Animal and Plant tissues
4 major groups of somatic tissues:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelium
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Thermaphrodism – one at a time, alternate
generation
The cells in multicellular organisms:
1. Somatic or body
2. Germ cells
Tissue – group of place having the same
structure
Epithelium – forms the covering or lining of
all free body surfaces both internal and
external
Epidermis – part of the skin that is epithelial
in nature
Layers:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
Characteristics:
1. Non – vascularized. No blood
vessels, no blood, no oxygen
 Basement membrane – connective
part which has the blood supply
 Melanocytes – natural cells, found in
germinativum. Extends its cytoplasm
towards the surface
 Melanin – black of brown color
2. Close opposition of the cell.
Compact and bonded together
3. No amount of intercellular materials
4. Attached to basement membrane
Types of epithelium based on structure
a.
b.
c.
d.
Squamous (flat and thin)
Cuboidal (cube-like)
Columnal (tall yet narrow)
Ciliated columnal (with cilia)
Transitional – has the capacity to change
form or shape
Layer types
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than one
Pseudostratified – appeared to be
more than one layer
1. Protective epithelium
2. Secretory epiyhelium
 Exocrine glands – outside
 Endocrine glands – ductless glands,
loss of connection from the surface
-
Megakaryocytes – mother cells; true cells
-
It fragments as it matures
Monocytes can grow bigger as they become
macrophages (active phagocytes).
Lymphocytes are smallest but they are
capable of producing anti bodies
Memory cells – one of the classes of T –
cells
-there is manifestation on the
first occurrence of virus
Viruses – infectious substance
Non-specific immune response – they will
fight any causative agent as long as they can
manage (monocytes)
Specific lymphocytes will work on specific
immune responses
Red blood cell or Erythrocytes
-
Biconcave disc shape; hollow
paraboloid formation
For faster travel
-
Respiratory pigment – used for
transport of oxygen
Blood platelets or thrombocytes
-
Initiate blood clotting
250k – 500k /mm3
Chemokines – attracting WBC in infectious
areas
Chemotaxis – process of releasing
chemokines
Protein fibers will form clot
Plasmin – an enzyme produced to remove
the clot when there is already a total healing
Blood plasma – mostly water, serves as a
transport medium for blood cells and
platelets, straw – colored liquid which floats
on the cellular portion
Muscular tissues
-
The most common tissue
Made up of elongated cells
Originates from the mesoderm
Movements of any materials within
the body is by the muscles
Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of a muscle
Sarcolemma – plasma membrane
Myofibrils
-
Actin
Myoein
Connective tissues
-
-
Bind together and support other
structures
Derived from the mesenchyme, a
generalized embryonic tissue that
can differentiate also into vascular
and smooth muscles
Support tissues
Abundance of intercellular materials
Depends on the cell that is present on
what connective tissue is produced
Totipotent – capable of giving rise to many
tissues
1. Reticular tissue
- Makes the framework of
hemopoietic tissue or organ, lymph
glands, red bone marrow, the spleen.
Hemopoiesis – the process of blood cell
production in the bone marrow
Leukocyte – white blood cell
Lymphocytes – a form of small leukocyte
occurring in lymphatic system
Diaphysis – made up of hard bone; where
yellow bone marrow is found
Epiphyseal line – line at the end of long
bones
-
Open if the individual is still in his
growth period
Osteoblast – cells for the bone tissues for
bone growth
Spleen (bato-bato) – a hemopoietic organ
- Red organs
2. Fibrous connective tissue
- Toughest tissue in the body (Ex.
Tendons and ligaments)
- If the cells are active in production
of collagen fibers it will bring FCT
3. Adipose or fat tissues
- Can be most likely seen beneath the
skin, surrounding organs of the body
- Contains droplets of fats which may
from large globules
- Fat glistens under the microscope
- Fat is usually dissolved in prepared
microscopic sections, leaving only a
framework
4. Cartilage connective tissue
- Firm yet elastic matrix
- Calcified tissue
- Ossification process or cartilage
turning into bones
Classes of cartilage:
a. Hyaline cartilage
- The cells are found in a space called
lacunde
- Chondocytes are cells of the hyaline
cartilage
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
- Toughest cartilage
- Joins the vertebral column
- Intervertebral disc
5. Bone or osseous tissue
- Occurs only in the skeleton of bone
fibers
- Living tissue
- Has a mineral component called
hydroxyapatite (calcium and
phosphorus)
- Collagen component (protein fibers
+ mineral materials)
Types of Bones
1. Cancellous bones – spongly phorus
(?) (both in proximal and distal)
2. Hard or compact bone (found in the
diaphysis)
Haversian system – the functional unit of a
mature bone tissue
-
Centrally located Haversian canal
Canaliculi – network of tiny canals that
serve as communication lines between
lacunae and
Kind of bone cells:
a. Osteoblast – bone forming cells
b. Osteoclast – for bone resorption;
produces enzymes to remove/digest
old bone tissue
c. Osteocytes – mature bone cells;
growth has stopped
6. Vascular tissue
- Fluid connective tissue
- The cells of this tissue are imbedded
in a liquid matrix
Plasma – the matrix; contains 98% water
Formed elements – blood cells (RBC, WBC,
Platelets)
-
A lot of cells have lose their nucleus
Corpuscle – they are nucleated cells first but
they sacrifice their nucleus to maximize the
shape in the cytoplasm
Memoglobin – blood pigment; chromo
pattern
-
4 – 55 /mm3
“ghost cell” – once the hemoglobin escapes
from the RBC
True cells – with nucleus
White Blood Cells – 9 – 10 k /mm3
-
Do not perform mitosis because they
do not stay long, they die; body’s
army, defense