ACTIVE VOICE AND PAASIVE VOICE Compare: 1. Rama eats a banana - active voice 2. A banana is eaten by rama - passive voice These two sentences express the same meaning. But in sentence 1 the form of the verb shows the subject does something. The verb “eats” is said to be in the active voice. In sentence 2 the form of the verb shows that something is done to the subject. The verb ‘eaten’ is said to be in the passive form. Definition: Voice shows whether the subject does something or something is done to it. Definition: Active Voice: A verb in the active voice: Subject does something Passive Voice: A verb in the passive: Something is done to the subject. 1 ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE S. No Subject Main verb Object Subject Helping verb V3 by Object 1. Rama eats a banana A banana is eaten by Rama 2. Rama eats Two bananas Two bananas are eaten by Rama 3. Rama ate A banana A banana was eaten by Rama 4. Rama ate Two bananas Two bananas were eaten by Rama To change Active Voice into Passive Voice TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL Present tense Is,am Are Past tense Was Were 1. The object in the Active voice becomes the subject in Passive voice vice versa. 2. The helping verbs like am, is, are, was, were… put according the tense in the Active voice and the number of the subject. 3. The past- participle the V3 of the given verb is written in the passive voice. 4. The word “by” is written. 5. At the end the object is written. 2 Note: (Active voice to Passive voice) 1. “ing” is changed into into being 2. Passive-voice is given only to transitive verbs. 3. I become me We becomes us You becomes you They becomes them He becomes him She becomes her It becomes it 3 Eight Steps to be followed with suitable tense of the verb be followed by the Past Participle V3 ACTIVE VOICE S.No TENSE H.V 1. M.V H.V Being\been \be V3 take am - taken is - taken are - taken was - taken were - taken Simple present took 2. 3. 4. PASSIVE VOICE Simple past Present Continuous Past Continuous am taking am being taken is taking is being taken are taking are being taken was taking was being taken were taking were being taken 4 ACTIVE VOICE S.No 5. TENSE Present Perfect 6. Past Perfect 7. Simple Future 8. PASSIVE VOICE can/may/must etc + base H.V M.V H.V being\been\be V3 has taken has been taken have taken have been taken had taken had been taken shall take shall be taken will take shall be taken can take can be taken may take may be taken must take must be taken 5 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE [am, is, are] S. No. ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Subject M.V Object Subject H.V V3 by Object 1. I write a letter A letter is written by me 2. We take her She is Taken by us 3. You eat two bananas Two bananas are eaten by you 4. They gave sweets Sweets were given by them 5. He sends a parcel A parcel is sent by him 6. She draws two pictures Two pictures are drawn by her 7. Vani helps me I am helped by vani 6 SIMPLE PAST TENSE [was, were] ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE S. No Subject M.V Object Subject H.V V3 by Object 1. I wrote a letter A letter was written by me 2. We took her She was taken by us 3. You ate two bananas Two bananas were eaten by you 4. They gave sweets Sweets were given by them 5. He sent a parcel A parcel was sent by him 7 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE [am, is, are + being] ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE S.No Subject H.V M.V Object Subject H.V being V3 by Object 1. I Am writing a letter A letter is being written by me 2. We Are taking her She is being taken by us 3. You Are eating two bananas Two bananas are being eaten by you 4. They Are giving a parcel A parcel is being sent by him 5. He Is Sending a parcel A parcel is being sent by him 6. She Is drawing two pictures Two pictures are being drawn by her 7. Vani Is helping us We are being helped by Vani 8 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE [was, were + being] ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE S.No Subject H.V M.V Object Subject H.V bring V3 by Object 1. I was writing A letter A letter was being written by me 2. We were taking her She was being taken by us 3. You were eating Two bananas Two bananas were being eaten by you 4. They were giving sweets Sweets were being given by them 5. He was sending a parcel A parcel was being sent by him 6. She was drawing two pictures Two pictures were being helped by her 7. Vani was helping them They were being helped by Vani 9 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE [have, has + been] ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE S.No Subject H.V M.V Object Subject H.V been V3 by Object 1. I have Written a letter A letter has been Written by me 2. We have Taken her She has been Taken by us 3. You have Eaten two bananas Two bananas have been Eaten by you 4. They have Given sweets Sweets have been Given by them 5. He has Sent a parcel A parcel has been Sent by him 6. She has Drawn two pictures Two pictures have been Drawn by her 7. Vani has helped it It has been helped by Vani 10 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE [shall, will + be] ACTIVE VOICE S. No PASSIVE VOICE Subject H.V M.V Object Subject H.V been V3 by Object 1. I shall write a letter A letter will be Written by me 2. We shall take her She will be Taken by us 3. You will eat banana Banana will be Eaten by you 4. They will give sweets Sweets will be Given by them 5. He will send a parcel A parcel will be Sent by him 6. She will draw pictures Pictures shall be Drawn by her 7. Vani will help me I shall be helped by Vani 11 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE [shall, will + be] ACTIVE VOICE S. No PASSIVE VOICE Subject H.V M.V Object Subject H.V been V3 by Object 1. I shall write a letter A letter will be Written by me 2. We shall take her She will be Taken by us 3. You will eat banana Banana will be Eaten by you 4. They will give sweets Sweets will be Given by them 5. He will send a parcel A parcel will be Sent by him 6. She will draw pictures Pictures shall be Drawn by her 7. Vani will help me I shall be helped by Vani 12 CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, SHOULD + BE ACTIVE VOICE S. No PASSIVE VOICE Subject H.V. M.V Object Subject H.V be V3 by Object 1. I can write a letter A letter can be Written by me 2. We could take her Pens could be Taken by us 3. You may eat banana Sweets may be Eaten by you 4. They might give sweets Biscuits might be sent by him 5. He must do the work The work must be Sent by him 6. She should draw Pictures pictures should be drawn by her. 13 In some cases when we do not know the agent or when it is clear enough who the agent is then the object is omitted in the Passive Voice. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) It is well done. (by ram) The chair is made up of wood. (by the carpenter) The taj is built with marbles. (by the Masan) Pictures are drawn beautifully (by artists) Lunch is prepared well. (by mother) The results will be published soon. (by the government) The window is broken (by someone) A new clerk was appointed (by the manager) Don’t worry sir, it will be done in time. (by me) 10) The wonderful man was taken to hospital immediately (by someone) IMPERATIVE SENTENCE S. No ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE 1. Break the ice. Let the ice be broken. 2. Push the door. Let the door be pushed. 3. Leave your shoes hear. Let your shoes be left here. 4. Don’t eat it Let it not be eaten. 5. Don’t put on the T.V. Let the T.V. not to be put on. 14 A1 TABLE – II S. No ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE 1. I am unable to buy a book. A book is not to be bought by me. 2. We are to sell our houses. Our houses are not to be sold by us. 3. You are to assist me. I am to be assisted by you. 4. He is to Mary her. She is to be married to him. 5. They are to vacate the house. The house is to be vacated by them. Question 1 They buy a car Answer: A car is bought. Question 2 Ravi helps Ramesh. Answer: Ramesh is helped by Ravi. Question 3 We are drawing pictures. Answer: Pictures are being drawn by us. 15 Question 4 I am calling them. Answer: They are being called by me. Question 5 It was eating an apple. Answer: Apple was being eaten by it. Question 6 It was eating an apple. Answer: Songs were being sing by you. Question 7 You were singing songs. Answer: We have been given by Rama Question 8 Rama has given us. Answer: We have given by Rama Question 9 Teacher has taught students. Answer: Student have been taught by teacher 16 Question 10 Sathiya had helped Alamu. Answer: Alamu had been helped by sathiya Question 11 He had loved his child Answer: No error Question 12 I have already shown the officer Jay’s photo? a) The officer had already been shown Jay’s photo b) Jay’s photo has already been shown to the officer c) Jay’s photo had already been shown to the officer d) The officer has already been showing Jay’s photo e) Jay’s photo has already shown to the officer. Answer: Jay’s photo has already been shown to the officer Question 13 We have spotted her in the crowd? a) She is spotted by us in the crowd. b) She will have been spotted by us in the crowd. c) She would have been spotted by us in the crowd. d) She has been spotted by us in the crowd. 17 Answer: She has been spotted by us in the crowd. Question 14 He did not trust anybody. a) Nobody was trusted by him. b) Anybody had been trusted by him. c) Nobody would be trusted by me. d) Nobody has been trusted by him. Answer: Nobody was trusted by him. Question 15 Rajeev and Sanjay have made a drama based on this novel. a) A drama was based on this novel and made. b) A drama have been made based on this novel. c) A drama on this novel has been made d) A drama has been based and made on this novel. Answer: A drama on this novel has been made Question 16 I have made a bag a) A bag is made. b) A bag is being made. c) A bag has been made. d) A bag has made. Answer: A bag has been made. 18 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Adjectives: An Adjectives describes or modifies noun/s and pronouns/s in a sentence. It normally indicates quality ,size, shape, duration, feelings , content , and more about a noun or pronoun. An Adjectives usually provide relevant information about the nouns/ pronouns they modify/ describe by answering the questions: What kind/How many? Which one? How much? Adjectives enrich your writing by adding precision and originality to it. Types of Adjectives: 1) Descriptive Adjectives 2) Quantitative Adjectives 3) Proper Adjectives 4) Demonstrative Adjectives 5) Possessive Adjectives 6) Interrogative Adjectives 7) Indefinite Adjectives 8) Compound Adjectives 1 Degree of Adjectives There are three degrees of adjectives: Positive Comparative Superlative Examples: Positive Degree: He is a good boy. Comparative Degree: He is better than any other boy. Superlative Degree: He is the best boy 1) Descriptive Adjectives: A descriptive adjective in a word which describes nouns and pronouns. Most of the adjectives belong in this type. These adjectives provide information and attribute to the nouns/ Pronouns they modify or describe .descriptive adjectives are also called Qualitative adjectives. 2 Examples: I have 20 bucks in my wallet.(How much) They have three children.(how many ) You should have completed the Whole task.(How much) 2) Quantitative adjective: Quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of the nouns / pronouns. This type belongs to the question category of ‘how much’ and ‘how many’. Examples: I have a fast car.(The word ‘fast’ is describing an attribute of the car) I am hungry (The word ‘hungry’ is providing information about the subject) The hungry cats are crying 3) Proper Adjectives: Proper adjectives are the adjective from of proper nouns. When proper nouns modify or describes other nouns/ pronouns, they become proper adjectives . ’Proper’ or ‘ polite’ . A proper adjective allows us to summarize a concept in just one word. Instead of writing/ saying ‘a food cooked in Chinese recipe’ you can write/say ‘Chinese food’ Proper adjectives are usually capitalized as proper nouns are 3 Examples: American cars are very strong . Chinese people are hard workers. I love KFC burgers. Marxist philosophers despise capitalism. 4) Demonstrative adjective: A demonstrative adjective directly refers to some thing or some one. Demonstrative adjectives includes the words: this, that, these, those. A demonstrative pronoun works alone and does not precede a noun, but a demonstrative adjective always comes before the word it modifies. Example: That building is so gorgeously decorated ( “ That” refers to a singular noun far from the speaker) This car is mine.(“This” refers to a singular noun close to the speaker) These cats are cute.(“These” refers to a plural noun close to the speaker) 5) Possessive Adjectives: A possessive adjective indicates possession or ownership. It suggests the V belongingness of some thing to someone/something. Some of the most used possessive adjectives are my, his, out, their, your. Example: My car is packed outside. 4 His cat is very cute. Our job is almost done Her books are interesting 6) Indefinite Adjectives: An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun un specifically . they provide indefinite/ un specific information about the noun. The common indefinite adjective are few, many, much, most, all, any, each, every, either, nobody, several, some, etc., Example: I gave some candy to her I want a few moments alone. Several writers wrote about the recent incidents. Each student will have to submit homework tomorrow. 7) Interrogative Adjectives: An interrogative Adjective asks a question. An interrogative adjective must be followed by a noun or a pronoun. The interrogative adjectives are: Which , What, Whose. These words will not follow right after them .”Whose” also belongs to the possessive adjective type. Examples: Which phone do you use? What game do you want to play? Whose car is this? 5 8) Compound Adjectives: When compound Nouns/combined words modify other nouns, they become a compound adjective . This type of adjective usually combines more than one word into a single lexical unit and modifies a noun. They are often separated by a hyphen or joined together by a quotation mark. Example: I have a broken –down sofa I saw a six – foot –longsnake. He gave me an“ I’m gonna kill you now” look. Question 1: Peas are more healthy but not as tasty as beans. Answer: Peas are healthy but not as tasty as beans. Question2 : She is more taller than her mother. Answer: She is taller than her mother. Question 3 : Indian and western religions have their own symbols and myths. Answer: Question 4: Of Delhi and Mumbai, Which city is the most ideal of all warriors, unsurpassed in courage and valour. Answer: 6 Question 5: You are a good student; I have a little doubt regarding your success. Answer: You are a good student; I have little doubt regarding your success. Question 6 : I did not receive any father communication from him. Answer: No error Question 7: The automobile is working good; there is no need to send it for repair. Answer: No error Question 8: I did not receive any father communication from him. Answer: I did not receive any further communication from him. Question 9: My eldest friend is older to me by two years. Answer: My eldest friend is older than me by two years. 7 Question10 : The warrior faced the ferocious lion bravely and manly. Answer:The manly warrior bravely faced. Question 11 : Of the two sisters I think the oldest one is the tallest. Answer: Elder one is taller. Question 12: This is an old, Chinese ,beautiful, long fishing , brown net. Answer: Question 13: A little did he realize that his own friends would let him down. Answer: Little did he realize that his own friends would let him down. Question 14: He does not have some money so he cannot purchase the laptop rightnow. Answer: He does not have enough money so he cannot purchase the laptop rightnow. Question 15: This parliamentarian is confident than intelligent. Answer:This parliamentarian is confident and intelligent. 8 Adverbs An adverb adds something more to the meaning of the verb. Kinds of adverbs 1) Adverbs of time 2) Adverbs of place/position 3) Adverbs of manner 4) Adverbs of frequency 5) Adverbs of degree 6) Relatives adverbs 7) Interrogative adverbs 8) Exclamatory adverbs 9) Adverbs of affirmation and negation 10) Sentence adverbs 1) Adverbs of time They indicate the time of an action and answer the question when. Ago, Since, back, before, early, soon, already, yet, still, today, tomorrow, then, lately, recently, once, one of these days, someday, now, bynow, rightaway, nowadays Example: When did you buy this car? I bought it a week ago When will you do this work? I have done it already 9 2) Adverbs of place / Position They are used to indicate the place of an action and characteristically answer question where. Here, there, nearby, up, down, in, out, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere else, hither and thither Example: Where is your watch? It’s here Where is your mother? She has gone out 3) Adverbs of Manner They express the manner of an action and answer the question how? Boldly, bravely, quickly, slowly, Easily, badly, hard, fast, well Example: How is she typing? She is typing carefully. How is he working? He is working slowly 4) Adverbs of Frequency They express the frequency of an action. They answer the question how often? Always, ever, never, often, seldom, everyday, Sometimes, occasionally, usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once/twice a week etc.. 10 Example: She has always helped me. I had never told a lie. We rarely talk to each other 5) Adverbs of degree(Intensifiers) They express degree/intensity, so they answer the question how much/how far/ to what extent Almost, very, verymuch, too, enough, somuch, just, of course, quite, rather, fairly,hardly,scarcely,much,more, most, barely, absolutely, extremely,perfectly, really, totally, utterly,alot,a great deal, a bit Example: He is too ill to go to work He is rich enough to maintain a car 6) Relative adverbs Relative adverbs, like relative pronouns, relate or refer back to their antecedent and also join clauses. A relative adverb plays a double role because it functions as an adverb as well as a conjunction. Relative adverbs are used to introduce relative clauses and noun clauses as well, not only adjective clauses When, Where, Why, Whenever, Wherever, Example: I don’t know the place where she works (Adjective clause) 11 I don’t know where she works (Noun clause) 7) Interrogative adverbs They are used for asking question about time/place etc.. When, since when, where, why, how, ho many, how much, how often, how far/long, how tall/high etc. Whenever, wherever, whyever, however a. Time b. Place c. Manner/methods/means d. Degree/to what extent e. Cause/reason a) Time When do you usually have lunch? Since when has he been living in the hostel? How long did you wait here? b) Place Where are you going? Where do you come from? Note: Whence meaning ‘From where’ is archaic. It is now replaced by where …from. c) Manner/method/means How did he do this sum? How do you wash your clothes? How did you go to France? 12 How do you get a phone? d) Degree/to what extent How deep is this river? How far is it to the station? How often do you go to the cinema? How fast can you type? e) Cause/reason Why are you so angry? Why is the baby crying? Note: wherefore meaning ‘why’ is archaic. It is now replaced by why. 8) Exclamatory adverbs How! What! They are used in exclamations to express degree/extent: Howdirty this place is! What a nasty guy! Whata nice friend he is! What used after a statement is a question in form but an exclamation in sense, because it is used as an interjection to express surprise or disbelief. You have won a lottery. What? This curio is one in a million. What? 13 9) Adverbs of affirmation and negation Yes, Yeah, No They are used to express one’s reaction or response to questions. They indicate assertion and denial. Yes is used in affirmative sentences and no in negative sentences. Do you like fish? Yes I do./No, I don’t’ Is he very poor? Yes, he is./No,he isn’t Can you do this sum? Yes, I can. Is it too hot? No,it isn’t Note: that yes cannot be followed by a negation , even when you agree with a person. Similarly a now with a positive statement is not allowed. I don’t think that Rahim has come today . No, he hasn’t (not, not, he hasn’t) Is it too hot today? Yes, it is.(not , yes, it isn’t). Note: No cannot be replaced by not as an adverb of negation, e.g. Not , I don’t Yes is often replaced by yeah in informal spoken English: Do you play tennis? Yeah, I do. Do you feel tired? Yeah , Just a little 14 10) Sentence adverbs Fortunately , luckily ,surely, certainly An adverb that modifies a whole sentence is called a sentence adverb. a) Adverbs like these are usually formed from adjectives by adding an ly: fortunate + ly (fortunately) Luck +ly (luckily) obvious + ly (obviously ) happy + ly (happily) Question 1: The long – awaited moment at last came. Answer: No error Question 2: She is too sensitive; so don’t pass loose comments. Answer: She is very sensitive; so don’t pass loose comments. Question 3: The bill in its present from certainly is disquieting. Answer: the bill its present form certainly is disquieting 15 Question 4: He fought hardly for the first place in the squad. Answer: He hardly fought Question 5: It hard rained yesterday Answer: It rained hard Question 6: It was an bland diet unpalatably. Answer: It was an bland unpalatable diet. Question 7: He is seen rarely bunking classes these days , thanks to his low grades. Answer:He is rarely seen bunking classes these days , thanks to his low grades. Question 8: He is seldom or ever seen with her these days. Answer:He is seldom or never seen with her these days. 16 Question 9: He near fainted when he heard the news of his transfer. Answer:He nearly fainted when he heard the news of his transfer. Question 10: You must categorize him as a born teacher never . Answer:You must categorize him as a born teacher ever . Question 11: He came to live with us three years before and has been here since; he is part of our family. Answer: He came to live with us three years before and still he has been here he is part of our family. Question 12: I have seen him never so angry. Answer: I have never seen him never so angry. Question 13: She is quiety capable of finishing the work within a week. 17 Answer: She is quiet capable of finishing the work within a week. Question 14: She likes all the pets, specially dogs. Answer: She likes all the pets, Especially dogs. Question 15: Though he kept shouting at me, I tried to remain calmly Answer:Though he kept shouting at me, I tried to remain calm 18 CLOZE PASSAGE DIRECTIONS - 1 to 10 Questions In the following passages there are blanks, each of which has been numbered and one word has been suggested alongside the blank. These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five options are given. In four options, one word is suggested in each option. Find out the appropriate word which fits the blank appropriately . If the word written alongside the blank fits the passage, select option ‘(5)’(No Correction required) as the correct choice. PASSAGE 1: The public image of farming being a poor man’s ___________1.(assertion) and the sizable vote share that farmers enjoy have made the idea of farm taxes a political __________2.(taboo). The frequent distress faced by poor or ___________3.(momentous) farmers, which could be attributed to structural issues other than taxation, hasn’t helped matters either. But India has a presence of rich farmers as well and there exists as a strong ___________4.(charge) for taxing them in order to widen the country’s embarrassingly narrow tax base. It was suggested that an appropriate tax policy should draw a ___________5.(concurrence) between rich and poor farmers. It is no secret that India’s tax base is already among the lowest in the world. This unnecessarily burdens the more formal sectors of the economy that are already overtaxed. 1 Options 1. 1. Certainty 4. Venture 2.Assurance 3.Affirmation 5. No Correction Required 2. 1. Sanctioned 4. Acceptable 2.Acquiesced 5. No correction required 3.Agreeable 3. 1. Marginal 4. Compelling 2.Significant 5. No correction required 3.Major 4. 1. Indictment ` 4. allegation 2.opposition 5.No correction required 3. Justification 5. 1.Acquiescence 4. accord 2.distinction 5.No correction required 3.conformity Answer: 1. Venture 2. No correction Required 3. Marginal 4. Indictment 5. Acquiescence PASSAGE 2: At the simplest level, the Internet expanded our already ___________(diminutive) triangulated nervous system to touch the nerves and synapses of a charging and chaotic world. It ___________(languished) our collective capacity to __________(Schematize) for the nourishment of our imaginations and our curiosities. The libraries and archives that we had only dreamt of were now literally at our fingertips. The internet brought with it the __________(anhedonia) and the abundance of a frontier-less commons along with the fractious and ___________(debilitating) intensity of de-personalized disputes 2 in electronic discussion lists. It demonstrated the possibilities of extraordinary feats of electronic generosity and altruism when people shared enormous quantities of information on peer-to-peer networks and at the same time it provided early exposure to and warnings about the relentless narcissism of vanity blogging. It changed the ways in which the world became present to us and the ways in which we became present to the world, forever. Options 6. (1) Infinitesimal (4) Imperceptible (2) Evanescent (5) No Correction Required (3) Capacious 7. (1) Transformed (4) Trammeled (2) stagnated (5) No Correction Required (3) Preserved 8. (1) Systematize (4) Contrive (2) Forage (5) No Correction Required (3) Organize 9. (1) Depression (4) Exhilaration (2) Abjection (5) No Correction Required (3) Abasement 10. (1) Rejuvenating (4) Bolstering (2) Mitigating (5) No Correction Required (3) Assuaging Answer: 6. Infinitesimal 7. Transformed 8. Organized 9. Exhilaration 10. Bolstering DIRECTIONS In the following passages there are five, ten or fifteen banks, each of which has been numbered these numbers are given below the passage and against watch five 3 words are suggested only one of them fits the lank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word for each lank. PASSAGE 3: Trade liberalization is supposed to (1) a country’s income y inducing resources to move from less productive uses: as economists would say, utilizing competitive advantage. but moving resources from low productivity uses to zero productivity does not (2) a country, and this is what happened all too often under IMF programs. It is easy to destroy jobs, and this is often the immediate impact of trade liberalization, as (3) industries close down under pressure from international competition. IMF ideology holds that now, more productive jobs will been created as the old, (4) jobs that have been created behind protectionist walls are eliminated. But that is simply not the case – and few economists have believed in (5) job creation, at least since the Great Depression. It takes capital and resources to create new firms and jobs. Options 1. (1) Argument (4) supplement (2) Enhance (5) Safeguard (3) Diversify 2. (1) Enrich (4)Glorify (2) Impact (5) Impoverish (3) Improve 3. (1) Manufacturing (4)Productive (2) Wealthy (5) Pharmaceutical (3) Inefficient 4. (1) Effective (4) Constructive (2) Inefficient (5) Commodating (3) Active 5. (1) Terminal (4) Vociferous (2) Insufficient (5) Instantaneous (3) Vigorous 4 Answer: 1. Enhance 2. Improve 3. In efficient 4. In efficient 5. Vigorous PASSAGE 4: With so much glass in buildings, cars and the screens of mobile devices, it is (6) why researches would like to come up with transparent solar cells which could (7) electricity and top up batteries. Solar cells work by absorbing the photons in sunlight and converting them into electrons, which are gathered by electrodes to flow into a circuit. Most solar cells are (8) to absorb all the light they can to maximize their efficiency. So to look out of a window or use the screen of a smart phone, a layer of solar cells has to let some light through. Yet the more (9) the cells, the less energy they (10) or at least that is how it works with traditional solar technology based on semi-conducting materials such as silicon. Options 6. (1) imperceptible (4) Vulnerable (2) accountable (5) Inevitable (3) Understandable 7. (1) consume (4)Transmit (2) Use (5) Generate (3) Receive 8. (1) definite (4) fluid (2) easy (5) Soluble (3) Opaque 5 9. (1) Visible (4) Effective (2) Productive (5) Soluble (3) Transparent 10. (1) reduce (4) produce (2) seduce (5) suffuse (3) adduce Answer: 6. Understandable 7. Generate 8. Easy 9. Transparent 10.Produce PASSAGE 5: Whether they are building ships or chips, construction industries need precise tools to (11) through the materials of their trade. These days, that precision is often provided by laser beams and plasma jets. Both are good at cutting, but both have (12). Lasers use a huge amount of power and cannot penetrate reflective surfaces. Plasma (hot, ionised gas) consumes less power, but it can cut neither as neatly nor as (13) as a laser. At a recent meeting of Britanin’s institute of physics, in Brighton, scientists however, described new techniques for dealing with both shortcomings . At the moment, a plasma jet is created by passing an electric current back and (14) between two electrodes to “ignite” a gas ripping electrons from their parent atoms to produce ions. “unfortunately, this requires a “return”current to complete the circuit, and this has to run thorough the material that is being cut. That restricts plasma-cutting to materials that conduct electricity. It also (15) the temperature of the plasma to what tis generated when the electrons part company with the atomic nucleus. 6 Options 11. (1) join (4) slice (2) create (5) pass (3) reflect 12. (1)benefits (4)afflictions (2) odds (3)counterparts (5) disadvantages 13. (1) finely (4)directly (2) clearly (5) substly (3) orderly 14. (1) aloft (4) forth (2) fro (5) frolic (3) square 15. (1) retards (4) averts Answer: 11. Slice (2) expedites (5) limits (3) precludes 12. Disadvantages 13. Orderly 14. Forth 15. Limits DIRECTIONS In the following passage, at certain points you are given a choice of three words one of which fits the meaning of the passage. Click on the option which you think is most suitable at the point. You can change the option to know correct answer. Press the reset button to try again.. 7 PASSAGE :6 According to a report in yesterday’s newspaper 1._____ police dog was taken to Raj Bhavan 2.______ Monday. This was to trace the 3._______ of the "very important horse" which 4._______ reported missing on Sunday. The dog picked 5._______ the scent on some traces of 6._______ and ran a few yards before losing the 7._______. The police have launched a vigorous 8.________ into the whole affair. They have 9._______ the services of a forensic expert, 10._______ fingerprint expert and a photographer. 11.________ are now fourteen horses at Raj Bhavan 12.__________ are kept in a large shed near the gate. Options 1. (1) once (2) a (3) on 2. (1) at (2) next (3) on 3. (1) killers (2) dogs (3) police 4. (1) has (2) were (3) was 5. (1) on (2) at (3) up 6. (1) those (2) blood (3) report 7. (1) bet (2) track (3) game 8. (1) Search (2) Investigation (3) Campaign 9. (1) given up (2) requisitioned (3) report 10. (1) a (2) an (3) two 11. (1) there (2) we (3) so 12. (1) who (2) were (3) which 8 Answer: 1. a 2. on 3. killers 4. was 5. up 6. blood 7. track 8. investigation 9. requisitioned 10. a 11.there 12.Which PASSAGE 7: Childhood is a time when there are 1._____ responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child 2.______ good parents, he is fed, looked 3._______ and loved, whatever he may do, it is improbable that he will ever again in his life 4._______ given so much without having to do anything 5._______ return. In addition, life is always 6._______ new things to the child. A child finds 7._______ in playing in the rain or in the snow. His first visit 8.________ the seaside is marvellous adventure. But a child has his pains; he is not free to do as he wishes; he is continually being 9._______ not to do things or is being 10._______ . His life is therefore not perfectly happy. 9 Options 1. (1) many (2) little (3) few (4) more 2. (1) had (2) have (3) has (4)will have 3. (1) up (2) at (3) after (4)around 4. (1) is (2) has (3) are (4)be 5. (1) for (2) in (3) as (4)of 6. (1) donating (2) granting (3) presenting (4) displaying 7. (1) pain (2) progress (3) pressure (4)pleasure 8. (1) on (2) to (3) in (4)for 9. (1) ordered (2) told (3) forbidden (4) restricted 10. (1) beaten (2) penalized (3) disturbed (4) punished Answer: 1.few 2. has 3. after 4. is 5. in 6. displaying 7. pleasure 8. to 9. told 10. punished 10 Conjunctions Definition Conjunction is basically a word or a group of words that connects two or more words/phrases/sentences etc. Some examples of conjunctions used in sentences Payal is violent as well as unreasonable. Anmol is too lazy to win this race. Cracking an exam is nothing but a test of one’s problem solving capabilities. Nitesh has no other aim than to succeed in this task Types of conjunctions 1) Coordinating conjunction 2) Subordinate conjunction 3) Correlative conjunction 1 1) Coordinating conjunction A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. The main coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but. Examples They bought apples, pears, and oranges. You can wait either on the steps or in the car. The paintings are pleasant but bland. Coordinating conjunctions- examples A conjunction of this type is placed between the items that it links together. 2 1) Words 2) Phrases 3) Independent clauses Words Coordinating conjunctions can join two nouns, verbs, adjectives, or other types of word. Examples The data was gathered through questionnaires and interviews. I don’t like to run or swim. He was clever but lazy. 3 Phrases They can also join different types of phrases. Examples The dog wagged his tail and panted excitedly. The results were undeniably intriguing yet ultimately inconclusive. She usually studies in the library or at a cafe. Independent clauses A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand on its own as a full sentence, expressing a complete thought. Examples Today Jane Austen is one of the most widely read English novelists, but she achieved little fame during her lifetime 4 2) Subordinating Conjunction A subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate clause(a clause that does not form a simple sentence by itself) and joins it to a main clause(a clause that can be used as a simple sentence by itself). Examples It had been quiet since the children left. She waited until they were seated. A subordinating conjunction is used to introduce a dependent clause. In contrast to an independent clause, a dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand as a complete sentence on its own. A dependent clause does not express a complete idea, so it must always be attached to an independent clause. 5 3) Correlative conjunctions This type of conjunction always comes in a pair and is used to join grammatically equal elements in a sentence. Common pairs include either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also, and both … and. In most cases, no comma should be used between the two elements. Her book on the Vietnam War drew not only from interviews with other survivors but also from her own experiences in the conflict. Correlative conjunctions must use parallel structure, which means the two elements should take the same grammatical form. She planned to collect data by either using an online survey or phone interviews. (Wrong) She planned to collect data by either using an online survey or conducting phone interviews. (Right) Some conjunctions are used in pairs. The most common pairs are either ... or, both ... and, neither ... nor, and not only ... but (also). 6 Examples They could either continue searching or go to the police. Both Clara and Jeanette graduated from Stanford. He could neither sing nor dance. Not only the money but also the jewelry had been found. Question 1: Although Shivani listens to me (a)/ but her actions (b) / prove otherwise (c) / No error (d) Answer:Yet her actions Question 2: Mr. Brown treated (a) / them as (b) / slaves (c) / No error (d) Answer:No error 7 Question 3: Most of the girls are doing (a) / their post graduation because (b) / they may get good husbands (c) / No error (d) Answer:their post graduation so that Question 4: Such was her pronunciation (a) / as (b) / I could not understand her (c) / No error (d) Answer: that Question 5: Sonal asked (a) / that who (b) / he was (c) / No error (d) Answer:who Question 6: I am interested (a) / in such novels (b) / that are interesting (c) / No error (d) Answer:No error 8 Question 7: Each member of the committee (a) / agree to take such action (b) / that it deems necessary (c) / No error (d) Answer:as it deems necessary Question 8: Sara looked at him (a) / in such distress (b) / as he had to look away (c) / No error (d) Answer:that he had to look away Question 9: This film is interesting (a) / and the previous one (b) / was boring (c) / No error (d) Answer:but the previous one 9 Question 10: It is difficult to know (a) / whether (b) / karan is selected or not (c) / No error (d) Answer:No error Question 11: My brother has no chance (a) / than to start (b) / his own business (c) / No error (d) Answer:but to start Question 12: Mr. Saransh had hardly finished (a) / his meal that at once (b) / he resumed his duty (c) / No error (d) Answer: his meal when at once Question 13: I don’t know whether (a) / Rohit is equally (b) / good as Puneet (c) / No error (d) Answer:Rohit is equally us 10 Question 14: Soni (a) / will return (b) / on either Monday or Tuesday (c) / No error (d) Answer:either on Monday or Tuesday Question 15: The man is (a) / not honest and not (b) / truthful (c) / No error (d) Answer: neither honest and nor Question 16: I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. 1. whether / or 2. either / or 3. as / if 4. neither/nor 5. None of these Answer:either / or 11 Question 17: _______ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. 1. either / or 2. whether / or 3. when / I’m 4. neither/nor 5. None of these Answer:whether / or Question 18: _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ also it can be healthy. 1. In spite/of 2. whether / or 3. not / but 4. just as / so 5. None of these Answer:not / but 12 Question 19: _________ I have salad for dinner, ___________I can have ice cream for dessert. 1. if /then 2. when / than 3. Still/so 4. whether / or 5. None of these Answer:if /then Question 20: _________ flowers _________ trees grow during warm weather. 1. not only / or 2. both / and 3. not / but 4. Still/yet 5. None of these Answer:both / and 13 Question 21: _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we enjoy winter break. 1. whether / or 2. not only / but also 3. either / or 4. not also/but still 5. None of these Answer:not only / but also Question 22: It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. 1. as / if 2. either / or 3. as / as 4. so/as 5. None of these Answer:either / or 14 Question 23: Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. 1. often / and, 2. neither / nor 3. both / and 4. as/not 5. None of these Answer:neither / nor Question 24: Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. 1. but 2. yet 3. as 4. so 5. None of these Answer:None of these 15 Question 25: Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts on display. 1. But 2. for 3. yet 4. nonetheless 5. None of these Answer:for Question 26: I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. 1. therefore 2. nonetheless 3. in fact 4. Despite that 5. None of these Answer:None of these 16 IDIOMS Idioms with meaning: 1. A Bird in the hand is worth two in the bush-having something that is certain is much better than taking a risk for more, because chances are you might losing everything. 2. A blessing in disguise- Something good that isn’t recognized by first 3. Bull in China shop- One who causes damage 4. A chip on your shoulder - Being Upset for Something that happened in the past 5. A damp squib – Complete failure 6. A dime A dozen - Anything that is common and easy to get 7. A doubting Thomas - A skeptic Who needs Physical or personal evidence in order to believe Something 8. A drop in the bucket - A very small part of something big or whole 9. A fool and his money are easily parted – It’s easy for a foolish person to lose his/ her money 10. A gentleman at large –An unreliable person 11. A green horn - Inexperienced 12. A house divided against Itself cannot stand - Every one involved must unify and function to together or it will not work out 13. A Leopard can’t change his spots - You cannot change who you are 1 14. A lose cause – A hopeless case, a person or situation having no hope of positive change. 15. A man of straw – A week person 16. A mare’s nest - A false Invention 17. A penny saved is a penny earned - By not spending money, you are saving money(little by little) 18.A picture paints a thousand words - A visual Presentation is far more descriptive than words 19.A piece of cake - A task 20. A slap on the wrist - A very mild punishment 21. A stalking Horse - Pretence 22. A steal - Very inexpensive, a bargain 23. A taste of your own medicine - When you are mistreated the same way you mistreat others 24. A toss-up - A result hat is still unclear and can go either way 25. A Wolf in sheep’s clothing - A dangerous person pretending 26. ABC: Very common Knowledge about to ready to just going to 27. Above all - Mainly especially 28. Above board - Fair and Honest 29. According to - In the order of ; on the authority of 30. Actions speak louder than words - It’s better to actually do something 31. Add fuel to the fire - Whenever Something is done to make a bad situation even worse than it is 2 32. Against the clock - Rushed and short on time 33. All(Day , week , month , year) Long - The entire day , week , month, year 34. All along - All the time, from the beginning (with out change) 35. All and Sunday - Without making any distinction 36.All bark and no bite - When someone is threatening and /or aggressive but not willing to engage in a fight 37.All Greek to me - Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read ,speak , or 38.All in all -Considering everything 39. All in the same boat - When every oneis facing the same challenges 40. All of the sudden - suddenly, without warning (all at once) 41. All right – Acceptable , fine; yes, okay 42. Alpha and omega - Frist and last letter of Greek alphabet, means beginning and end 43. An arm and leg - Very expensive, A large amount of money 44. An axe to grind - To have a dispute with some one 45. An eye wash - A pretence 46. An Iron hand – By force 47.Apple to my eye – Someone who is cherished above all others 48.As a matter of fact – Really , actually(also : as to) 49.As for – Regarding , concerning (also : as to) 50.As high as a kite – Anything that is high up in the sky 3 51. As soon as – Just after , when 52. As usual – as is the general case , as is typical 53. At all – To any degree(also: in the least) 54.At heart – Basically , fundamentally 55.At last – Finally , after a long time 56.At least – A minimum of , no fewer(or less) than 57.At odds- In dispute 58.At sixes and seven – Persons who are having different opinions 59.At the drop of a hat – Willing to do something immediately 60.Back and call – At the service 61.Back and forth- In a backward 62.Back seat driver- People who criticize from the sidelines, much like 63.Back to square one – Having start all over again 64.Back to the drawing board – When an attempt fails and it’s time to start all over 65.Bag and baggage-with all goods 66.Baker’s dozen-Thirteen 67.Bank on-Depend on , count on 68.Barking up the wrong tree- A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve 69.Bated breath – In anxiety , Expectancy 70.Beat a dead horse – To force an issue that has already ended 71.Beating around the bash – Avoiding the main topic , not speaking directly about the issue 4 72.Beat over backwards- Do whatever it takes to help willing to do anything 73.Between a rock and a hard place- Stuck between two very bad options 74.Between scylla and charybdis- Choice between two un pleasent alternatives 75.Between the cup and the lips – On the point of achievement 76. Bite off more than you can chew- To take on tsk is a way to big 77.Bite your tongue-To avoid talking 78.Black and white – In writing 79.Blood is thicker than water- The family bond is closer than any thing else 80.Blow hot and clod –Having no stand , shows favour at one time and un favour at another 81.Blue moon- A rare event or occurrence 82.Body and soul –Entirely 83.Break a leg- A superstitious way to say ‘Good luck’ without saying ‘Good luck’ 84.Buy a lemon-To purchase a vehicle that constantly gives problems steps running after you drive it. 85.By&by-Gradually 86.By all means-Certainly , definitely naturally(also : of course);using any possible way or method 87.By far–By a great margin , clearly 88.By fits and starts – Irregularly 89.By heart – By memorizing 90.By hook or by crook –By any means 5 91.By leaps and bound-Speedily 92.By oneself –Alone , with out assistance 93.By the way-Incidentally 94.Call a spade a spade-Straight talks 95.Can’t cut the mustard –Someone who isn’t adequate enough to compete or participate 96.Cast iron stomach-Someone who has no problems , Complications or ill effects with eating 97.Cats and bull story-Untrue story 98.Cats and dogs-Heavy rain 99.Charley horse- Stiffness in the leg/A leg cramp 100.Chew someone out-Verbally scold someone 101.Chip on his shoulder-Angry today about something that occurred in the past 102.Chow down-To eat 103.Clear – cut- Clearly stated ,defined ,apparent 104.Close and bull no cigar-To be near and almost accomplish a goal 105.Clear call-A situation involving a narrow escape from danger 106.Cockbull story- An unbelievable tale , untrue story 107.Come hell or high water –Any difficult situation or obstacle 108.Crack someone up-To make some one laugh 109. Cross your fingers- To Hope that something happens the way you want it to 110.Cry wolf – Intentionally raise a false alarm 6 111.Cup of joe -A cup of coffee 112.Curtain lecture-A reproof by wife to her husband 113.Cut and dried- Ready made form 114.Cut to the chase-Leave out all the unnecessary details and just get to the point 115.Dark horse-One who was previously unknown and is now prominent 116.Day in and day out-Continuously , constantly 117.Dead ringer-100% identical , a duplicate 118.Devil’s advocate-Someone who takes a position for the sake of argument without believing 119.Dog days of summer- The hottest day of the summer season 120.Don’t count your chickens before they hatch –When some gives you a gift, don’t rely on it until you sure of it 121.Don’t look a gift horse in the month –When someone gives you a gift , don’t be ungrateful 122.Don’t pull all your eggs in one basket –Do not pull all your resources in one possibility 123.Doozy –Something outstanding 124.Down to the wire – Something that ends at the last minute or last few seconds 125. Drastic times call for drastic measures –When you are extremely desperate you need to take extremely desperate actions 126.Drink like a fish –To drink very heavily , drinking anything 127.Dry run-Rehearsal 128.Egg on –To urge somebody 7 129. Eighty six –A certain item is no longer available . Or this idiom can also mean , to throw away 130.Elvis has left the building – the show has come to an end, It’s all over 8 NOUNS &ARTICLES Definition? Noun is a naming word. It names a person, a place or thing. Example: ‘George’ reads a book in the park. ‘George’ is a noun because it is a person’s name. ‘Book’ is noun because it is a thing. ‘Park’ is a noun because it is a Place. Note: Generally, we begin a sentence with a Noun. Proper noun Collective Noun Material Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun 1 1. Common Nouns: A common noun denotes all persons, places, things and animals of the same kind. They are not names of a single person, place or thing. It has both singular and plural forms. A common noun begins with a lower case letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence. Examples People : Boy, Girl, Mother, Father, Child, etc.., Animals : Cat, Dog, Fish, Ant, Snake, etc.., Places : City, Village, Town, School, Shop, etc.., 2. Proper Nouns: Proper nouns are the words which name specific people, organization, places or unique things. They always start with a capital a capital letter. They have no plural forms. Examples People : Harry, Rani, Krish, etc…, Pet Names of Animals : Snoopy, Jim, Puppy, etc…, Cities and Countries : Paris, Newyork, India, etc…, Geographical Names : Jupiter, The red sea, Alpha Centauri ,etc.., Monuments : The Taj Mahal, The Eiffel Tower, etc…, Month/Days/Week/holidays : December, Monday, Christmas, etc…, 2 3. Material Nouns: Material noun is the name or raw materials or substances out of which things are made. It includes food and drinks. Material nouns are usually uncountable. They may be placed in groups. Examples The Metals : Iron, Sold, Platinum, etc.., Production spoken of in bulk : Sugar, Tea, Rice, etc.., Geological bodies : Mud, Sand, Rock, etc.., Natural phenomena : Rain, dew, sloud, forest, etc.., All synthetics : Cloth, Soap, Paper, Rubber, Cement, etc.., 4. Abstract Nouns: An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot see. It is the name we give to an emotion , idea. They have no physical existence. You can’t see, hear, touch smell or taste them. It usually represents quality, actions and states. Examples Qualities : Honesty, Peace, Charity, Love, Romance, etc.., Actions : Theft, Fight, Judgment, Support, Enmity, etc.., States : Childhood, Boyhood, Youth, Famine, Tension, etc.., 3 5. Collective Nouns A collective noun denotes group of persons, places, animals or things. They have both singular and plural forms. Examples Group of people : Audience, Choir, Class, Crew, Family, Police, Staff Team, etc.., Group of Animals : Flock, Herd, Pack, School, Swam, etc.., Group of Things : Bunch, Bundle, Garland, Pair, Set, Grove, Library, etc.., Sometimes they refer to a group of specific things. Furniture : Tables, Chairs, Cup boards etc.., Crockery : Plates, Saucer, Cup, Bowls etc.., When a (group) Collective noun is considered as a single unit, the Collective noun is used with a Singular verb. Example: The committee has reached its decision. 4 Exercise I) Underline the Proper Nouns and Common Nouns in the sentence. 1. Andrew is eating a peach in the beach (3 nouns) 2. Priya sung songs (2 nouns) 3. Mr. jones corrected the paper (2 nouns) 4. Cindy played the guitar (2 nouns) 5. Adam dribbled the basket ball (2 nouns) II) Identify the Common Noun: 1. The man is crossing the road 2. Do birds eat meat? 3. The baby is playing 4. My mother is in the kitchen 5. He watched the monkeys III) Read the following sentences and identify the grammatical errors, if any. Question 1: The army have surrounded the city and are poised to lunch an attack in the morning. Answer: The army has surrounded the city and are poised to lunch an attack in the morning. 5 Question 2: TV channels and newspapers provide information's that are important to the citizens. Answer: TV channels and newspapers provide information that are important to the citizens. Question 3: Six hundred runs are not a big target for the Indian team. Answer: Six hundred runs is not a big target for the Indian team. Question 4: All my sister-in-laws stay at my father-in-law’s house. Answer: All my sisters-in-laws stay at my father-in-law’s house. Question 5: I usually add two tea spoonsful of sugar to my cup of coffee. Answer: I usually add two tea spoonful of sugar to my cup of coffee. Question 6: The poetries of Rabindranath Tagore are immortal. Answer: The poetry of Rabindranath Tagore are immortal. 6 Articles Definition: Articles should be used with Common- Nouns only. They are the shortened forms of this, that, these, those etc.., There are two types of Articles in English. Articles Indefinite (A and An) Definite (the) Indefinite articles are used when we speaks about a thing in general. Definite article is used when we speak about a particular thing. 7 1. Use of Article:“a” When we are not particular about a thing and the name begins with a consonant sound-then “a” is used before the countable common noun. Examples: a book, a pen, a pencil, a boy, a girl, a cow. Some exceptions in the use of “a”: a Uniform a Useful a Union a University a Unique a Europican a Utility U is a vowel but it is not pronounced as a vowel. Only “Y” pronounced instead a Unicorn of “u” a Unit a Universal a Eucalyptus a Eulogy 8 Examples : i. Give me a pen. (in the sence of uncertainity.) ii. One day a stranger came to my office. (‘a stranger’ is used to mean somebody.) iii. A lion lives lives in its den.(a lion here means any lion) Use of Article: “an” When we are not particular or not stressing and the noun begins with a vowel sound “an” is used. Examples: an eye, an ear, an umbrella, an ass, an, ax, an elephant, an apple, an orange, an union, an egg, an idol. 9 Some exceptions in the use of “an”: an hat an helicopter an house as human an honour an host h is silent an honorable an herb an honest an heir an hotel an M.A. m is pronounced as an ‘em’ an M.P. m is pronounced as an ‘em’ an S.D.O s is pronounced as an ‘es’ Note 1: an / a historcial place both are correct. an / a hotel Note 2: Use “an” abbreviations starting with F, H, L, M, R, S and X 10 Use of Article : “The” i. When we speak of a particular person or thing or one already referred to “the” is used. Ex: Once there lives a Lion. The lion was very brave. ii. When a single noun refers to a whole class. Ex: The dog is a faithful animal. iii. With the names of rivers, mountains, & Dams, Seas Ex: 1) The Cauvery 2) The Himalayas 3) The Atlantic Ocean iv. Before the names of epics of classics or famous books. Ex: 1) The Ramayana 2) The Bible 3) The Thirukkural v. When we referring to names of newspapers and journals. Ex: 1) The Hindu 2) The Indian Express 3) The Kumutham 11 vi. When we refer to the imaginary geographical lines. Ex: 1) The Equator 2) The Tropic of Cancer vii. Before some proper nouns, being the names of particular geographical regions. Ex: 1) The Punjab 2) The Genetic Plain 3) The Deccan Plateau 4) The United States of America viii. Before the unique Common Nouns: Ex: 1) The Sun 2) The Moon 3) The Earth 4) The Sky ix. Before the Superlatives: Ex: Tagore was the greatest poet if India. 12 x. Before an Adjective which represents a class (When the noun is understood) Ex: 1) The cleaver (students) get the first rank 2) The poor (people) have to suffer a lot xi. Before the National Adjectives: Ex: 1) The Dutch 2) The Tamils 3) The Bengali 4) The Chinese xii. Before the Musical Instruments: Ex: 1) The Radio 2) The Drums 3) The Keyboard 4) The Chinese 5) The Cinema Theatre xiii. When a proper Noun id Used as Common Noun: Ex: 1) My son is the Harichandra in speaking Truth. 2) Kamaraj was called as the Gandhi of Tamilnadu. 3) He is the Newton of our Class. 13 Mission of “the” Article: a) Before a proper Noun. New Delhi is the capital of India. b) Before Material Nouns. 1) Honey tastes sweet. 2) Gold is a costly metal. 3) Iron is useful. c) Before the Abstract Nouns: 1) Truth wins at the end. 2) Beauty is not permanent. 3) Poverty is responsible for social evils. d) Before Language: 1) Tamil is our mother tongue, 2) Hindi is our national language. 3) English is an International language. Fill it with suitable articles Exercises (a, an, the) Question 1: ____ advertisement should be brief. Answer: an 14 Question 2: The children are making _____ noise. Answer: a Question 3: He has too high _____ opinion of himself. Answer: an Question 4: The game has come to ____end. Answer: an Question 5: Both ____ brothers live together. Answer:the Question 6: She is suffering from ____bad cold. Answer: a 15 Question 7: I gave him ___ information that he wanted. Answer: the Question 8: She gave ___ slice of bread. Answer: a Question 9: It is ____shame that money is offered for vote in India. Answer: a Question 10: Nandha is_____ honest boy. Answer:an Question 11: _____ opportunity missed is lost forever. Answer: an 16 Question 12: ____one rupee note has became rare now. Answer: a Question 13: Mr. Raju is ____university Scholar. Answer: a Question 14: Mr. Lloyd is _____S.P. Answer: an Question 15: Don’t be _____ nusiance to your mother. Answer: a Question 16: He set ____example to others. Answer: an 17 Question 17: It is ___ pity that old people are not cared by their own children. Answer: a Question 18: Will you go to ____ playground tomorrow ? Answer: the Question 19: I met ____ principle in the morning. Answer: the Question 20: He is ____ richest boy in the class. Answer: the Question 21: He is ____innocent boy. Answer:an 18 Question 22: Please give me___ cup of coffee. Answer: a Question 23: I bought ___ umbrella in the market. Answer: an Question 24: My Uncle presented me_____ gift on my birthday. Answer: a Question 25: ____ sky is blue in colour. Answer:the Question 26: The Passengers met with ____ accident. Answer: an 19 Question 27: _____Kuran is the holy book of the Muslims. Answer: the Question 28: _____ Ganges is the longest river in India. Answer: the Question 29: _____ Equator runs in the middle of the earth. Answer: the Question 30: _____earth rotates on its own axis. Answer: the Question 31: You have to cross Atlantic to travel from Europe to America. Answer: You have to cross the Atlantic to travel from Europe to America 20 Question 32: Raju can play violin better than anyone else in his group. Answer: Raju can play the violin better than anyone else in his group. Question 33: When I went to the Agra, I saw Taj Mahal. Answer: When I went to the Agra, I saw the Taj Mahal. Question 34: His wife is an European and is a professor at University of Hyderabad. Answer: His wife is a European and is a professor at University of Hyderabad. 21 One word substitute, spelling, Fill in the Blanks Directions 1 to 10: Fill in the Blanks in the given sentences so as to make them grammatically and meaningfully coherent. Select the correct word from the answer choices and mark its number as the answer. Question 1: In the future, the _______ of design, technology and lifestyle will change the way luxury goods are designed a) Convergence b) divergence c) approach d) togetherness Answer: Approach Question 2: You will win a scholarship ____ you work hard a) Provide b) Providing c) Provided d) That Answer: Provided 1 Question 3: The _____ of noise as a problem is different for different people. a) Prescription b) Clarity c) Sensation d) Perception Answer: Perception Question 4: He tired to _____his sorrow by wearing a smile on his face. . a) Pre –empt b) Inflame c) Decipher d) Camouflage Answer: Camouflage Question 5: Nepal, the only Hindu kingdom in the world has created history by giving a popular ____ in favor of the communists. a) Choice b) Deal c) Study d) Verdict Answer: Verdict 2 Question 6: The teacher made it her ___ to help the dull students master the subjects she taught. a) Crusade b) Hope c) Impartiality d) Expedition Answer: Expedition Question 7: When this time – consuming and ___stage gets completed, the commission will meet in New Delhi. a) Stiff b) Impoverished c) Arduous d) Adroit Answer: Arduous Question 8: Though the wild habitat is ___ it’s at least possible to create a counterfeit one. a) Decaying b) Vanishing c) Demolishing d) Abounding Answer: Vanishing 3 Question 9: The most __ among hard working people often live to very advanced age. a) Successive b) Succeeding c) Successful d) Succeeded Answer: Successful Question 10: All her ___ disappeared when she saw her young children. a) Sympathy b) Refreshment c) Harmony d) Fatigue Answer: Fatigue Directions 11 to 20: In this question two sentences I and II are given. Each sentence I and II has a blank in it. In each question 5 options are suggested. Out of these, only one fits both places in the context of each sentence. Mark that option as your answer. 4 Question 11: I. The ____of the television was too loud. Answer: Volume II. There was a high ___ of traffic at the crossorads. a) Picture b) Volume c) Colour d) Intensity e) Jam Answer: Volume Question 12: I. Rice is the ___ food for many countries including India Answer: Staple II. Our work was to finish the book report and ___ the pages together. a) Popular b) Common c) Pin d) Staple e) Tie Answer: Staple 5 Question 13: I. You should ___ your voice against corruption. Answer: Raise II. How much more money do we have to _____for our cause. a) Lower b) Spend c) Collect d) Raise e) Put Answer: Raise Question 14: I. I will study my science notes to get a higher ___ next time. Answer: Grade II. Hotels in the same ___ are listed together. a) Feel b) Grade c) Mark d) Slope e) Hill Answer: Grade 6 Question 15: I. My right ___ has better sight than may left one. Answer: Eye II. I pass the thread through the ___ of the needle. a) Hand b) Eye c) Hole d) Gap e) Opening Answer: Eye Question 16: I. I handed the rough ___ of the essay to my friend. Answer: Draft II. The payment should be made by banker’s ____. a) Draft b) Note c) Copy d) Leak e) Swarm Answer: Draft 7 Question 17: I. I bought an easy ___ with large pieces for my four year old cousin. Answer: Puzzle II. Be careful not to ____ her with your questions. a) Game b) Book c) Confuse d) Shock e) Puzzle Answer: Puzzle Question 18: I. The meteorologist said we would have an afternoon. Answer: Shower II. When my Aunt visits, she likes to ____ me with gifts. a) Game b) Lunch c) Flow d) Meet e) Shower Answer: Shower 8 Question 19: I. Be careful not to _____ the glass Answer: Drop II. There is not one ____ of water left in the jug. a) Throw b) Cup c) Break d) Handful e) Drop Answer: Drop Question 20: I. Our maths teacher taught us how to find the square _____ of number Answer: Root II. The plant’s ____ is deep under the ground. a) Flower b) Shape c) Area d) Root e) Stem Answer: Root 9 Directions 21 to 30: Each Question below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Choose the pair of words for each blank which fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Question 21: Many of these oft-occurring ____ are the subject of hot ____ across the campus a) Problems, search b) Debates ,concern c) Questions, debate d) Solutions, research e) Diseases, infection Answer: Questions, Debate Question 22: These people felt ____by the _____of Marxist principles by the party higher-ups. a) Agitated, refutation b) Subjected, support c) Betrayed, abandonment d) Subdued, arguments e) Harassed, acceptance Answer: Betrayed, Abandonment 10 Question 23: Dependencies on _____ and illicit drugs are major public ____ in Western societies, according to the report. a) Exercise, Concern b) Alcohol, Problem c) Water, nuisance d) Bribery, Malaise e) Treatment, Drain Answer: Alcohol, Problems Question 24: Some people, usually deceptive ones, by ___ others of their due and they have no qualms about it. a) Care, Helping b) Reply, Seeking c) Deny, Supplying d) Flourish, Depriving e) Cherish, Providing Answer: Flourish, Depriving Question 25: Canada’s ____ of free trade marks an ____ change in its strategy. a) Support, Equal b) Abolition, Acute 11 c) Assumption, Eclectic d) Continuation, Equal e) Embrace, abrupt Answer: Abolition, Acute Question 26: The state should not ____ with the right of a person to go about his/her _____ business a) Exceed, legal b) Interfere, Legitimate c) Continue, normal d) Proceed, Shrewd e) Suffer, Temporary Answer: Interfere, Legitimate Question 27: Liver cells ____ the ability to divide, so the liver can ____ if part of it is removed. a) Retain, regrow b) Survive, continue c) Continue, regenerate d) Regroup, reignite e) Align, Understand Answer: Retain , Regrow 12 Question 28: These students lived with _____ families for the ____ of their stay. a) Host, duration b) Good, Sake c) Guest, Completion d) Separate, Discharge e) Nuclear, Purpose Answer: Host, Duration Question 29: The use of ____ in writing and in speech should be kept to an absolute. a) Conventions, Zero b) Abbreviations, minimum c) Punctuations, maximum d) Ideas, Basic e) Contractions, Requirement. Answer: Abbreviations, Minimum Question 30: The oil company was forced to ____ its plans to ___ the oil platform in the North Atlantic a) Consider, Wreck b) Abandon, Sink c) Revive, Submerge 13 d) Study, Inundate e) Suspend, Shell Answer: Abondon, Sink Practice Exercise Question 1: I. The man Thanked me for the advice and said he would ____ it in mind. Answer: Bear II. The chair collapsed as it was too fragile to ___ her weight. a) Hold b) Take c) Bear d) Keep e) Tolerate Answer: Bear Question 2: On the ____ that the thieves might raid our place, we had a Sheriff to keep watch last night. a) Prequel b) Premise c) Premium d) Pedestal e) Suspect Answer: Suspect 14 Question 3: _____ are considered by most people to be an important element of forming or concluding a successful and workable____. a) Discussions, Dealing b) Talks, Terminations c) Debates, End d) Speeches, understanding e) Negotiations, Contract Answer: Discussions, Dealing Question 4: According to this medical newsletter, Vitamin ____ are available free of charge to ____ families. a) Does, good b) Packets, rural c) Specimens, Infected d) Supplements, eligible e) Tablets, educated. Answer: Supplements, Eligible Question 5: I. There were no shirts left in my size but the salesman assured me he would ___one for me. Answer: Order 15 II. As the demonstration began to turn violent, the police were called in to restore. a) Peace b) Calm c) Order d) Buy e) Stitch Answer: Order Question 6: She was known for her honesty; that she was capable of lying was something ___ to those who knew her well. a) Omniscient b) Indispensable c) Judgmental d) Inconceivable e) Foolish Answer: Inconceivable Question 7: With the development and use of ___ television, advertising can be used to ____ an immediate response. a) Interactive, Elicit b) Proactive, Share c) Colour, Prompt 16 d) Transactional, Thwart e) High-definitions, transmit Answer: Colour, Prompt Question 8: The blood pressure of all these here is quite ___ and need to be ___ a) Elevated, raised b) Stable, Risen c) High, reduced d) Aggravated, considered e) Heightened, sustained Answer: High, Reduced Question 9: I. He kept a detailed ___ of his daily meetings and other activities Answer: Account II. The firm’s ______ was in good order. a) Importance b) Value c) Account d) Note e) Agenda Answer: Account 17 Question 10: I. Its is very easy to recognize him, he is the only one who wears a ___ shirt. Answer: Checked II. It being a hot say, we ___ the tyre pressure before the journey. a) Removed b) Opened c) Threw d) Checked e) Striped Answer: Checked 18 WORD DECODING ROOT WORDS, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES INTRODUCTION Word decoding and Its Use: Word decoding is simply a way of beraking up a word in to understandable parts. Phonics tells you how words are pronouned, but it is not much help in understanding a word through context or by remembering that parts of words contain smaller , sometimes more specific ,some times more flexible meanings. Through learning roots words ,suffixes and prefixes you can give yourself a “codebook”that not only helps you navigate around english, but at times also languages derived from Greek,Roman and German. These include many of today's European and South American languages Here's a quick examples of how word decoding might work: Take the sentence -Bill predicted that the results of the lastest democratic election would leave the losing candidate suffering with hypertension. There are several words that we can derive “clues” through context.For example, we could guess that whatever the losing candidate is suffering from is not good. But the root word “hyper” means “high or excessive” and a moderately versed reader could see the word “tense” inserted in the middle. They might look at the suffix - “-sion” and recognize that this suffix often accompanies a profession or a state of being. Like wise the root word “demo” means people ,as in “demo/cracy,” meaning rule by the people,” and “demo/graphics” would give you a picture of how people are Physically speard out over a given location. In a final example, look at the word predicated;”pre” meaning before and “dict” meaning to speak as in the word diction.Thus, prediction is a word or words spoken about the future. 1 In each of these cases, knowing just part of the word or knowing the root of a similar word might help you guess at the meaning of the whole word. English is a language that is derived from mainly German,Latin and Greek,as well as some other languages. Because of this, one of the greatest tools any reader, beginner or advanced,can have is to master and memorize a large amount of these root words. General Roots and Prefixes: Root words - Root words are where many of our common English words originate from often a root words is a word in itself or is easily recognizable as the origin of other words. Sometimes root words have several diferent meanings. Roots words may come at the beginning or end of longer words. Prefixes - Prefixes help to form longer words,but are not words in themselves. PREFIXES Roots Meaning Examples a ,an not ,without atheist ,anarchy, anonymous, apathy ,aphasia ,anemia ab away from absent ,abduction , aberrant, abstemious ambul to walk ambulatory, amble , ambulance ,somnambulist ante before anteroom, antebellum, antedate antecedent, antediluvian anti ,ant against opposite antisocial, antiseptic, antifreeze, antipathy, antigen, antibiotic 2 audi to hear audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition be thoroughly bedecked, besmirch, besprinkled auto self automobile, automatic, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune bene good, well benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit cede, ceed, cess to go, to yield succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism cide, cis to kill, to cut fratricide, suicide, incision, excision, circumcision 3 circum around circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude clud, clus, claus to close con, com with, together convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal 4 cred to believe credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous cycl circle, wheel bycycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical de from, down, away detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice dei,div God, god divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify demo people democracy, demagogue, epidemic, dia through, acroos, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic dict speak predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict away, not, dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dis, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, dys, dif negative disarray, dyslexia 5 duc,duct to lead, pull produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce dyn,dyna power dynamic,dynamometer,heterodyne,dynamite,dynamo, dynasty ecto outside, external ectomorph,ectoderm,ectoplasm,ectopic,ectothermal, endo inside, withing endotoxin,endoscope,endogenous equi equal equidistant,equilateral,equilibrium,equinox,equitable,equati on,equator 6 e,ex out,away, emit,expulsion,exhale,exit,express,exclusive,enervate,exceed,explosion from exter, extra outside,of external,extrinsic,exterior,extraordinary,extrabiblical, extracurricular,extrapolate,extraneous flu,flux flow flect,flex to blend graph, gram to write effluence,effluvium,fluctuate,confluence,reflux,influx flexible,reflection,deflect,circumflex polygraph,grammer,biography,graphite,telegram,autograph, lithograph,historiography,graphic Hypo Below, less, than Hypotension,hypodermic,hypoglycemia,hypoallergenic In,im Not Inviolate,innocuous,intractale,innocent,impregnable, impossible Infra Beneath Infrared , infrastructure Intro, inter Intra Between International,intercept,intermission,interoffice,internal, Intermittent,interovert,introduce Intranet,intracranial,intravenous Within, into 7 Jac,ject To throw Mal Bad,badly Mega meso Reject,eject,project,trajectory,interject,dejected,inject, ejaculate Malformation,maladjusted,dismal,malady,malcontent, malfeasance Great,milli Megaphone,megalomaniac,megabyte,megalopolis, on middle mesomorph,mesomerica,mesosphere meta beyond, change metaphor,metamorphosis,metabolism,metahistorical, metainformation meter measure perimeter,micrometer,ammeter,multimeter,altimeter micro small mis bad,badly mit,miss to send morph shape microscope,microprocessor,microfiche,micrometer, micrograph misinform,misinterpret,mispronounce,misnomer,mistake, misogyist transmit,permit,misile,missionary,remit,admit,missive, mission polymorphic,merpheme,amorphous multi many multitude,multipartite,multiply,multipurpose neo new neologism,neonate,ne Non Not Nonabrasive, Nonferrous, nondescript omni all omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient para beside paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute 8 per through, intensive permit, perspire, perforate peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee phon sound phonics, phonograph, phonetic phot light photograph, photosynthesis, photon poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect semi half semifinal, semiconscious, semicircle spect to look inspect, spectator, circumspect sub super, supra under, below above submerge, submarine, substandard superior, suprarenal, superscript syn together synthesis, synchronous, syndicate tele distance, from afar television, telephone, telegraph theo, the therm, thermo God theology, theist, polytheist heat thermal, thermometer, thermocouple tract to drag, draw tractor, traction, extract 9 trans across transmit, transport, transducer un not uncooked, unharmed, unintended veh, vect to carry vehicle, convection, vehement vert, vers to turn convert, revert, advertise vita life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize Suffix Example ed walk + ed = walked ing say + ing = saying er tall + er = taller tion educate + tion = education sion cian divide + sion = division music + cian = musician fully hope + fully = hopefully est large + est = largest ness happy + ness = happiness al accident + al = accidental ary imagine + ary = imaginary able accept + able = acceptable ly love + ly = lovely ment excite + ment = excitement ful help + ful + helpful y ease + y = easy 10
