterior direction The knee joint?? Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Opposition the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad used to pinch, button a shirt & lift a teacup by the handle Reposition the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Pronation & Supination (forearm & foot movements) Supination Movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forwards In the foot: forefoot is turned so that the sole faces medially; accompanied by forefoot adduction Pronation Movement of the forearm that makes the palm of the hand face backwards In the foot: forefoot is turned so that the sole faces laterally; accompanied by forefoot abduction Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Abduction The movement of a body segment in a coronal plane such that it moves away from the midline of the body, e.g. movement of the upper limb away from the side of the trunk Adduction The movement of a body segment in a coronal plane such that it moves towards the midline of the body Terms relating to movement Thumb movement Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Circumduction a circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (or in the opposite order) in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle Terms relating to movement Dorsiflexion flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot & toes off the ground Plantarflexion bends the foot & toes toward the ground, as when standing on your toes Terms relating to movement Inversion & eversion are terms used to describe composite movements of the foot. Eversion Movement of the whole foot so that the sole comes to face laterally. It consists of pronation and abduction of the forefoot Inversion Movement of the whole foot to make the sole face medially. It consists of supination and adduction of the forefoot. Terms relating to movement Rotation involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to face sideways Medial/internal rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane Lateral/external rotation takes the anterior surface away from the median plane Terms relating to movement Terms relating to movement Elevation raises or moves a part superiorly elevating the shoulders when shrugging Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly depressing the shoulders when standing at ease Terms relating to movement Protrusion a movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue. Retrusion a movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. Terms relating to movement Protraction & retraction used most commonly for anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall causing the shoulder region to move anteriorly & posteriorly Terms relating to movement video Anatomical Terms of Movement Planes and axis Structural organization Organism can be studied in many different levels Chemical level Chemical level: Structure of cells mainly consist of 4 elements Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Other elements also commonly found in cells Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, etc. Cellular levels Cellular level: A cell is the smallest unit in the human body that can live and reproduce on its own Generalized cell Plasma membrane: separate the interior and exterior of a cell Cytoplasm: gel‐like substance within the membrane Nucleus: contains genetic material and is the command center of a cell Other organelles with specialized functions Mitochondria, etc. Tissue level Tissue level: Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function 4 types of tissues in the human body Epithelial tissue (上皮組織) Covers the surface of the body and lines the body cavities, ducts, and vessels Nervous tissue (神經組織) Able to react to stimuli (irritability) and to conduct impulses (conductivity) to different part of the body Muscle tissue (肌肉組織) Specialized to contract (or shorten) to produce force and movement Connective tissue (結締組織) Connects body parts and involves in the protecting, supporting, and binding together of other tissues Connective tissue - general Consist of (1) cells & (2) extracellular matrix Cells in connective tissues are primarily responsible to produce and maintain the extracellular matrix Have variations in blood supply Most connective tissues are well vascularized Tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply Cartilage has VERY poor blood supply Connective tissues ‐ matrix Produced by connective tissue cells 2 main elements 1.Ground substance Structure‐less gel‐like substance (largely water) Allows tissue cells to attach to the matrix fiber 2. Fibers (2 main types) a. Collagen fibers – high tensile strength Tensile strength = resistance to pulling & stretching b. Elastic fibers – ability to be stretched & recoil Connective tissues ‐ property Different mechanical properties due to: 1. Fiber type a. Collagen fiber (膠原纖維) Stiffer – resist pulling force b. Elastin fiber (彈性纖維) More stretchy – can be stretched & recoil 2. Number of fibers More fibers make tissues harder 3. Arrangement of fibers All fibers bundled in parallel fashion can resist greater pulling forces along its major axis… but weaker in other directions Connective tissues ‐ types From the most rigid to softest: 1. Bone 2. Cartilage a. Hyaline cartilage (透明軟骨) b. Fibrocartilage (纖維軟骨) High amount of collagen Covers the ends of most bones to form articular cartilage Attach ribs to the breastbone Highly compressible & tough Forms cushion‐like disks between the vertebrae, knee menisci & pubic symphysis in the pelvis c. Elastic cartilage (彈性軟骨) Highly elasticity due to high elastic fiber content Forms external ear & epiglottis Organ level Organ level Organs are made up of at least two different types of tissues to performs a specialized function Organ system level Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely to perform a vital body function 11 systems of the body 1. Integumentary system 2. Muscular system 3. Skeletal system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive system Connective tissue (review) Human body consists of many mechanical structures that have distinct mechanical properties Bones Structural support, Protect organs, etc. Connective tissue (review) Human body consists of many mechanical structures that have distinct mechanical properties Bones Cartilages Provide articulating surfaces between bones Connective tissue (review) Human body consists of many mechanical structures that have distinct mechanical properties Bones Cartilages Ligaments Connect bone to bone Connective tissue (review) Human body consists of many mechanical structures that have distinct mechanical properties Bones Cartilages Ligaments Muscles Generate forces to stabilize joint or to produce movement Connective tissue (review) Human body consists of many mechanical structures that have distinct mechanical properties Bones Cartilages Ligaments Muscles Tendons Connect muscle to bone Bone anatomy Bone – chemical/cellular level What is bone? A type of connective tissue which has cells in a widely spaced extracellular matrix It is an active & dynamic tissue i.e. it is alive & constantly changing (growing or remodeling) 7% of cardiac output is sent to the skeleton Bone – chemical/cellular level 3 types of bone cells 1. Osteoblasts Cells 2. that form bone tissue Osteocytes Mature bone cells that influence bone mineral content & regulate calcium release into blood 3. Osteoclasts Large cells that resorb bone tissue (i.e. break down bone matrix) Bone – chemical/cellular level 3 components of bone matrix Mineral (inorganic) component (~50% volume) Provides stiffness (compressive strength) to bone Stiffness = resistance to changes in shape under stress Organic component (~40% volume) Type I collagen (protein) fibers Provides flexibility (tensile strength) to bone Tensile strength = resistance to pulling/stretching Fluid component (~10% volume) Within vascular channels and cellular space Important contributor to bone strength Bone – organ level 4 types of bone (based on their shapes) 1. Long bones e.g. 2. Short bones e.g. 3. patella, carpals, tarsals Flat bones e.g. 4. limbs skull, sternum, scapula, ribs Irregular bones e.g. vertebrae, pelvis Bone – organ level (long) Long bones Longer than they are wide Shaft (diaphysis) with head (epiphysis) at each end Mainly compact bone Mostly bones of the limbs Bone – organ level (short) Short bones Mostly cube‐shaped Mainly spongy bone Patella, wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal) bones Bone – organ level (short) Flat bones Thin, flattened & usually curved 2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone Skull, sternum, scapula, ribs, ilium (pelvis bone) Bone – organ level (irregular) Irregular bones Do NOT fall under the other 3 categories Vertebrae; ischium and pubis of the pelvis; many of the facial bones Bone – system level Body contains 206 bones 177 of them are used for voluntary movement Skeletal system can be divided into 2 categories Axial skeleton Bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body i.e. the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs Appendicular Bones skeleton composing the body appendages i.e. bones of limbs and girdles Bone classifications (summary) Tissue level: By porosity Compact bone (緻密骨) Spongy bone (海綿骨) Honeycomb structured bone with high porosity Organ level: By shape Dense, smooth, & homogenous bone with low porosity Long, shorts, flat, irregular System level: By location Axial Appendicular Skeletal system functions Bones of the adult skeleton provide: support for the body & its vital cavities protection for vital structures (e.g., the heart) the mechanical basis for movement (leverage) storage for salts (e.g., calcium) a continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones) Bone Markings and Formations Term Description Body Head Neck Condyle [髁] Main part Enlarged, often rounded end Constriction between head and body Edge Bend Branch off the body beyond the angle Smooth, rounded articular surface Facet [小平面] Small, flattened articular surface Margin, border Angle Ramus [分支] Bone Markings and Formations-Ridges (脊) Term Line, lines [線] Description Low ridge Crest, crista [山脊] Prominent ridge Spine [棘/崗] Very high ridge Bone Markings and Formations-Projections (隆起物) Term Process [突起] Description Prominent projection Tubercle [結節] Tuberosity, tuber[粗隆] Small, rounded bump Trochanter [轉子] Epicondyle [上髁] Knob; larger than a tubercle Tuberosity on the proximal femur Lingula Upon a condyle Flat, tongue-shaped process Hamulus Cornu [角狀物] Hook-shaped process Horn-shaped process Bone Markings and Formations-Openings (開口) Term Description Foramen [孔] Hole Canal, meatus [骨小管] Fissure Tunnel Sinus, labyrinth Cavity Cleft Bone Markings and Formations-Depressions (凹陷) Term Fossa [小窩] Notch [缺口] Fovea [小窩] Groove, sulcus [槽] Description General term for a depression Depression in the margin of a bone Little pit Deep, narrow depression Take home message + Anatomical Position + Positional terms, directional terms + Planes and sections, Axes + Movement terms + Structural organization + Osteology + Bone classification, marking and formation References Christy Cael. (2011). Functional Anatomy: Musculoskeletal Anatomy, Kinesiology, and Palpation for Manual Therapists Cinnamon L. VanPutte, Jennifer L. Regan, Andrew F. Russo. (2017). Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology (11th edition) Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur, Arthur F. Dalley. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th edition) Richard S. Snell. (2011). Clinical Anatomy by Regions (9th edition) What’s next? Next class Quiz on anatomical terminology Body Next two weeks Bone position, planes, axes, directions anatomy Flipped classes! Watch the videos before class!!!
