Potential and Aspects for Application of Environmental
Management System (EMS) and ISO 14000 to Urban,
Hospital, Radioactive, Hazardous, Drinking water and
waste management
Abstract
The document will discuss the problem of environmental pollution and waste
management. Everything that surrounds us is directly or indirectly connected to the
environment. Not only man but also other living beings as well as nature (volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes) have effects on environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is present from
the very beginning of life, but today it is a serious problem that threatens the survival of
mankind. During the preparation of scientific research, we noticed a problem: “What is the
influence of waste management on the environment?” Today, every person living on planet Earth
is worried about environmental pollution because of the consequences faced every day, through
the air we breathe, the food and water we consume, through pollution and radiation we are
exposed to. Also, the consequences of environmental problems are manifested through the lack
of natural resources, extinction of plant and animal species, as well as the problems in the
global ecosystems and biochemical processes.
ISO 14000 is viewed as a newborn in the natural administration cores, yet it is step by step
acquiring overall acceptance (10,000 certificates by June 1999). The common view is that the
administrative bank for ecological pollution will regularly become severer at last bringing about a
required ISO 14000 formation. Their objective is reducing general creation costs and the
ecological effect of waste creation and removal by upgrading energy and material utilization,
limiting waste age, or by reusing process yield squander streams as unrefined components for
different cycles. Utilization of DFE standards in the main phases of cooperation configuration
can change an object life cycle by reducing general cost, yet, in addition, the natural effect of
production and removal.
Keywords:
EMS; ISO 14000; Ecological contamination, Waste management, Urban waste, Hospital
waste, Radioactive waste, Hazardous Waste, Drinking Water contamination
Introduction:
The man, besides any outstanding living creatures from the start of its reality, is firmly
connected with the whole dead and living nature that surrounds it. This association is the basis
of the entire present-day right of ecological assurance. At present time, the protection of the
climate is vital in the counteraction and end of these contrarieties. Today we can say that we live
in a universe of waste, as a result of masses development and creation expanding measures of
waste that makes landfills are turning out to be more various and progressively degrade the
climate. Consistently a huge sum of waste in the towns and in rural regions is formed.
Consistently, around 10 million tons of oil items arrive in streams and seas. Specific issues are;
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Hazardous waste (synthetic, organic, and atomic)
Radiation waste (ionizing, UV, oils, infrared, radar, laser, ultrasound, x-beam)
Material waste (strong waste, dust, clamor, vibrations)
Urban waste (sprayers, gases, fumes, vapor, dust, squander)
Wastewater (released into surface and underground streams and bowls)
Organic waste (infections, microscopic organisms, form, growths, parasites, bugs,
rodents)
Hospital waste( Ca, P, and K are mainly bone, teeth, and other animal organs, toxic
elements in initial waste composition, design of the incinerator, and operating
conditions.)
The worldwide issue of all nations of the world is that there is an increase of waste, both in the
volume of waste delivered, just as the measure of waste per individual. The large issue is that
this waste isn't manipulated, it is discarded in landfills that are enormous, situated nearby urban
communities, and address risky contamination to air, water, and land.
Waste Management:
In ancient times, many kinds of waste were discharged on the roads and public places, so the
rodents and bugs sent numerous powerful illnesses and dangerous pandemics. Today, due to
deficient treatment of waste, there exists a larger number of problems and serious
consequences. Resistance of waste, recycling of waste and reusing division of recyclable
materials from the waste, and the utilization of waste as an energy asset progress cycles and
approaches for waste removal, remediation of uncontrolled dumps, and creating familiarity with
wasting the administrators include wasting the organization. As per the Basel Show, the world
yearly creates around 400000000 huge loads of dangerous waste. Military waste and
radiochemical industry, which utilizes different unrefined substances and items that have
hazardous properties are especially present.
Urban Waste Managemenent:
Public Strong Waste, normally known as debris or scrap, incorporates all ordinary
dropped things from families, business and institutional substances, agriculture, and
street-cleaning. This includes things like bundling, paper, cardboard, food scraps, plastic sacks
and compartments, glass bottles, grass clippings, furniture, tires, electrical and electronic things,
and metals. In 2009, US inhabitants produced 243 million tons of waste, down from 255 million
tons in 2007. In a similar period, the per capita age of MSW was brought down to 4.34
lbs/individual/day from 4.63 lbs/individual/day.[1]
Hospital waste Management
Clinical waste and biomedical waste comprise of all waste materials produced at medical
care offices including emergency clinics, centers, workplaces of doctors, dental specialists, and
veterinarians, blood donation centers, home medical care offices, burial service homes, clinical
examination offices, and research facilities. Other government organizations have given security
guidelines administering the treatment of clinical waste, including the Places for Infectious
prevention and Counteraction, Word-related Wellbeing Organization, and the Food and
Medication Administration.[2]
Solid wastes:
Solid wastes include worthless and undesired items discharged by the human community.
Those incorporate urban wastes, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, biomedical wastes, and
radioactive wastes. The title refuse/trash is also utilized for solid waste.
Liquid wastes:
Liquid Wastes are produced from laundry, flushing, or production methods of industries and
households activities. This kind of waste is also called sewage. The greatest usual manner is to
settle it on the soil, Streams, rivers, and different water trunks, usually without any processing.
Gaseous Wastes:
The wastes that are discharged in the order of gases of vehicles, industries, igniting of fossil
fuels, etc and incorporated in the environment. These gases comprise carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide gas, ozone gas, methane gas, etc.
Hazardous/Radioactive wastes:
Various synthetic, natural, hazardous, or radioactive waste, which is extremely receptive
and poisonous, describe an extreme risk to human, plants, or animal life and are called
hazardous wastes. They are very dangerous in the environment. Dangerous wastes, when
inappropriately adopted charge can make notable damage to human wellbeing and to the
climate. Threatening wastes might be solids, fluids, trash, or gases.
They are formed chiefly by synthetic production, fabricating, and other modern exercises.
The significant unsafe wastes are lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, many medications
calfskin, pesticides, color, elastic, and effluents from various industries. They might cause risk
during lacking transportation, treatment, or removal activities. The hazardous waste materials
might be harmful, receptive, ignitable, perilous, destructive, powerful, or radioactive
Hazards in drinking-water supply:
The amount of trustworthy drinking water is essential for everyday survival. Unluckily, the
very water that maintains life can also be the carrier of unhealthy contaminants in the form of
bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. These involve bacteria such as toxigenic Escherichia coli and
Campylobacter, viruses similar to Norovirus and Hepatitis E, and protozoans like Giardia and
Cryptosporidium. The risk of plague and illness and the public wellness load are determined by
the hardness of ailments that are affected by the pathogens, the area of the illness, their
infectivity, and the natural state and awareness of the exposed population.
Strategies to handle healthcare Issues:
1. Dumping of wastes in landfills:
Landfills are destinations for a strong garbage removal. There are a few sorts of landfills
relying upon the way in which the waste is thrown and protective measures pointed toward
anticipating air contamination and contamination of groundwater. Environment and hydrosphere
are dirtied as a result of waste disposal in open regions without protective measures. In request
to keep the association of materials from strong waste with air, clean landfills are constructed.
Today, waste is transposed in the insides of the Earth, which marks an option in contrast to
landfill destinations. In this manner, the air contamination is kept away from and bothersome
propagation of beings.
This strategy of garbage removal has its weaknesses:
1. In the event that you make an off-base choice of the underground landfill, it can contaminate
groundwater.
2. At the point when waste is covered and situated in the center of the country, there is no
oxygen and degeneration. Biogas is limited, which comprises of different hydrocarbons, for the
most part like methane. Biogas is spread on a level plane and can arrive at the basements of
structures and in contact with an open place, it can touch off and explode.
3. At the point where waste is decayed, its volume declines, and this causes a suspended
region so that in these spots we can not make structures and different offices
2. Techniques for building and controlling landfills:
During the construction of landfills, there are the following three techniques:
1. The waste is put away beached that has the required properties and the capacity of
self-purification, to keep away from the spread of harmful substances into the encompassing
climate. Hence, land ought to be picked fittingly to meet specific natural and synthetic practices
(eg, dirt, grain size dissemination).
2. Landfills coating material that is impermeable to water, to limit the infiltration of air and
surface water and contamination of soil in that manner, by putting protecting layer in the lower
part of the landfill to forestall the infiltration of water also, waste framework gathers water that
has gone through the upper cover. This water is cleaned again or gets back to the landfill.
3. The most current origination considers landfill as a sort of compound reactor. The current
methodology comprises of keeping the thought of restricting, however in a controlled way, to
shape a controlled substance reactor.
3. Hazardous/Radioactive waste administration:
Hazardous waste is any waste that is combustible, destructive, responsive, or on the
other hand harmful materials. Hazardous waste today can be found at each corner. Studies
have shown that the fundamental wellspring of this sort of waste is:
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- Compound industry, with around 60% of the -absolute modern dangerous waste;
- metal industry, with around 20%;
- military industry;
- drug industry;
- clinical centers;
- family and - little businesses [3]
4. Hazardous Hospital Waste Management:
The waste that is made in the clinical companies, paying little creativity to its structure
furthermore, beginning, is a clinical waste. This is a heterogeneous combination of civil trash,
irresistible and lab waste, bundling, drugs, and other drug and compound waste. Dangerous
clinical waste, which represents 14% of the aggregate sum of clinical waste comprises of the
accompanying gatherings of waste:
1. Irresistible waste - from microbial science lab hardware, supplies, and extras that came into
contact with the blood or then again irresistible patients utilized in careful methodology, waste
with hemodialysis, gloves, rubbish tainted trial creatures.
2. Sharp Articles, needles, needles, surgical blades furthermore, different items can cause a
sting or cut.
3. Gross, of dark and dim pieces of the human body (tissues, organs eliminated during a
medical procedure), test creatures, physical pieces of creatures.
4. Content of weighty metals from the waste present mixtures of mercury, lead, arsenic, just as
thermometers, gadgets for estimating blood pressure. (4)
5. Biodegradation
Microbes play out the course of nitrogen obsession, which organic action and soil richness
depend on. A huge piece of city strong waste comprises food scraps. They have a high
thickness furthermore, humidity''.(5). In medium-sized urban communities and agricultural
regions, biodegradation can be accepted, particularly on more simple farms and nurseries. The
end result of the pollution of the natural humus, biogas (energy), and water that can be utilized
in corporate and family benefit of biodegradation is environmental immaculateness. The plant or
animal are taken advantage of in the following way:
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strong waste from other public and modern waste should be discarded in the landfill;
utilize natural waste as manure on the farming area;
cover the remains of homegrown creatures;
release of modern waste into the sewer arrangement of the city;
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE TWO ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMAS AND ISO 14000
The concept of an environmental management system evolved in the early nineties. An
environmental management system exists to help organizations minimize how their operations
(processes etc.) negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse changes to air, water, or
land), comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented
requirements, and continually improve in the above. An environmental management system can
also manage natural resources, and improve the reliability and credibility of the environmental
policies. At the European level, we have EMAS.
Advantages BY Carrying out ISO 14000
The ISO 14000 standard can be modified and performed to coincide with the
sitespecific activities and business form (6). The fear of the underlying expense of
executing an EMS can be alarming to a few associations particularly more natural
organizations. The organizations that have not started to try and consider how they may
perform an EMS may find that their opponents are rejecting them (7). Companies, which
have carried out an EMS, have acknowledged enhancements in the following regions
(8)
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Environmental responsibility
Reduced working cost
Management of supply change
Increased productivity
Improved financial performance
Maintenance of steady consistency with authoritative and administrative
requirements
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Declining casework
Worked on natural execution
Measures should be taken to reduce Environmental Pollution
Issues:
A few common treatment cycles can be utilized to diminish the VOC content of the waste
and follow air emanations prerequisites, for example, closed drain systems,nitrogen-or
gas-covering vessels, and strippers on natural reactors (9). Waste materials can be purified by
different medicines. The regular medicines can beclassified into a few categories:soil-based
system wetland structures, which include free water surface, lowered flow, and verticalflow
frameworks; oceanic frameworks, including lake and floating sea-going plant systems on-site
systems photo-remediation soil-based frameworks, a survey in overland flow, where the
phosphorus removal from animal tidal pond effluent was examined, explained that framework
slant didn't affect deposit phosphorus fixations, even at different application rates (10).
Advancement In Optional ENERGY
1. Sun-powered Energy
Energy from the sun is essential for the living scene. It is tackled by plants, which use it to
transform water and carbon dioxide into complex energy-rich atoms. More than 1017 kJ of
energy from daylight is caught and utilized by photosynthetic living beings (11). New cheaper
innovations are as of now marketed and the truth is told, the World Energy Committee predicts
significantly more noteworthy deals by 2025. With the issues of environmental change and
ecological exhaustion progressively at the bleeding edge of the political plan, the possibilities for
this innovation are incredibly promising (12).
2. Aeolian Energy and Air Contamination
More than 700 MW of wind energy has been introduced around the world, making it the
quickest developing energy innovation. Wind energy is presently a reasonable choice for
creating power in light of the fact that it is in fact demonstrated, appreciates public help, has
enormous assets, and is quickly becoming an expense killer with the ''regular'' wellsprings of
power age. There are acceptable possibilities for future expense decrease and enhancements
in execution. ''Financial enhancement'' thus, relies upon an appropriate understanding of the
complex nature of wind turbine loadings and is pondered in additional work elements also,
exhaustion (13).
An ultimate fate of dissolving ice covers and changing environments has been anticipated
subsequently of a worldwide temperature alteration due to the ''nursery impact.'' Basically
connected to the discharges of ozone harming substances into the climate (most prominently
carbon dioxide), this disturbance in the World's biological system is causing incredible concern.
It is generally acknowledged that the greenhouse impact, brought about by ascends in
barometrical CO2 levels, will result in broad warming of the World's surface with the possibly
heartbreaking natural way (14).
3. Hydropower Energy
Hydropower is a clean, non-contaminating, dependable, durable, and environmentally
friendly power source. It creates almost a fifth of the world's power, making it by a wide margin
the most useful inexhaustible source. Hydropower can be one of the main considerations in
developing a feasible around the world financial development well into the future (15).
4. Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy, heat from the Earth, is accessible at many destinations across the
world and is just being to some extent used to replace regular capacities. The gigantic capability
of this spotless, dependable energy source is just now being acknowledged with expanding
development of power-producing stations, region warming frameworks, food handling plants,
and greenhouses all through the world. At the point when this phase of improvement is reached,
geothermal energy may well stock as much as 25–half of the world's electrical and warming
requirements (16).
Recycling
Re-utilization of materials and their division from wastes is called reusing. This includes the
assortment, partition, handling, and assembling of new items from the pre-owned things or
materials. All that can be reused and not thrown away in recycling. Without the presentation of
reusing in everyday school life, it is difficult to envision an incorporated waste administration
framework. There are hardly any focuses, for example, Paper administration where they can
take the old paper in return for coins. There are no communities for reusing glass and hundreds
of glass bottles are tossed each year. (17)
Conclusion:
The climate is changing through the progress of the modern conversion and the start of the
utilization of non-renewable energy sources. Individuals are thinking about this issue to an
ever-increasing range. Contamination of the essential components of the climate (air, water, and
land) reported severe consequences. The measure of unsafe waste has expanded drastically in
the last time span because of various kinds of pesticides that are used in agribusiness and
modern waste containing poisonous and cancerogenic substances. The devastating
circumstances worldwide like ozone layer depletion, deforestation, soil pollution, loss of
biodiversity also, supplies of clean drinking water is the consequence of decaying ecological
incident in various nations. Reusing is one of the helpful strategies focused on the most extreme
use of energy and unrefined components from waste. In request to reduce the volume of
created waste, it is important to more perfect waste the administrator methodologies beginning
from restricting waste at source, by means of rebooting the utilization of arbitrary unrefined
substances, reusing and removal as well.
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Aranđelovac 2000.
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Aranđelovac 2000.
6. Boudouropoulos, I.D. and Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 2000. Potential and perspectives for
application of environmental management system (EMS) and ISO 14000 to food industries.
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survival. The Quality Magazine of Australia, 6, p.32.
9. Venkatesh, M., 1997. Control VOCs from wastewater systems. Chemical engineering
progress, 93(5).
10. Liu, F., Mitchell, C.C., Hill, D.T., Odom, J.W. and Rochester, E.W., 1997. Phosphorus
recovery in surface runoff from swine lagoon effluent by overland flow (Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.
995-1001). American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science
Society of America.
11. Durrant, J.R., 1998. Lighting the way to green energy. Chemistry and Industry.
12. Hammonds, M., 1998. Getting power from the sun. Chemistry and Industry.
13. Milborrow, D., 1998. Catching the breeze. Chemistry and Industry.
14. Ormerod, B., 1998. A salty solution for carbon dioxide. Chemistry and Industry.
15. Hunt, R. and Hunt, J., 1998. Hydropower: turning water into light. Chemistry and Industry.
16. Wright, P.M., 1998. Geothermal energy-harnessing heat from the centre of the Earth.
Chemistry and Industry.
17. Kolomeiceva-Jovanovic, L., 2010. Chemistry and enviromental protection. Belgrade 2010.